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;Gable : a black person.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
;Gable : a black person.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
;Gin : (AUS) an Aboriginal woman.<ref>"gin", Moore, op. cit. [Accessed 7 May 2006].</ref>
;Gin : (AUS) an Aboriginal woman.<ref>"gin", Moore, op. cit. [Accessed 7 May 2006].</ref>
;[[Ginger]] : (U.S.) (U.K.) A white person with red hair and a pale complexion often accompanied by freckles. Its use is considered derogatory in the British Isles, however the relatively recent introduction into the US lexicon has given it a more humorous disposition.
;[[Ginger]] : (U.S.) (U.K.) A white person with red hair and a pale complexion often accompanied by freckles. Its use is considered derogatory in the British Isles, however the relatively recent introduction into the US lexicon has given it a more humorous connotation. <ref> BBCNEWS, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6725653.stm> [Accessed 4 December 2009] </ref>
;Gin jockey : (AUS) a white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman. Pejorative. See also ''gin burglar''<ref> Wilkes, op cit., 155-6</ref>
;Gin jockey : (AUS) a white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman. Pejorative. See also ''gin burglar''<ref> Wilkes, op cit., 155-6</ref>
;Ginzo : (U.S.) an [[Italian-American]].<ref>"ginzo" ''The New Oxford American Dictionary,'' second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. (Oxford University Press: 2005.) <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?
;Ginzo : (U.S.) an [[Italian-American]].<ref>"ginzo" ''The New Oxford American Dictionary,'' second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. (Oxford University Press: 2005.) <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?

Revision as of 20:04, 5 December 2009

The following is a list of ethnic slurs (ethnophaulisms) that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given ethnicity or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical or disrespectful), pejorative (disapproving or contemptuous), or insulting manner in the English-speaking world. For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term or word[s] used to insult on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term (unless a well-referenced Wikipedia article exists).

Ethnic slurs may also be produced by combining a general-purpose insult with the name of ethnicity, such as "filthy Cracker", "dirty Arab", "dirty Jew", "Russian pig", etc. Other common insulting modifiers include "dog", "filthy", etc. Such terms are not included in this list.

Related are the immigration slurs: while not necessarily targeting a particular ethnicity or race, they point at a "non-native" descent of the person.


A

Abbie / Abe / Abie
(North America) a Jewish male. From the proper name Abraham. Originated before the 1950s.[1]
ABCD
(South Asians in the U.S.) "American-Born Confused Desi", a term used to refer to Indian Americans and Pakistani Americans born in the United States. The condescending term is used chiefly by South Asian Immigrants to imply confusion about cultural identity. [2]
Abo / Abbo
(AUS) Australian Aboriginal person. Originally, this was simply an informal term for "Aborigine", and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves until it started to be considered offensive in 1950s. In remoter areas, Aboriginal people still often refer to themselves (quite neutrally) as "Blackfellas" (and whites as "Whitefellas"). Although "Abo" is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative "boong" is now more commonly used when the intent is to deliberately offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal.[3]
Albino
(U.S.) A term for whites, also a derogatory term for light skinned blacks used by darker skinned blacks.[4] (see colorism)
Alligator bait
(U.S.) also "Gator Bait." A black person, especially a black child. More commonly used in states where alligators are found, particularly Florida. First used in the early 1900s, although some hypothesize the term originated in the late 1800s.[5]
Alter kacker / alter kocker (Yiddish) / alter kucker / A.K.
(North America) a disparaging term for elderly Jewish people. The term is of Yiddish origin (literally meaning old shitter). First used in the early 1900s.[6]
Anglo-pilferer
An Anglo-Celtic Australian, possibly of convict lineage. Based on the belief that all Anglo-Australians are descended from convicts. Particularly offensive.[7]
Ann
(North America) A white woman to a black person — or a black woman who acts too much like a white one. While Miss Ann, also just plain Ann, is a derisive reference to the white woman, by extension it is applied to any black woman who puts on airs and tries to act like Miss Ann.[8]
Ape
(U.S.) a black person.[9]
Apple
(North America) An American Indian (Native American) who is "red on the outside, white on the inside." Used primarily by other American Indians to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity. First used in the 1980s.[10]
Argie
(UK) a native of Argentina (also Argie-bargie : any argument, disagreement, or (typically) sporting event involving Argentina or Argentinians), used by the British press during the Falklands War. First used in this way by Britain's The Sun newspaper in 1982.[11] This was however merely a topical usage of a long-standing expression for contentious discussion.
Asian nigger
An ethnic slur against Filipinos.[12]
Aunt Jemima / Aunt Jane / Aunt Mary / Aunt Sally / Aunt Thomasina
(U.S.) a black woman who "kisses up" to whites, a "sellout", female counterpart of Uncle Tom.[13]

B

Banana
(North America) An Asian American who is "yellow on the outside, white on the inside." Used primarily by Asians and other Asian Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity.[14]
Beaner
(U.S.) term widely regarded as derogatory, that refers to people of Mexican descent or, more specifically, mestizos of Central American descent.[15][16][17] The term originates from the prevalence of frijoles pintos and other beans in Mexican food.[17][18]
Boche; bosche; bosch
(France; U.S.; UK) a German [shortened from French alboche, a combination of French caboche (head) and allemand (German)].[19]
Bog Irish
(UK, Ireland) a person of common or low class Irish ancestry.[20][21]
Bohunk
(North America) a person of east-central European descent. Originally referred to those of Bohemian (now Czech Republic) descent. Was commonly used toward Ukrainian immigrants during the early 20th century.[22] See also hunky.
Boong / bong / bung
(Aus) Australian aboriginal.[23] Related to the Australian English slang word bung, meaning "dead", "infected", "dysfunctional". From bung, to go bung "Originally to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. bong dead]".[24] Highly offensive. [First used in 1847 by JD Lang, Cooksland, 430][25]
Boonga / boong / bunga / boonie
(New Zealand) a Pacific Islander [alteration of boong].[26]
Bounty Bar
A Bounty chocolate bar, being composed of coconut coated with chocolate, is white on the inside and brown on the outside. As with "wigger", this is a both a subcultural and ethnic slur. The immediate target is criticized for having the cultural values of a different ethnic group, with the implication that the ethnic group in question is bad or inferior. "Coconut" and "Oreo" are used in the same way.[27]
Brownie
(U.S.) a. a person of mixed white and black ancestry; a mulatto. b. (U.S.) a young, brown-skinned person 1940s-1950s[28]
Buffie
a. black person.[29]
b. (U.S.) a young, brown-skinned person 1940s-1950s[28]

C

Camel Jockey
A slur against people of Middle-Eastern descent.[30]
CBCD
(Subcontinentals in Canada) - Canadian-Born Confused Desi - Similar to ABCD, but used for Canadian-born South Asians who are confused about their cultural identity.[31]
Celestial
a race-specific term used to describe Chinese immigrants in the United States, Canada and Australia during the 19th century. The term was widely used in the popular mass media of the day. The term is derived from their status as subjects of the Son of Heaven, the Chinese Emperor.
Charlie
(North America) a mildly derogatory term used by African Americans, mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, to refer to a white person (from James Baldwin's novel, Blues For Mr. Charlie). The same word was also a generally non-pejorative slang term used by American troops during the Vietnam War as a short-hand term for Vietnamese guerrillas: it was shortened from "Victor Charlie", the NATO phonetic alphabet for Viet Cong, or VC.[32]
Chee-chee
a Eurasian half-caste [probably from Hindi chi-chi fie!, literally, dirt][33]
Chinaman
(Worldwide English) Chinese person, used in the gold rush and railway-construction eras in western North America, when discrimination against Chinese was common.[34] Though widely used historically without offensive intent, the term today generates controversy when still used in geographic places associated or resembling Chinese. Fowler's Dictionary of English Usage as late as 1956 describes it as the term for a Chinese person, whereas the term Chinese was only used as an adjective for things. Though it is widely used as an ironic self-reference by many North Americans of Chinese descent, and is still heard in the lyrics to the 70s song "Kung Fu Fighting" and Fast and Furious movie song "Tokyo Drift" by the teriyaki boys, it tends to generate objections in modern times, especially in the US where Asian-American is the preferred nomenclature. (Note that in cricket, the term "chinaman" is used in a non-ethnic sense to refer to a left-handed bowler who uses a wrist spin action, and that a chinaman was also a type of 18th and 19th C. merchant ship, or a dealer in china ware.)
Cheese-eating surrender monkey
(UK, USA, Canada) A Frenchman, from the perceived proclivity of the French to surrender, and the huge variety of French cheeses available[35].
Ching Chong
(U.S. and Canada) Mocking the language of or a person of perceived Chinese or East Asian descent. An offensive term which has raised considerable controversy when used by celebrities such as Rosie O'Donnell.[36]
Chink/Chinky
(U.S., UK, and India) used to refer to people of perceived Chinese descent, and by extension for other East Asians. Considered extremely derogatory, although at least one US school proudly used the term as a sports mascot until the 1980s.[37]
Cholo
(Latin American Spanish, USA) used in Latin America to refer to people of perceived Amerindian or Mestizo descent; used in the USA to refer to people of perceived Mestizo descent, especially teenagers and young people in the lowrider subculture. It may be derogatory depending on circumstances. Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo was nicknamed "el Cholo".[38]
Chonky
refers to a person of Chinese heritage with white attributes whether being a personality aspect or physical aspect. [39][40]
Christ killer
a Jew, an allusion to Jewish deicide
Chug
(Canada) refers to an individual of aboriginal descent. [41]
Coconut
(New Zealand) A Pacific Islander. Named after the coconut, the nut from the coconut palm.[42]
(UK) A black person who exhibits behaviour associated with caucasians; (US) a Hispanic person trying to be 'white'. [43]
(South Africa) A black person who acts white[44]
Coolie
(North America) unskilled Asian labor, usually Chinese (originally used in 19th-century for Chinese railroad labor). Possibly from Hindi kuli, day laborer.[45] Also racial epithet for Indo-Caribbean people, especially in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and South African Indians.
Coon
(U.S. and U.K) a black person. Possibly from Portuguese barraco, a building constructed to hold slaves for sale (1837).[46][47] Popularized by the song "Zip Coon", played at Minstrel shows in the 1830s.
Coonass, or Coon-ass
(U.S.) a person of Cajun ethnicity.[48]
Cracker
(U.S.) poor Appalachian or poor Southerner, a white person, first used in the 19th century.[49]
Crow
a black person,[50] spec. a black woman.
Cunt-eyed
(U.S.) adjective: a person with slanted eyes (first used in the 1910s)[51]
Curry-muncher/Curry-slurper
(Australia, Africa, New Zealand) a person of East Indian origin.[52]

D

Dago
(U.S.) an Italian or person of Italian descent. In the UK it can refer also to Spaniards or Portuguese, possibly derived from the Spanish name "Diego".[53] It is used in the 2008 feature film Valkyrie by the character of Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (portrayed by Kenneth Cranham) who says that some officer should "shoot that dago bastard" (meaning Italian dictator Benito Mussolini).
Darky / darkey / darkie
noun. Used as a term for a black person, which may cause offence.[54] Randall Kennedy's Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word notes that some judges have considered "darky" a "term of endearment." See also Minstrel show. In South Africa, however, it is not considered either racist or offensive, but is quite acceptable [55]
Dhoti
In Nepal the word Dhoti is often used as an ethnic slur against the Madhesi community of Nepal and Indians by the majority population of Nepal. This may be because of the popularity of dhotis in the terai region and the bordering Indian states.[56]
Dink
an Asian, esp. a Vietnamese. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. Origin: 1965–70, Americanism[57]
Dogan, dogun
(CAN) Irish Catholic [19th century on; origin uncertain: perhaps from Dugan, an Irish surname].[58]
Dune coon
(US) Derogatory term used for Arabs.[59]
Dutchman
noun. (1) 19th century on, Dutch being corrupted from the Pennsylvania German self-descriptive word Deitsch. Anyone of Germanic heritage (as with Anglo-Celtic Pennsylvanians) a Pennsylvania German; (2) (mid-1800s to 1920s) a foreigner, especially one who does not speak English well; (3) a bar keeper;[60] (4) anglophone South African whites, used for Afrikaner[61]

E

Eight ball
A Negro; slang, usually used disparagingly[62]
Eskimo
A native North American from the northernmost inhabitable areas. In some areas it is considered pejorative, in others not, see "Eskimo" for details
Eyetie
(British) an Italian person; slang, usually used disparagingly. Originated through the mispronunciation of "Italian" as "Eye-talian." [63]

F

Fenian
(Northern Ireland and west of Scotland Protestants) originally the name of a political movement, the Fenian Brotherhood, but now a derogatory term aimed at Catholics, especially those thought to sympathise with the IRA.[64]
Flip
(Western World) A derogatory term for Filipinos.[65]
Free Stater
(Northern Ireland) a citizen of the Republic of Ireland, especially to Ulster Protestants. Also used by Irish Republicans to refer to Irish people who they believe are less than patriotic.[66]
Fritz
(UK, France, Hungary ("fricc"), Poland [Fryc], Russia [фриц] ) a German [from Friedrich (Frederick)].[67]
Frog
(Canada, UK and US) A French person. Prior to 1800s, referred to the Dutch (as they were stereotyped as being marsh-dwellers). When France became Britain's main enemy, replacing the Dutch, the epithet transferred to them,[68][69] due to the French recipe for eating frogs' legs (see comparable French term Rosbif). Also used in Canada to refer to both the French and French Canadians, and occasionally incorrectly as more broadly to people from Quebec who are not, in fact, necessarily French or French speaking.[70]
Fuzzy-Wuzzy
(UK) Colonialist term used to refer to the Hadendoa warriors in the 19th Century.

G

Gable
a black person.[29]
Gin
(AUS) an Aboriginal woman.[71]
Ginger
(U.S.) (U.K.) A white person with red hair and a pale complexion often accompanied by freckles. Its use is considered derogatory in the British Isles, however the relatively recent introduction into the US lexicon has given it a more humorous connotation. [72]
Gin jockey
(AUS) a white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman. Pejorative. See also gin burglar[73]
Ginzo
(U.S.) an Italian-American.[74]
Golliwog
A predominately UK expression which originally was a children's literature character and type of black doll but which eventually became to be used as a jibe against people with dark skins, most commonly Afro-Caribbeans.[75]
Gook
a derogatory term for Asians, used especially for enemy soldiers.[76] Its use as an ethnic slur has been traced to U.S. Marines serving in the Philippines in the early 20th century.[76][77] The earliest recorded example is dated 1920.[78] It gained widespread notice as a result of the Korean and Vietnam wars.[76]
Goyisher kopf
(Jews) This exclamation is said by Jews when they say or do something stupid (literally, "gentile-head").[79]
Greaseball, Greaser
(US) a person of Italian descent. Or rarely, a person of Hispanic descent.[80]
Gringo
a foreigner; especially used disparagingly against North Americans and North Europeans in Latin America. (from the Spanish word "griego", meaning Greek or possibly as a contraction of "green coat", representing the 19th century uniform of the US Army. In Roman days, foreigners were usually divided into Greeks and Barbarians. The use of the term Greek for something foreign or unintelligible can also be seen in the expression "it's Greek to me".)[81]. The term lends itself to derogatory or paternalistic connotations, but in most of the contexts it may not be meant pejoratively.
Groid
(US) A black person. Offensive. Derived from "negroid".[82]
Gub, Gubba
(AUS) Aboriginal pejorative term for white people[83]
Gweilo, gwailo, or kwai lo (鬼佬)
(used in South of Mainland China and Hong Kong) A White man. Loosely translated as "foreign devil;" more literally, might be "ghost dude/bloke/guy/etc." Gwei means "ghost." The color white is associated with ghosts in China. A lo is a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke).[84] Once a mark of xenophobia, the word is now in general, informal use[85] but still considered derogatory.
Guido
(US) An Italian-American male. Most of the times offensive. Derives from the Italian given name, Guido. Used mostly in the NYC Metro Area as a stereotype to working-class metrosexual Italian-Americans.[86]
Gypsy, Gyppo, gippo, gypo, gyppie, gyppy, gipp
a. A Roma person . b. (UK and Australia) Egyptians.[87]

H

Hajji, Hadji, Haji
(US) Used by some U.S. servicemembers to describe Iraqis or Arabs.[88][89]
Half Caste
(UK) Derogatory term against people who are born of mixed race. [90]
Haole
(US, Hawaiian) A non-native, used by Hawaiians mainly to refer to whites (less commonly to refer to non-Hawaiians).[91].
Heeb, Hebe
(U.S.) offensive term for a Jewish person, derived from the word "Hebrew".[92][93]
Hindoo
(AUS) 19th century, Hindu. Often not offensive.[94]
Honky also spelled "honkey" or "honkie"
(1) (U.S.) An offensive term for a white person. Derived from an African-American pronunciation of "hunky", the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a white person dates from the 1950s.[95]
House Nigger
(U.S.) A derogatory term for affluent or highly-educated African-Americans. Derived from the fact that African slaves who worked in the homes of their masters gained their favor, and were able to advance socially by reporting suspicious slaves and or activity.[96]
Hun
(U.S. and U.K.) A derogatory term for Germans, especially German soldiers; popular during World War I.[97] Also an offensive term for a Protestant in Northern Ireland.[98][99].
Hymie
(U.S.) offensive term for a Jewish person, derived from the personal name Hyman (from the Hebrew name Chayyim). Jesse Jackson provoked controversy by referring to New York City as "Hymietown" in 1984.[100]

I

Ikey / ike / iky
a Jew [from Isaac][101]
Ikey-mo / ikeymo
a Jew [from Isaac and Moses][102]
Injun
an offensive term for a Native American.[103]

J

Jap
(US, especially during World War II) a Japanese soldier or national, or anyone of Japanese descent.
Jerry
(Commonwealth, especially during World War II) a. a German national. b. a German soldier [Probably an alteration of German].[104] Origin of Jerry can.
Jigaboo, jiggabo, jigarooni, jijjiboo, zigabo, jig, jigg, jigga, jigger
(U.S. and UK) a black person (JB) with stereotypical Black features (e.g. dark skin, wide nose, and big lips).[105]
Jock, jocky, jockie
(UK) A Scottish person, dialect form of personal name John. Occasionally used by the English as an insult.[106] but also in respectful reference to elite Scottish, particularly Highland troops, e.g. the 9th (Scottish) Division. Same vein as the English insult for the French, as Frogs.
Jungle bunny
(U.S. and UK) a Black person (although it is used humorously in the musical Hair).[107]

K

Kaffir, kaffer, kaffir, kafir, kaffre, kuffar
(South Africa) a. a black person. Very offensive. Usage: Kaffir Boy was a famous autobiographical book by Mark Mathabane about his childhood in South Africa. (The South African Consul General in Lethal Weapon 2 calls Danny Glover a kaffir and Mel Gibson a 'kaffir lover'.) b. also caffer or caffre: a non-Muslim. c. a member of a people inhabiting the Hindu Kush mountains of north-east Afghanistan. Origin is from the Arab word kafir meaning infidel used in the early Arab trading posts in Africa. The term is still used as a pejorative by Islamists in such a context. The term passed into modern usage through the British, who used the term to refer to the mixed groupings of people displaced by Shaka when he organized the Zulu nation. These groups (consisting of Mzilikaze, Matiwani, Mantatisi, Flingoe, Hottentot, and Xhosa peoples inhabited the region from the Cape of Good Hope to the Limpopo river) fought the British in the Kaffir Wars 1846–1848, 1850–1852, and 1877–1878.)[108][109] See also Kaffir (Historical usage in southern Africa)
Kike or kyke
(U.S.) a Jew. From kikel, Yiddish for "circle". Immigrant Jews signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X").[110]
Kraut (from Sauerkraut)
(North America and Commonwealth) Derogatory U.S. and British term for a German,[111] most specifically during World War II.

L

Limey
(US) A British person. Comes from the historical British naval practice of giving sailors limes to stave off scurvy.[112]
Lace Curtain Irish
(U.S.) were poor immigrants who had designs on becoming more upwardly mobile. In other words, they were considered social climbers by the other Irish immigrants. The term is usually far from being a complement.[113][114]

M

Mack, Mick, Mickey, Mickey Finn
a. (Britain, Commonwealth and U.S.) an Irish person or a person of Irish descent. Mick is considered more offensive in the U.K. and U.S.. From the prefix "Mc"/"Mac" meaning "son of" that is commonly found in Irish surnames. b. (Australia) a Roman Catholic [19th century on, from Michael].[115]
Mammy
(U.S.) a black woman, depicted as rotund, homely, and matronly[116]
Mock / moch
(U.S.) a Jew [first used in the 1960s as an abbreviated form of mocky (qv)][117]
Mocky / moky / moxy / mockey / mockie / mocky
(U.S.) a Jew [first used in the 1930s][118]
Monkey
(UK) a black person.[119] Also used by white people in Southeast Asia to describe local people.
Moon Cricket
(US) derogatory term for a black person.[120]
Munt / Munter
(among whites in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zambia) a black person. Derives from muntu, the singular Bantu word for "person"[121]
Muzzie / Mussie
(Europe and US) A mildly offensive slang term for a Muslim. [122]

N

Nigel
(AUS) Used during Vietnam War as derogatory slang for any Vietnamese. Also nigel nog[123] See nig nog below.
Niglet
A term used to describe a young black person.[124]
Nig-nog
(UK) a black person.[125] - note alternative original mildly derogatory meaning in the UK: "a novice; a foolish or naive person"[126]
Nigger / Niger / nig / nigor / nigra / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar / niggor / niggur / nigga / niggah / niggar / nigguh / niggress
(International) An American-English slur originally used to refer to black-skinned people, but developed a dual meaning in the late 20th century.
Nip
(U.S. and UK) A derogatory term for someone of Japanese descent (shortened version of Nipponese, from Japanese name for Japan, Nippon)[127]
Nitchie, neche, neechee, neejee, nichi, nichiwa, nidge, nitchee, nitchy
(CAN) a North American Indian [From the Algonquian word for "friend"].[128]
Northern Monkey
(UK) (See also Southern Fairy) Used as a pejorative in the South of England, relating to a perceived stupidity and lack of sophistication of those in the North of the country.[129] In some cases this has been adopted in the North of England, with a pub in Leeds even taking the name 'The Northern Monkey'.[130]

O

Ocker
(AUS and NZ) Uncultivated Australian.[131] Also considered authentic and unaffected.
Oreo
(US) A racial slur for being black on the outside and white on the inside, hinted by the appearance of an Oreo cookie.[132]

P

Paddy
(Primarily UK) an Irishman.[133] Often derogatory; however, Lord Edward FitzGerald, a major leader of the United Irishmen of 1798, proclaimed himself proudly "a Paddy and no more" and stated that "he desired no other title than this".
Paki / Pakki
(Primarily UK and Canada, sometimes the United States, New Zealand and India) a Pakistani or South Asian. Within the UK, the term originated in Northern England, where a large number of South Asians arrived in the 1950s and 1960s. It is usually considered offensive when used by a non-Asian in the UK.[134][135]
Pancake Face, Pancake
An Asian person[136]
Pepper
(Canada) a French Canadian or French-speaking Québécois[137]
Pickaninny
a term – generally considered derogatory – that in English usage refers to black children, or a caricature of them which is widely considered racist.
Pikey / piky / piker
(Britain) a. Irish Traveller, b. Gypsy, c. a lower-class person. Sometimes used to refer to an Irish person [19th century on].[138]
Pocho / pocha
(Southwest U.S., Mexico) adjective: term for a person of Mexican heritage who is partially or fully assimilated into American culture (literally, "over-ripe").[139] (See also "Chicano")
Polack
a Pole or a person of Polish origin,[140] from the Polish endonym, Polak (see Name of Poland). Unlike in English, in Swedish and Norwegian polack is the polite term for a person from Poland.[141]
Pom, Pohm, Pommy, Pommie
(AUS/NZ/SA) a British (usually English) immigrant. Some claim it derives from "Prisoner of Mother England" or "Prisoner of Her Majesty", but it probably derives from pomegranate, rhyming slang for "immigrant,[142] jimmygrant, pommygrant". It is often used irreverently and is usually considered offensive. Many such migrants to Australia call themselves "ten pound poms", because they paid ten pounds for their passage to Australia between 1945 and 1972 under an assisted migration scheme. Often combined with an adjective, particularly whingeing pom, a reference to migrants who complained about their adopted country. Often used in a sporting (especially cricket and rugby) context, with liberal use of 'pom' and 'Aussie' being used by the media; the term is often seen as unoffensive in this context, and instead as light-hearted banter by those who use it, but still possibly as offensive by those whom it is directed at[citation needed].
Porch monkey
a black person[143]
Prairie nigger
A Native American[144]

Q

Quashie
a black person.[29] From the West African name Kwazi, often given to a child born on a Sunday[145]

R

Raghead
an ethnic slur used against Arabs, Indian Sikhs and some other peoples, denigrating them for wearing traditional headdress such as turbans or keffiyehs.[146] Sometimes used generically for all Islamic nations. See Towel head.
Redneck
In the US, the term is offensive to many, and refers to Southern laborer-class whites.[147]
Redskin
a controversial term referring to Native Americans, used in the names of multiple sports teams.[148]
Roundeye
(English-speaking Asians) a white or non-Asian person.[149]
Russki, Russkie
disparaging when used by foreigners for "Russian"[150] (actually, these are transliterations of the Russian "Русский" (in Russian pronounced: Rooskiy) for "Russian" and the spelling Russkiy is almost always in a literary context. "Russki" in Russian simply means someone who is an ethnic Russian as opposed to a minority nationality within the Russian Federation.)

S

Sais/Saesnes
(Wales) Ocassionally derogatory words used by the Welsh to refer to an English man/woman. They are the singular forms of the Welsh word for the English: Saeson, i.e. Saxon. (See Sassenach for Scottish derivative)[citation needed]
Sambo
(U.S.) a derogatory term for an African American, Black, or sometimes a South Asian person[151].
Sand nigger
An ethnic slur against Arabs.[152]
Sassenach
(Scotland) - An English person, Gaelic for "Saxon", or a Lowland Scot when used by a Highlander. [153]
Sawney
(England, archaic) - A Scottish person, local variant of Sandy, short for "Alexander".[154]
Schvartse
A Yiddish derogatory term for someone of African descent.[155]
Seppo, Septic
(Australian/British) An American. (Cockney rhyming slang: Septic tank — Yank)[156]
Shiksa (Yiddish)
a pejorative term, mostly in North America, for a non-Jewish woman.
Slanteyed
pejorative term for being of Far Eastern origin, a Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese etc. Derived from the term for those who have epicanthic folds[157]
Skip /Skippy
(Aus) a person of Anglo-Australian decent.[158]
Slope, slopehead, slopy, slopey
(U.S. and Aus) a person of Asian (in Australia, especially Vietnamese; in America, especially Chinese) descent.[159]
Smoked Irish / smoked Irishman
(U.S.) 19th century term for Blacks (intended to insult both Blacks and Irish).[29]
Sooty
A black person [originated in the U.S. in the 1950s][160]
Southern Fairy
(UK) (See also Northern Monkey) A term used in the North of England referring to a perceived pretension and 'softness' of those in the South of the country. The North of England has traditionally been more industrial, where as the South has traditionally been based around the service industries, meaning that occupation, lifestyle, interests and mannerisms fueled this perception. In some cases the term has been adopted by those in the South of England and has been mercandised to some extent.
Spade
A black person.[161] recorded since 1928 (OED), from the playing cards suit.
Spearchucker
A term used for an African American, or other person of African descent. [162]
Spic, spick, spik, spig, or spigotty
(U.S) a. a person of Hispanic descent, or a person of actual or presumed Puerto Rican origin whether or not of Hispanic descent. Use of the word is often perceived as extremely offensive if used by a person not of Latino descent in any context. Origin uncertain. First recorded use in 1915. Theories include from "no spik English" (and spiggoty from the Chicano no speak-o t'e English), but common belief is that it is an abbreviation of "Hispanic" b. the Spanish language.[163] In the UK this term is more commonly used towards people of Italian/Mediterranean descent rather than Hispanics.
Squaw
(U.S. and CAN) Often offensive term for female Native American. [164] Derived from lower East Coast Algonquian (Massachuset: ussqua)[165], which originally meant "young woman", but which took on strong negative connotations in the late twentieth century (see article). (The equivalent derisive for a male is "buck", and for a child, "papoose".)

T

Taffy or Taff
(UK) a Welsh person. First used ca. 17th century. From the River Taff or the Welsh pronunciation of the name David (in Welsh, Dafydd).[166] Children's rhyme: "Taffy was a Welshman, Taffy was a thief". Generally considered offensive[citation needed] when used by an English person, although it has appeared in such family-friendly series as Dad's Army, where it was used as a lighthearted nickname.
Taig (also Teague, Teg and Teig)
a vitriolic slur used by loyalists in Northern Ireland for members of the nationalist/Catholic/Gaelic community. The term translates as "average Joe" or "man on the street".[167][168][169]
Tar baby
(UK; U.S.; and N.Z.) a black child.[170]
Teapot
(British) A black person. [1800s][171]
Thicklips
(UK) a black person.[29]
Timber nigger
An ethnic slur against Native Americans.[152]
Tinker / tynekere / tinkere / tynkere, -are / tynker / tenker / tinkar / tyncar / tinkard / tynkard / tincker
a. (Britain and Ireland) an inconsequential person (typically lower class); (note that in Britain, the term "Irish Tinker" may be used, giving it the same meaning as example b.)
b. (Scotland and Ireland) a Gypsy [origin unknown - possibly relating to one of the 'traditional' occupations of Gypsies as travelling 'tinkerers' or repairers of common household objects][172]
c. (Scotland) a member of the native community previously itinerant (but mainly now settled) who were reputed for their production of domestic implements from basic materials and for repair of the same items, being also known in the past as "travelling tinsmiths". The slur is possibly derived from a reputation for rowdy and alcoholic recreation. Often wrongly confused with Gypsy/Romany people.
Touch of the tar brush
(British) derogatory descriptive phrase for a person of predominantly Caucasian ancestry with real or suspected African or Asian distant ancestry.[173]
Towel Head
A slur intended to be used against Arabs. See Raghead.


U

Ugly American
An epithet common internationally as an insult directed at a citizen of the United States, common usage is against tourists and travellers along with US corporate businesses in the particular area.
Uncle Tom
A pejorative for an American black person who is perceived as behaving in a subservient manner to white authority figures.

W

West Briton / Westbrit
(Ireland) is for an Irish person who has sympathies toward Britain, or who imitates the British. Possibly comes from Sinn Féin ideal of Arthur Griffith for dual monarchy, Ireland was to be a West Britain.[174]
White Nigger / Wigger / Whigger / Wigga
(US) Used in 19th-century United States to describe the Irish. Used today to demean any White person as being White trash, or an ignorant and uncouth redneck.[175] Also (international) used to describe white youth that imitate urban black youth by means of clothing style, mannerisms, and slang speech. The 'w' at the start of wigger refers to the white person and the 'igger' refers to nigger, which is already a racial slur for black people. Also used by radical Québécois in self-reference, as in the seminal 1968 book White Niggers of America.
Whitey
A term for a white person, commonly used in a derogatory manner.[176]
Wog
In Australia, the term "wog" is usually used to refer to Mediterranean, Southern/Eastern European and Middle Eastern people, such as Italians, Greeks, Macedonians, Serbians, Croatians, or Albanians. However, it can also refer to any swarthy people. In Britain, it usually refers to dark skinned people from Asia or Africa. Possibly derived from "golliwogg"[177]
Wop
(North America and UK) A racial term for anyone of Italian descent, derived from the Italian dialectism "guappo", close to "dude" and other informal appellations. [178]


Y

Yank/Yankee
(UK/Australian) A term for an American, commonly used in a derogatory manner, although some Americans from northern states refer to themselves this way when addressing foreign audiences,[179] in which case it is not actually an offensive slur. In the southern United States the term is used for Americans from outside the South, especially those from north of the Ohio River. But north of the Ohio River the terms Yankee and Yank may mean exclusively someone from New England. Insofar as possible the terms Yankee and Yank should not be used to label U.S. southerners in that such attribution can be confusing.
Yellow
designating or pertaining to an Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin color.[180]
Yid
Disparaging term for a Jew, although it is an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews. [181]

Z

See also

Immigration slurs

  • Fresh off the boat, a derogatory term for people of foreign nationality, who have arrived in a host nation as tourists, immigrants, students, or most commonly, as work permit applicants.
  • Wetback, an illegal immigrant to the United States, usually a Mexican
  • Anchor baby, a slur for a child born in the United States to immigrants or other non-citizens, regardless of the immigration status of the parents.[4] The term refers to the supposed role of the child, as a U.S. citizen, in facilitating immigration through family reunification under the provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.

References

  1. ^ Spears, loc. cit. p. 1.
  2. ^ Radhakrishnan, Rajagopalan, "Diaspora, Hybridity, Pedagogy", Peripheral Centres, Central Peripheries (ed. Ghosh-Schellhorn, Martina & Alexander, Vera), page 116, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006, ISBN 3825892107
  3. ^ Bruce Moore (editor), The Australian Oxford Dictionary, (2004) p. 3.
  4. ^ Ethnic_resources
  5. ^ Speers, loc. cit. pg. 6.
  6. ^ Green, loc. cit. p. 19.
  7. ^ Macquarie Dictionary (3rd ed)
  8. ^ Hugh Rawson, Wicked Words, (1989) p. 19.
  9. ^ Spears, loc. cit. p. 10.; also, Zoo Ape or Jungle Ape
  10. ^ Green, 2005, ISBN 0304366366, p. 29.
  11. ^ Guardian Report: A new Britain, a new kind of newspaper February 25 2002
  12. ^ Nadal, Kevin L. (2009). Filipino American Psychology. p. 36. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Green, loc. cit. p. 36.
  14. ^ The Confession of a Banana
  15. ^ The Mouth of Mencia, from The Washington Post, September 28, 2005
  16. ^ San Diego's top Latino cop retires, from The San Diego Union-Tribune, September 1, 2005
  17. ^ a b Pedro deflects the barbs; Racist comments don't faze Sox ace, from The Boston Herald, September 14, 2000
  18. ^ You are what you eat ... arguably: John Sutherland On national nicknames from The Guardian (UK), July 31, 2000
  19. ^ Duden Deutsches Universalwörterbuch.
  20. ^ "Costello Slammed for 'Bog Irish' Slurs", Irish Voice, October 13, 1998
  21. ^ Benson, Marius, "A life more ordinary", Expatica
  22. ^ bohunk. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
  23. ^ Moore, op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  24. ^ Wilkes, G.A. A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms (Sydney: Fontana/Collins, 1978, p. 62)
  25. ^ Wilkes, ibid., p. 62
  26. ^ "boonga" The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Tony Deverson. (Oxford University Press: 2004) Oxford Reference Online.[Accessed 6 May 2006].
  27. ^ Younge, Gary (2002-03-30). "Don't blame Uncle Tom". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  28. ^ a b Green, op. cit. p.154.
  29. ^ a b c d e Spears, op. cit. p. 118.
  30. ^ Cassidy, Frederic (1991). Dictionary of American Regional English. p. 521. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ [1] [2]
  32. ^ "The Language of War", on the American Experience/Vietnam Online website; retrieved August 31, 2007
  33. ^ "chee-chee." Webster's [Accessed 12 Mar. 2006].
  34. ^ [3]Peak of Controversy "a resident of Calgary, wrote to the Minister of Community Development strongly objecting to the name Chinaman's Peak"
  35. ^ Wimps, weasels and monkeys - the US media view of 'perfidious France' The Guardian. Retrieved on December 27, 2006
  36. ^ [4] Asian American advocates decry parody by TV's O'Donnell Vanessa Hua, San Francisco Chronicle, December 14, 2006
  37. ^ Simpson, "Chinky"
  38. ^ Vigil, James Diego (1988). Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292711190. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  39. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=e0lfyT2EJwAC&pg=PA222&dq=Chonky&lr=&client=firefox-a
  40. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=YY0BpjV4vDYC&pg=PA149&dq=Chonky&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA149,M1
  41. ^ Warman v. Beaumont, CHRT (Canadian Human Rights Commission 2007) ("I haven't seen the new $50 bills, but the $20's and $100's I have seen. I have talked with a few people about them (who aren't WN) but they don't like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills. I mean, who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug? Not me!").
  42. ^ Orsman, H. W. (1999). The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558347-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  43. ^ Coconuts and Oreos
  44. ^ "The Coconuts (TV sitcom)". M-Net. 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
  45. ^ Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin
  46. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary: coon
  47. ^ Slavery In America
  48. ^ "coonass" at the Encyclopedia of Cajun Culture
  49. ^ Cash W.J. The Mind of the South (Knopf, 1941).
  50. ^ "crow." Webster's [Accessed 12 Mar. 2006].
  51. ^ Green, op. cit.
  52. ^ Fuller A. Scribbling the Cat: travels with an African soldier (Penguin Books, 2004).
  53. ^ Oxford Advanced Leaner's English-Chinese Dictionary (published in 1987), p. 292.
  54. ^ AskOxford: Search Results
  55. ^ [5]
  56. ^ Views The Telegraph - Weekly (Nepal)
  57. ^ dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dink
  58. ^ "dogan", Barber, op. cit. [Accessed 7 May 2006].
  59. ^ Ashley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (Eds) White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism (New York: Routledge,2003), p. 124
  60. ^ Green, Cassell, p. 383.
  61. ^ "Dutch", Webster's [Accessed February 15, 2006].
  62. ^ Bruce Kellner, ed. The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era: Appendixes. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. The African American Experience. Greenwood Publishing Group. (Access by subscription.) [Accessed August 13, 2008].
  63. ^ "Eyetie definition - Dictionaries - ninemsn Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ Share, op. cit. p. 105.
  65. ^ "What's in a name?"
  66. ^ Simpson, "free stater", op. cit.
  67. ^ Grand Dictionnaire (Larousse: 1993) p. 397; "fritz", Webster's; Polish Language Dictionary: http://sjp.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=2558630 .
  68. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_498_158/ai_106652581
  69. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2913151.stm
  70. ^ Dictionary.com
  71. ^ "gin", Moore, op. cit. [Accessed 7 May 2006].
  72. ^ BBCNEWS, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6725653.stm> [Accessed 4 December 2009]
  73. ^ Wilkes, op cit., 155-6
  74. ^ "ginzo" The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. (Oxford University Press: 2005.) <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html? subview=Main&entry=t183.e31685> [Accessed 6 May 2006]
  75. ^ Thatcher axed by BBC's One Show 4 February 2009
  76. ^ a b c Dictionary.com gook.
  77. ^ Pearson, Kim, "Gook".
  78. ^ Seligman, Herbert J., "The Conquest of Haiti", The Nation, July 10, 1920.
  79. ^ Yiddishkeit (page two)
  80. ^ greaseball - Definitions from Dictionary.com
  81. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gringo (accessed: July 5, 2007).
  82. ^ An Accused Cop Killer's Politics
  83. ^ "Mr Gub ... the white man. The word is the diminutive of garbage." Wilkes, op cit., 167
  84. ^ http://www.bigwhiteguy.com/bio.php
  85. ^ Gweilo
  86. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13708-2003Jul5.html
  87. ^ Simpson, "gyppo", op. cit.
  88. ^ "hajji" citation from Double-Tongued Dictionary
  89. ^ "haji" definition from Double-Tongued Dictionary
  90. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Caste_(poem)
  91. ^ "?". Retrieved 2007-01-14.
  92. ^ Madresh, Marjorie (2004-05-28). "Founder of 'Hip to be Heeb' magazine speaks to students". The Triangle Online. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  93. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online definition of hebe". Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  94. ^ Simpson, "Hindu", op. cit.
  95. ^ Fuller A. Scribbling the Cat: travels with an African soldier (Penguin books, 2004).
  96. ^ [http://www.blacknla.com/news/articles/djinthehouse.asp THE BRIDGE: In The House]
  97. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
  98. ^ Nil By Mouth: History of Sectarianism
  99. ^ Daily Telegraph: Young people are raising their eyes
  100. ^ Newkirk, Pamela (2002). Within the Veil. p. 146.
  101. ^ Simpson. "ikey", loc. cit.
  102. ^ Loc cit. "ikeymo"
  103. ^ injun - Definitions from Dictionary.com
  104. ^ "Jerry," Simpson, op. cit.
  105. ^ Simpson, "jigaboo", op. cit.
  106. ^ Blake, Aled (2005-08-26). "'If boyo is racist so is Jock". Western Mail and Echo Limited. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
  107. ^ Simpson, "jungle"
  108. ^ "Kaffir", Webster's.
  109. ^ Featherstone, Donald (1993). Victorian Colonial Warfare: Africa. UK: Blandford. pp. 85–102. ISBN 0-7137-2256-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  110. ^ Wolarsky, Eric, "Kike", Interactive Dictionary of Racial Language, 2001.
  111. ^ AskOxford: Kraut
  112. ^ Dictionary.com
  113. ^ WikiAnswers.com
  114. ^ FAQs.org
  115. ^ "Mick" The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. (Oxford University Press: 2004) [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  116. ^ "The Mammy Caricature". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia at Ferris State University. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
  117. ^ Simpson. "mock", loc. cit.
  118. ^ Ibid. "mocky".
  119. ^ The Times Online http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2239023,00.html
  120. ^ http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=moon+cricket Urban Dictionary. "Moon Cricket," (retrieved on March 20th, 2009).
  121. ^ Simpson. "munt". loc. cit.
  122. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_slur
  123. ^ Michael Frazer, Nasho (Melbourne: Aries Imprint, 1984)
  124. ^ http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=niglet Urban Dictionary. "Niglet," (retrieved on March 20th, 2009).
  125. ^ "nig-nog" Webster's
  126. ^ "nig-nog" Oxford English Dictionary
  127. ^ "nip", Webster's, Accessed 11 Mar. 2006.
  128. ^ "nitchie", Simpson, op. cit.
  129. ^ http://www.peevish.co.uk/slang/n.htm
  130. ^ http://www.northernmonkey-leeds.co.uk/
  131. ^ Moore, "ocker" op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  132. ^ "Was Lt. Gov. Steele Pelted With Oreos?", WTOP Radio
  133. ^ AskOxford: Paddy
  134. ^ "pak", Webster's, Accessed 4 April 2006; Simpson. "Paki", loc. cit.
  135. ^ "After the N-word, the P-word", BBC News, June 11, 2007
  136. ^ Racial and Ethnic Identity Formation of Midwestern Asian-American children, Susan Matoba Adler, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/validate.asp?j=ciec&vol=2&issue=3&year=2001&article=Adler_CIEC_2_3
  137. ^ David Williams, Review of Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages by Mark Abley, The Oxonian Review of Books, Volume 4, Issue 2 (Hilary 2005).
  138. ^ Simpson, "pikey" op. cit.
  139. ^ Ibid. p. 773.
  140. ^ Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, Longman Group UK Limited, 1992, ISBN 0 582 23720 3
  141. ^ Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket (The Swedish Academy's dictionary of the Swedish language), 10th edition (Stockholm: Norstedt, 1984), ISBN 91-1-730242-0, p. 377.
  142. ^ Moore, "pommy", op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  143. ^ Who Are The Bush People? by Sean Gonsalves
  144. ^ Weist, Larry (1985-04-28). "3 veterans agree U.S. deprived them of victory but not of heroism". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City. pp. A1, A5. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
  145. ^ Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
  146. ^ "What do we all have in common?", The Sun Online, January 30, 2007
  147. ^ "redneck - Definition from Merriam-Webster Online".
  148. ^ Suzan Shown Harjo (2005-06-17). "Dirty Word Games". Indian Country Today.
  149. ^ Spears, p. 295.
  150. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  151. ^ Boskin, Joseph (1986) Sambo, New York: Oxford University Press
  152. ^ a b Kennedy, Randall L. (Winter, 1999-2000), "Who Can Say "Nigger"? And Other Considerations", The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (26): 86-96 [87] {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  153. ^ WordNet Search - 3.0
  154. ^ Simpson, "sawney", op. cit.
  155. ^ http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861732947/definition.html Encarta World English Dictionary. Archived 2009-11-01.
  156. ^ Dictionary of Australian Slang
  157. ^ Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/search?r=2&q=slanteyed
  158. ^ Lambert, James. "Additions to the Australian Lexicographical Record". Australian National Dictionary Centre. Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  159. ^ Moore. "slope", op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006]; Simpson, "slope"; "slopy", op. cit.
  160. ^ Simpson, "sooty." loc. cit.
  161. ^ American Heritage Dictionary
  162. ^ "The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States", Philip H. Herbst, 1997, ISBN 1877864978, p. 210
  163. ^ Rawson, loc. cit. p. 370.
  164. ^ squaw - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  165. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary
  166. ^ Simpson, "taffy", op. cit.
  167. ^ "In Belfast, Joblessness And a Poisonous Mood" by Bernard Wienraub
    New York Times, 2 June 1971
  168. ^ "On Belfast’s Walls, Hatred Rules" by Paul Majendie
    Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 1986
  169. ^ Double Tongued Dictionary
  170. ^ Simpson, "tar", op. cit.
  171. ^ Green, loc. cit. p. 1185.
  172. ^ Simpson, "tinker", op. cit.
  173. ^ John Akomfrah 1991 A Touch of the Tarbrush (TV Documentary) 1991
  174. ^ Share, op. cit. p. 349.
  175. ^ Miller, Joel (2001-03-06). "White niggards and the lingo nazis". WorldNetDaily.com. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  176. ^ Princeton WordNet listing for Whitey
  177. ^ wog. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wog (accessed: November 01, 2007).
  178. ^ wop. Dictionary.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wop (accessed: November 01, 2007)
  179. ^ yank - Definitions from Dictionary.com
  180. ^ Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/yellow
  181. ^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/yid

Literature

  • John A. Simpson, Oxford Dictionary Of Modern Slang ISBN 0-19-861052-1
  • John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series ISBN 0-19-861299-0
  • Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, (2002)
  • Richard A. Spears, Slang and Euphemism, (2001)
  • Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Slang (1998)
  • Bruce Moore (editor), The Australian Oxford Dictionary, (2004)
  • The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. (Oxford University Press: 2005.
  • The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. (Oxford University Press: 2004)
  • G.A. Wilkes, A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms (Sydney: Fontana/Collins, 1978) ISBN 0 00 635719 9
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