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==DARE Merchandising==
==DARE Merchandising==
[[File:Daregiveaways IGP4798.JPG|thumb|150px|right|DARE eraser, 2 heat sensitive color changing pencils and a color changing pen]]
[[File:Daregiveaways IGP4798.JPG|thumb|150px|right|DARE eraser, Two heat sensitive color changing pencils and a color changing pen]]
[[File:DAREt-shirt IGP4794.JPG|thumb|200px|left|another variation of the D.A.R.E T-shirt design]]
[[File:DAREt-shirt IGP4794.JPG|thumb|200px|left|another variation of the D.A.R.E T-shirt design]]
[[Image:Dare tshirt.png|thumb|200px|right|One variation of the D.A.R.E T-shirt design]]
[[Image:Dare tshirt.png|thumb|200px|right|One variation of the D.A.R.E T-shirt design]]

Revision as of 03:53, 9 December 2009

File:Darelogo.png
Logo of D.A.R.E

Drug Abuse Resistance Education, better known as D.A.R.E. or DARE, is an international education program that seeks to prevent use of illegal drugs, membership in gangs, and violent behavior. D.A.R.E., which has expanded globally since its founding in 1983, is a demand-side drug control strategy of the U.S. War on Drugs. Students who enter the program sign a pledge not to use drugs or join gangs and are taught by local law enforcement about the dangers of drug use in an interactive in-school curriculum which lasts ten weeks. Throughout its history, the program has been criticized for its inefficiency and biased stances towards drugs and drug reform.

History

Drugs Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E) America, a national non-profit 501(c)(3) organization, was founded in 1983 by Los Angeles Police chief Darryl Gates and Glenn Levant. Narcotics-related crimes were the main problems that the LAPD faced. D.A.R.E. was based on his contention that the present generation had already surrendered to drug dependency and that the country's future lay with the readiness of its children to resist involvement. Gates believed that uniformed police officers were the best equipped to deliver the message that drug use has adverse effects.[1] The Safe and Drug-Free Schools Act (Improving America's Schools Act of 1994) provided funding for use in D.A.R.E. programs in the United States.

CRO (Community Relations Officers) were the first DARE Officers to present high-stakes, peer-pressure refusal techniques in the classroom. DARE's regional program was so popular, it quickly expanded into a national and international research-based curriculum. One of the first CRO liaison officers, LAPD's Thomas Hazelton, is DARE's President-Development today. DARE's CEO is Charles Parsons, formerly with the F.B.I.

Curriculum

The instructors of the D.A.R.E. curriculum are local police officers who must undergo 80 hours of special training in areas such as child development, classroom management, teaching techniques, and communication skills. For high school instructors, 40 hours of additional training are prescribed.[2][3] Police officers are invited by the local school districts to speak and work with students. Police officers are permitted to work in the classroom by the school district and do not need to be licensed teachers. There are programs for different age levels. Working with the classroom teachers, the officers lead students over a number of sessions on workbooks and interactive discussions.

The D.A.R.E. program enables students to interact with police officers or sheriffs in a controlled, safe, classroom environment. This helps students and officers meet and understand each other in a friendly manner, instead of having to meet when a student commits a crime, or when officers must intervene in domestic disputes and severe family problems.[4] The Surgeon General reports that positive effects have been demonstrated regarding attitudes towards the police.[5]

It is also an important tertiary crime and violence prevention education program. The D.A.R.E. program cites cases where assertiveness and self-defense education helped prevent students from being harmed. D.A.R.E. officers also help schools when children are threatened, and their presence helps alleviate concerns about situations like school shootings and other threats of violence to children while at school.[4]

In 2007, a new curriculum for prescription drug abuse and over-the-counter drug abuse was created by D.A.R.E. America. Other contributors included: law enforcement officials; PhRMA; Abbott Laboratories; the Consumer Healthcare and Products Association (CHPA); and a number of other organizations, including the ONDCP, the DEA, the FDA, the NIDA, the SAMHSA Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) and the Partnership for a Drug-Free America.[6]

Age groups

Starting in 6th grade, elementary students are given lessons to act in their own best interest when facing high-risk, low-gain choices and to resist peer pressure and other influences in making their personal choices regarding:[7] Tobacco Smoking, Tobacco Advertising, Drug Abuse, Inhalants, Alcohol Consumption and Health, and Peer Pressure in a Social Network.

In 7th and 8th grades, the new middle school lessons are enhanced with activities on Teen OTC(over-the-counter)/Prescription Drug Abuse, Methamphetamine, Bullying, Gangs, Internet Safety, and more. Beginning in the fall of 2009 D.A.R.E. officers across the nation will begin to teach The keepin’ it REAL program which was developed in partnership with Penn State University. "The Keepin’ It REAL" curriculum has been identified as an Evidence-Based Program on the National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP) of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

In senior high school, D.A.R.E. is a reinforcement and "Equal emphasis is placed on helping students to recognize and cope with feelings of anger without causing harm to themselves or others and without resorting to violence or the use of alcohol and drugs."[8]

Participation

According to the D.A.R.E. website, 36 million children around the world — 26 million in the U.S. — are part of the program. The program is implemented in 80% of the nation's school districts, and 54 countries around the world.[2] D.A.R.E. was one of the first national programs promoting zero tolerance. The D.A.R.E. program has received numerous accolades and awards for delivering the message to keep "kids off drugs"[2] and remains widely popular.

As of 2009, despite deep Homeland Security budget cuts at state and federal law enforcement levels, DARE continues to graduate 20 million children worldwide annually. Its websites www.dare.com and www.dare.org receive 12 million hits every month and is a resource for parents, teachers, children and community members.

Efficacy

DARE is constantly reevaluating its efficiency and altering its strategies. Since the 1990s, independent studies of the D.A.R.E program have been conducted from selected school populations. These studies reported that D.A.R.E. did not actually decrease drug use among graduates. Some studies even indicated that there was an increased rate of drug use among D.A.R.E. graduates. In 2001, the Surgeon General of the United States placed the D.A.R.E. program in the category of "Does Not Work"[9]

Studies

1992 - Indiana University

Researchers at Indiana University, commissioned by Indiana school officials in 1992, found that those who completed the D.A.R.E. program subsequently had significantly higher rates of hallucinogenic drug use than those not exposed to the program.[10]

1994 - National Institute of Justice

Other researchers found D.A.R.E. to be counterproductive in 1994.[11] In 1994, the National Institute of Justice published a summary[12] of a study conducted by the Research Triangle Institute.[13] The study suggested that D.A.R.E. would benefit from a revised curriculum. This was launched in the fall of 1994.

After the 1994 Research Triangle Institute study,[12][13] an article in the New Times Los Angeles stated that the “organization spent $41,000 to try to prevent widespread distribution of the RTI report and started legal action aimed at squelching the study.”[14] The director of publication of the American Journal of Public Health told USA Today that "D.A.R.E. has tried to interfere with the publication of this. They tried to intimidate us."[15] After reporter Dennis Cauchon published a story questioning the effectiveness of D.A.R.E. in USA Today, he received letters from classrooms around the country, all addressed to "Dear D.A.R.E.-basher," and all using nearly identical language.[15]

1995 - California Department of Education

In 1995, a report to the California Department of Education by Joel Brown Ph. D. stated that none of California's drug education programs worked, including D.A.R.E. "California's drug education programs, D.A.R.E. being the largest of them, simply don't work. More than 40 percent of the students told researchers they were 'not at all' influenced by drug educators or programs. Nearly 70 percent reported neutral to negative feelings about those delivering the antidrug (sic) message. While only 10 percent of elementary students responded to drug education negatively or indifferently, this figure grew to 33 percent of middle school students and topped 90 percent at the high school level." [16]

1998 - National Institute of Justice

In 1998, A grant from the National Institute of Justice to the University of Maryland resulted in a report to the NIJ, which among other statements, concluded that "D.A.R.E. does not work to reduce substance use."[17] D.A.R.E. expanded and modified the social competency development area of its curriculum in response to the report. Research by Dr. Dennis Rosenbaum in 1998,[18] found that D.A.R.E. graduates were more likely than others to drink alcohol, smoke tobacco and use illegal drugs. Psychologist Dr. William Colson asserted in 1998 that D.A.R.E. increased drug awareness so that "as they get a little older, they (students) become very curious about these drugs they've learned about from police officers."[19] The scientific research evidence in 1998 indicated that the officers were unsuccessful in preventing the increased awareness and curiosity from being translated into illegal use. The evidence suggested that, by exposing young impressionable children to drugs, the program was, in fact, encouraging and nurturing drug use.[20] Studies funded by the National Institute of Justice in 1998,[17][21] and the California Legislative Analyst's Office in 2000[22] also concluded that the program was ineffective.

1999 - American Psychological Association

A ten year study was completed by the American Psychological Association in 2006 involving one thousand D.A.R.E. graduates in an attempt to measure the effects of the program. After the ten year period no measurable effects were noted. The researchers compared levels of alcohol, cigarette, marijuana and the use of illegal substances before the dare program (when the students were in sixth grade) with the post D.A.R.E. levels (when they were 20 years old). Although there were some measured effects shortly after the program on the attitudes of the students towards drug use, these effects did not seem to carry on long term. [23]

2001 - Surgeon General categorizes D.A.R.E. "Does Not Work"

In 2001, the Surgeon General of the United States, David Satcher M.D. Ph.D., placed the D.A.R.E. program in the category of "Does Not Work."[5] The U.S. General Accountability Office concluded in 2003 that the program was sometimes counterproductive in some populations, with those who graduate from D.A.R.E. later having higher rates of drug use (a boomerang effect).[24]

2007 - Perspectives on Psychological Science Article

In March 2007, the D.A.R.E. program was placed on a list of treatments that have the potential to cause harm in clients in the APS journal, Perspectives on Psychological Science.[25]

DARE's Anti-Drug Ideology

Despite the criticism and notable research facts, D.A.R.E. is completely consistent with the "zero-tolerance orthodoxy of current U.S. drug control policy." According to researcher Dr. D. M. Gorman of the Rutgers University Center of Alcohol Studies, it supports the ideology and the “prevailing wisdom that exists among policy makers and politicians."[26] It also meets the needs of stake holders such as school districts,[27] parents, and law enforcement agencies. "D.A.R.E. America also has been very successful in marketing its program to the news media through a carefully orchestrated public relations campaign that highlights its popularity while downplaying criticism."[14]

Psychologists at the University of Kentucky concluded that "continued enthusiasm [for D.A.R.E.] shows Americans' stubborn resistance to apply science to drug policy."[28]

Marsha Rosenbaum, who headed the West Coast office of the Lindesmith Center, a drug policy reform organization, provided an opinion for a 1999 Village Voice article, "In D.A.R.E.'s worldview, Marlboro Light cigarettes, Bacardi rum, and a drag from a joint are all equally dangerous. For that matter, so is snorting a few lines of cocaine." D.A.R.E. "isn't really education. It's indoctrination."[29] Rosenbaum also stated, "Part of what makes D.A.R.E. so popular is that participants get lots of freebies. There are fluorescent yellow pens with the D.A.R.E. logo, tiny D.A.R.E. dolls, bumper stickers, graduation certificates, D.A.R.E. banners for school auditoriums, D.A.R.E. rulers, pennants, D.A.R.E. coloring books, and T-shirts for all D.A.R.E. graduates."[29]

The Use of Children as Informants

"Children are asked to submit to D.A.R.E. police officers sensitive written questionnaires that can easily refer to the kids' homes" and that "a D.A.R.E. lesson called 'The Three R's: Recognize, Resist, Report' … encourages children to tell friends, teachers or police if they find drugs at home."[30]

In addition, "D.A.R.E. officers are encouraged to put a 'D.A.R.E. Box' in every classroom, into which students may drop 'drug information' or questions under the pretense of anonymity. Officers are instructed that if a student 'makes a disclosure related to drug use,' the officer should report the information to further authorities, both school and police. This apparently applies whether the 'drug use' was legal or illegal, harmless or harmful. In a number of communities around the country, students have been enlisted by the D.A.R.E. officer as informants against their parents."[31]

"In the official D.A.R.E. Implementation Guide, police officers are advised to be alert for signs of children who have relatives who use drugs. D.A.R.E. officers are first and foremost police officers and thus are duty-bound to follow up leads that might come to their attention through inadvertent or indiscreet comments by young children."[32]

As a result, "children sometimes confide the names of people they suspect are illegally using drugs. A mother and father in Caroline County, Maryland, were jailed for 30 days after their daughter informed a police D.A.R.E. instructor that her parents had marijuana plants in their home, according to a story in The Washington Post in January 1993. The Wall Street Journal reported in 1992 that ‘In two recent cases in Boston, children who had tipped police stepped out of their homes carrying D.A.R.E. diplomas as police arrived to arrest their parents.’ In 1991, 10-year-old Joaquin Herrera of Englewood, Colorado, phoned 911, announced, ‘I'm a D.A.R.E. kid’ and summoned police to his house to discover a couple of ounces of marijuana hidden in a bookshelf, according to the Rocky Mountain News. The boy sat outside his parents' home in a police patrol car while the police searched the home and arrested the parents. The policeman assigned to the boy's school commended the boy's action."[33]

Response to Criticism

In 1998, DARE filed a lawsuit against The New Republic for a defamatory article against the organization. Investigation found that their reporter, Stephen Glass, had used false and libelous statements. Glass was fired by The New Republic in May after he admitted to making up facts in at least twenty-seven of the forty-one articles he wrote for the periodical.

Since then, D.A.R.E. America has generally dismissed many criticisms and independent studies of its program, labeling them false, misleading, or biased.

"D.A.R.E. has long dismissed criticism of its approach as flawed or the work of groups that favor decriminalization of drug use," according to the New York Times.[34] In a press release titled "Pro-drug Groups Behind Attack on Prevention Programs; D.A.R.E. Seen as Target as Mayors' Conference Called to Combat Legalization Threat," D.A.R.E. asserted that pro-drug legalization individuals and groups were behind criticisms of the program, which were portrayed as based on "vested interests" and "to support various individual personal agendas at the expense of our children."[35]

D.A.R.E. has also attacked critics for allegedly being motivated by their financial self-interest in programs that compete with D.A.R.E.. It has charged that "they are setting out to find ways to attack our programs and are misusing science to do it. The bottom line is that they don't want police officers to do the work, because they want it for themselves."[36] Critics have also been dismissed as simply being jealous of D.A.R.E.'s success.[37]

Ronald J. Brogan, New York City's D.A.R.E. fundraiser, has said, "If you take German for 17 weeks, you're not going to speak German. The critics say the effect dissipates over the years. No shit, Sherlock. Is that supposed to be surprising?"[29] The article in which he was quoted observed that "DARE officials say the solution to this problem is not less DARE but more of it, and they urge cities to teach DARE in middle and high school."[37]

One leader explained that "I don't have any statistics for you. Our strongest numbers are the numbers that don't show up.”[38] The 1998 University of Maryland report presented to the U.S. National Institute of Justice stated, "Officials of D.A.R.E. America are often quoted as saying that the strong public support for the program is a better indicator of its utility than scientific studies."[17]

Cost and Funding

The cost of the D.A.R.E. program in the United States was estimated at $1.04 to $1.34 billion per year in 2001.[39] The program is used in about 80% of all school districts in the U.S.,[2] with an estimated 7,838 to 9,264 law enforcement officers participating full or part-time in the program.[39]

D.A.R.E. America is funded largely as a crime prevention program working through education within schools. It receives funding from the U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Bureau of Justice Administration, U.S. Office of Justice and Delinquency Prevention, corporations, foundations, individuals and other sources.[40] In addition, state training and local programs typically receive funding from state legislature appropriations, state agencies, counties, cities, school districts, police agencies, individuals, and community fund raisers and other sources.[41][42][43][44]

DARE Merchandising

DARE eraser, Two heat sensitive color changing pencils and a color changing pen
another variation of the D.A.R.E T-shirt design
One variation of the D.A.R.E T-shirt design

D.A.R.E. is the international trademark for the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program which, in partnership with police officers, parents and schools is in use throughout the world. All D.A.R.E. officers are members of affiliated agencies that accept a shared responsibility to protect D.A.R.E. America’s intellectual property including trademarks and copyrights to ensure that unauthorized use does not occur. Unlicensed vendors, both corporate and individual are violating civil and criminal laws by using D.A.R.E. America’s intellectual property.

The D.A.R.E T-shirt is a T-shirt awarded to students in the U.S. and in other countries who complete the D.A.R.E program and pledge to stay drug-free. [citation needed] The standard (and most recognized) shirt design is a black tee with the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) logo in red and accompanying text underneath in white printed on the front of the shirt. 'To Keep Kids Off Drugs' or 'To Resist Drugs and Violence' are common phrases printed on the shirt. The D.A.R.E. T-shirt was adopted from the Black concert T-shirt associated with rock concerts. DARE's classic black t-shirt has become a pop culture icon among youth and young adults in the U.S. and has even been parodied on occasion. [citation needed]

Additionally, there are pencils, caps, shirts, jackets, bags, bumper stickers and more in the product line of DARE logo merchandise. These licensed-approved items can be bought at a discount by the DARE officer for classroom use or, since 2001, sold at retail by independent direct marketers of which DARE-America receives a percentage of royalties.

DARE Car

West Vancouver D.A.R.E. jeep

A number of local police department D.A.R.E. programs have police cars marked as DARE cars to promote their program. The D.A.R.E. cars appear at schools in parades. Typically these cars are high-end or performance cars that have been seized in a drug raid.[45] They are used to send the message that drug dealers forfeit all their glamorous trappings when they get caught. D.A.R.E. cars can also be regular police vehicles that are nearing the end of their service life, pressed into service for the promotion,[46] or new police cars outfitted especially for the D.A.R.E. program.[47]

In the United Kingdom

D.A.R.E. (UK)[48] is a national charity that operates across the UK. The program was originally delivered by Police Officers from the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP) to children who attended schools on Garrison estates or located near Garrison areas.

The D.A.R.E UK program is currently operating in the following areas:

  • East Midlands
  • South West
  • London
  • Wales

The program aims to:

  • Provide drug education and prevention activities to help children to understand the dangers of the misuse of drugs
  • Teach about the harmful effects of drugs, providing information that is appropriate to the age group to which it is delivered
  • Develop the life skills to resist peer pressure and personal pressure, and to avoid the misuse of drugs
  • Prevention is better than intervention
  • Educate primary and secondary school children, therefore preventing many of them from misusing drugs

Developments

The U.S. Department of Education prohibits any of its funding to be used to support drug prevention programs that have not been able to demonstrate their effectiveness.[49] Accordingly, D.A.R.E. America, in 2004, instituted a major revision of its curriculum which is currently being evaluated for possible effectiveness in reducing drug use.[50]

The U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) identified alternative start-up regional programs, none of which have longevity nor have they been subjected to intense scrutiny. [51]

References

  1. ^ Los Angeles Police Department - History of the LAPD - Chief Gates
  2. ^ a b c d DARE.com, the official website of the D.A.R.E. program.
  3. ^ About D.A.R.E.
  4. ^ a b D.A.R.E is more than an anti-drug program dare.com. Ralph Lochridge. August 4, 2004. (Microsoft Word document)
  5. ^ a b David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D., Surgeon General of the United States - Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General 2001., chapter five, Prevention and Intervention, box 5-2
  6. ^ New School Curriculum Addresses Rx and OTC Drug Abuse. PRNewswire-USNewswire. December 12, 2007
  7. ^ Objectives for D.A.R.E. Elementary School Curriculum dare.com D.A.R.E. America (Word document)
  8. ^ D.A.R.E. Senior High Curriculum dare.com D.A.R.E. America. no date
  9. ^ http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter5/sec4.html
  10. ^ Evans, Alice and Kris Bosworth - Building effective drug education programs. Phi Delta Kappa International Research Bulletin No 19, December, 1997.
  11. ^ Wysong, E., Aniskiewicz, R., & Wright, D. Truth and D.A.R.E.: Tracking drug education to graduation and as symbolic politics. Social Problems, 1994, 41, 448-470.
  12. ^ a b Jeremy Travis, director of the National Institute of Justice - The D.A.R.E. Program: A Review of Prevalence, User Satisfaction, and Effectiveness. October 1994 (PDF document) Quote:"While not conclusive, the findings suggest that D.A.R.E. may benefit from using more interactive strategies and emphasizing social and general competencies. A revised D.A.R.E. curriculum that includes more participatory learning was piloted in 1993 and is being launched nationwide this fall."
  13. ^ a b Christopher L. Ringwalt, Jody M. Greene, Susan T. Ennett, Ronaldo Iachan, Richard R. Clayton, Carl G. Leukefeld. Past and Future Directions of the D.A.R.E. Program: An Evaluation Review. Research Triangle Institute. September 1994. Supported under Award # 91-DD-CX-K053 from the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
  14. ^ a b Hamilton, Denise. The Truth About D.A.R.E.; The big-bucks antidrug program for kids doesn't work. Los Angeles New Times, March 20, 1997
  15. ^ a b Drug prevention placebo: How D.A.R.E. wastes time, money and police. Elliott, Jeff. Reason Magazine, March, 1995.
  16. ^ Denise Hamilton - Hamilton, Denise. The Truth About D.A.R.E.; The big-bucks antidrug program for kids doesn't work - Los Angeles New Times, March 20, 1997]
  17. ^ a b c Lawrence W. Sherman, Denise Gottfredson, Doris MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn Bushway - Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Report for the National Institute of Justice. Chapter 5. School-based Crime Prevention 1998. Quote: In summary, using the criteria adopted for this report, D.A.R.E. does not work to reduce substance use. The programs's (sic) content, teaching methods, and use of uniformed police officers rather than teachers might each explain its weak evaluations. No scientific evidence suggests that the D.A.R.E. core curriculum, as originally designed or revised in 1993, will reduce substance use in the absence of continued instruction more focused on social competency development. Any consideration of the D.A.R.E.'s potential as a drug prevention strategy should place D.A.R.E. in the context of instructional strategies in general. No instructional program is likely to have a dramatic effect on substance use. Estimates of the effect sizes of even the strongest of these programs are typically in the mid- to high-teens. D.A.R.E.'s meager effects place it at the bottom of the distribution of effect sizes, but none of the effects are large enough to justify their use as the centerpiece of a drug prevention strategy. Rather, such programs should be embedded within more comprehensive programs using the additional strategies identified elsewhere in this chapter.
  18. ^ Rosenbaum, D. P., and Gordon S. Hanson. Assessing the effects of school-based drug education: A six-year multilevel analysis of project D.A.R.E. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1998, 35(4), 381-412. abstract, Full text at Schaffer Library of Drug Policy
  19. ^ Laugesen, W. The dire consequences of D.A.R.E.. Boulder Weekly, December 4, 1998
  20. ^ Dennis P. Rosenbaum, Ph.D. Professor and Head and Gordon S. Hanson, Ph.D. Research Associate Department of Criminal Justice and Center for Research in Law and Justice University of Illinois at Chicago - Assessing the effects of School-based Drug Education: A Six-year Multi-Level Analysis of Project D.A.R.E. by April 6, 1998. Media Awareness Project (MAP) Inc. d/b/a DrugSense
  21. ^ National Institute of Justice. Research in Brief, July, 1998. Summary of its Report to Congress, Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. (PDF document)
  22. ^ California Legislative Analyst's Office Analysis of the 2000–2001 Budget Bill. no date
  23. ^ Project D.A.R.E.: No Effects at 10-Year Follow-Up
  24. ^ Kanof, M. E. Youth Illicit Drug Use Prevention: D.A.R.E. Long-Term Evaluations and Federal Efforts to Identify Effective Programs Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, January 15, 2003. Letter to Senator Richard Durbin Quote: "six evaluations we reviewed were based on three separate studies in three states—Colorado, Kentucky, and Illinois. ... Each of the six evaluations, conducted at intervals ranging from 2 to 10 years after the fifth or sixth grade students were initially surveyed, suggested that D.A.R.E. had no statistically significant long-term effect on preventing illicit drug use." (pdf format
  25. ^ Lilienfeld, S. O. (2007). Psychological treatments that cause harm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 53-70.
  26. ^ Gorman, D. M. Irrelevance of evidence in the development of school-based drug prevention policy. Evaluation Review, 1998, 22(1), 118-146.
  27. ^ Retsinas, J. Decision to cut off U.S. aid to D.A.R.E. Hailed. Providence Business News, 2001, 15(47), 5B.
  28. ^ Barry, Ellen. Study adds to doubts on D.A.R.E. program. Boston Globe, 8/2/99, p. A01
  29. ^ a b c Gonnerman, Jennifer - Truth or D.A.R.E.: The Dubious Drug-Education Program Takes New York. Village Voice, April 7, 1999.
  30. ^ Miller, Joel. Bad Trip: How the War Against Drugs is Destroying America. NY: Nelson Thomas, 2004
  31. ^ Different Look at D.A.R.E.
  32. ^ Bovard, James. Destroying Families for the Glory of the Drug War, Part 1. Freedom Daily, February, 1997
  33. ^ Bovard, James. D.A.R.E. scare: Turning children into informants? Washington Post, January 29, 1994 Available at Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, 1/29/94
  34. ^ Zernike, Kate. Anti-drug program says it will adopt a new strategy. The New York Times, February 15, 2001
  35. ^ [Elliott, Jeff. Drug prevention placebo: How D.A.R.E. wastes time, money, and police. Reason, March, 1995. Available at http://www.reason.com/news/show/29645.html]
  36. ^ [Miller, David. D.A.R.E. Chronicle of Higher Education, 10/19/01 Available at http://chronicle.com/weekly/v48/i08/08a01201.htm]
  37. ^ a b [Cauchon, Dennis. D.A.R.E. doesn't work: Studies find drug program not effective. USA Today, October 11, 1993. Available at http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/dare6.htm]
  38. ^ Sullum, Jacob. D.A.R.E. Aware, Reason, January, 2001
  39. ^ a b Shepard, III, Edward M. - The Economic Costs of D.A.R.E. Syracuse, NY: Le Moyne College, Institute of Industrial Relations. Research Paper Number 22, 2001
  40. ^ [ http://www.dare.com/sponsors_supporters.asp D.A.R.E. web site]
  41. ^ Perrucci, R. and Wysong, E. The New Class Society. Latham, MD: Rowand & Littlefield, 2002, p. 223. ISBN 0742519384 No Supporting quote
  42. ^ [ http://www.laurel.md.us/pol_dare.htm Laurel Police Department - Community Policing - What is D.A.R.E.?]. Laurel, MD Police Department. No Date. Quote: "Funding for Laurel's D.A.R.E. Program is provided 100% through tax revenues or community donations. The City receives no grants from state or federal sources for our program. The City accepts donations from interested Community Groups or Corporate Sponsors to assist with funding for this program. Funds are used for teaching materials, awards, graduation tee-shirts, etc."
  43. ^ Washington County Sheriffs Office - D.A.R.E. Fund raiser. Washington County, OR Sheriffs Office. January 20, 2005 (Example of call for fund raising). Quote:"The purpose of the event is to raise money for the Washington County Sheriff’s Office D.A.R.E. program. The money raised will be used right here at home to buy materials for students and help pay for ongoing training of the D.A.R.E. deputies."
  44. ^ Michael A. Ranatza, Executive Director of LA COLE - SFY 2007–2008 D.A.R.E. State Funding. Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement. June 1, 2007. Abstract: Notification to Louisiana Sherriffs to Apply for D.A.R.E. funds from State appropriation. Quote:"House Bill 1 of the 2007 Regular Session of the Legislature continues the appropriation of funds dedicated to the D.A.R.E. program from the Tobacco Tax Health Care Fund established by ACT 19 of the 2002 Regular Legislative Session. The LCLE will accept grant applications based on the projected appropriation to fund D.A.R.E. grants. Funds will be made available to eligible agencies based on revenue recognized by the Department of the Treasury for LCLE and approved for the operation of D.A.R.E. programs."
  45. ^ Cool new car for D.A.R.E. Old Bridge, NJ Police department 2006 Dodge Charger seized in a drug raid and outfitted using seized assets. Greater Media Newspapers - Suburban. December 13, 2007
  46. ^ Franconia Township Police Department. Franconia Township, PA. 2000 Ford Crown Victoria that was made available by Chief Joe (Joseph Kozeniewski) after it was retired from the duties of a Police patrol vehicle in 2003.
  47. ^ City of Burleson - D.A.R.E. Burleson, TX Police Department - dealer furnished new car
  48. ^ D.A.R.E UK
  49. ^ Moilanen, Rene. Just say no again. Reason, January, 2004.
  50. ^ New D.A.R.E. Program
  51. ^ SAMSHA Model Programs - Effective Substance Abuse and Mental Health Programs for Every community. December 2007
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