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[[Image:58g aquascape.jpg|thumb|320px|alt=Aquarium containing a variety of plants and a piece of driftwood, with white gravel at front and a plant with red leaves at the upper left.|58 [[United States customary units#Fluid volume|gallon]] (220 [[litre]]) freshwater aquascape]]
[[Image:58g aquascape.jpg|thumb|320px|alt=Aquarium containing a variety of plants and a piece of driftwood, with white gravel at front and a plant with red leaves at the upper left.|58 [[United States customary units#Fluid volume|gallon]] (220 [[litre]]) freshwater aquascape]]
{{portal|Aquarium Fish|Pterois antennata-3.jpg|boxsize=50}}
{{portal|Aquarium Fish|Pterois antennata-3.jpg|boxsize=50}}
'''Aquascaping''' is the craft of arranging [[aquatic plant]]s, as well as rocks, stones, cavework, or [[driftwood]], in an aesthetically pleasing manner within an [[aquarium]]&mdash;in effect, [[gardening]] under water. Aquascape designs include a number of distinct styles, including the colorful Dutch style and the evocative nature style.<ref name=Hennig/> Typically, an aquascape [[fishkeeping|houses fish]] as well as plants, although it is possible to create an aquascape with plants only, or even with rockwork or other hardscape and no plants.
'''Aquascaping''' (照り焼きバーガー?) is the craft of arranging [[aquatic plant]]s, as well as rocks, stones, cavework, or [[driftwood]], in an aesthetically pleasing manner within an [[aquarium]]&mdash;in effect, [[gardening]] under water. Aquascape designs include a number of distinct styles, including the colorful Dutch style and the evocative nature style.<ref name=Hennig/> Typically, an aquascape [[fishkeeping|houses fish]] as well as plants, although it is possible to create an aquascape with plants only, or even with rockwork or other hardscape and no plants.


Although the primary aim of aquascaping is to create an artful underwater [[Landscape architecture|landscape]], the technical aspects of aquatic plant maintenance must also taken into consideration. Many factors must be balanced in the [[fishkeeping#Aquarium maintenance|closed system]] of an aquarium tank to ensure the success of an aquascape. Some of these factors are [[Filter (aquarium)|filtration]], keeping [[carbon dioxide]] supply at levels sufficient to support [[photosynthesis]] underwater, [[Substrate (aquarium)|substrate and fertilization]], [[Aquarium lighting|lighting]], and [[algae]] control. <ref>{{Citation|last=James|first=Barry|year=1986|title=A Fishkeeper's Guide to Aquarium Plants|location=London|publisher=Tetra Press/Salamander Books|isbn=0861012070}}.</ref>
Although the primary aim of aquascaping is to create an artful underwater [[Landscape architecture|landscape]], the technical aspects of aquatic plant maintenance must also taken into consideration. Many factors must be balanced in the [[fishkeeping#Aquarium maintenance|closed system]] of an aquarium tank to ensure the success of an aquascape. Some of these factors are [[Filter (aquarium)|filtration]], keeping [[carbon dioxide]] supply at levels sufficient to support [[photosynthesis]] underwater, [[Substrate (aquarium)|substrate and fertilization]], [[Aquarium lighting|lighting]], and [[algae]] control. <ref>{{Citation|last=James|first=Barry|year=1986|title=A Fishkeeper's Guide to Aquarium Plants|location=London|publisher=Tetra Press/Salamander Books|isbn=0861012070}}.</ref>

Revision as of 19:32, 23 December 2009

Aquarium containing a variety of plants and a piece of driftwood, with white gravel at front and a plant with red leaves at the upper left.
58 gallon (220 litre) freshwater aquascape

Aquascaping (照り焼きバーガー?) is the craft of arranging aquatic plants, as well as rocks, stones, cavework, or driftwood, in an aesthetically pleasing manner within an aquarium—in effect, gardening under water. Aquascape designs include a number of distinct styles, including the colorful Dutch style and the evocative nature style.[1] Typically, an aquascape houses fish as well as plants, although it is possible to create an aquascape with plants only, or even with rockwork or other hardscape and no plants.

Although the primary aim of aquascaping is to create an artful underwater landscape, the technical aspects of aquatic plant maintenance must also taken into consideration. Many factors must be balanced in the closed system of an aquarium tank to ensure the success of an aquascape. Some of these factors are filtration, keeping carbon dioxide supply at levels sufficient to support photosynthesis underwater, substrate and fertilization, lighting, and algae control. [2]

Designs

Dutch style

Aquarium densely packed with clumps of fine-leaved plants, some with green leaves and some with red leaves. A large red fish swims at left.
Dutch style aquascape

The Dutch aquarium employs a lush arrangement in which multiple types of plants having diverse leaf colors, sizes, and textures are displayed much as terrestrial plants are shown in a flower garden. This style was developed in the Netherlands starting in the 1930s, as freshwater aquarium equipment became commercially available.[1] It emphasizes plants located on terraces of different heights, and frequently omits rocks and driftwood. Linear rows of plants running left-to-right are referred to as "Dutch streets".[3] Although many plant types are used, one typically sees neatly trimmed groupings of plants with feathery foliage, such as Limnophila aquatica and various types of Hygrophila, along with the use of Alternanthera reineckii, Ammania gracilis, and assorted Rotala for color highlights.[3] More than 80% of the aquarium floor is covered with plants, and little or no substrate is left visible.[3] Tall growing plants that cover the back glass originally served the purpose of hiding bulky equipment behind the tank.[1]

Nature style

Aquarium with multiple gray stones. The stones are arranged to be low in front and high in the back, with the back-most stones placed vertically in the shape of mountain peaks. Some of the stones are carpeted with small, low, fine green plants.
Nature style aquascape

A contrasting approach is the nature or Japanese style, introduced in the 1990s by Takashi Amano.[1] Amano's three-volume series, Nature Aquarium World, sparked a wave of interest in aquarium gardening, and he has been regarded as quite possibly the most influential aquascaper in the world.[4] Amano's compositions draw on Japanese gardening techniques that attempt to mimic natural landscapes by the asymmetrical arrangement of masses of relatively few species of plants, and carefully selected stones or driftwood. The objective is to evoke a landscape in miniature, rather than a colorful garden. This style draws particularly from the Japanese aesthetic concepts of Wabi-sabi (侘寂), which focuses on transience and minimalism as sources of beauty, and Iwagumi (岩組),[5] which sets rules governing rock placement. In the Iwagumi system, the Oyaishi (親石), or main stone, is placed slightly off-center in the tank, and Soeishi (添石), or accompanying stones, are grouped near it, while Fukuseki (副石), or secondary stones, are arranged in subordinate positions.[6] The location of the focal point of the display, determined largely by the asymmetric placement of the Oyaishi, is considered important, and follows ratios that reflect Pythagorean tuning.[7] Plants with small leaves, such as Eleocharis acicularis, Glossostigma elatinoides, Hemianthus callitrichoides, Monosolenium tenerum, Riccia fluitans, and Java moss (Versicularia dubyana or Taxiphyllum barbieri) are usually emphasized, with more limited colors than in the Dutch style, and the hardscape is not completely covered. Fish, or freshwater shrimp such as Caridina multidentata and Neocaridina heteropoda, are usually selected to complement the plants and control algae.

Biotopes

Aquarium with large stones of various shapes piled high. Some bare sticks are at right, and blue and yellow fish swim in the water.
This Lake Malawi biotope with cichlids is at the Artis Aquarium, Amsterdam. Note the absence of plants in this rift lake habitat.

The styles above often combine plant and animal species based on the desired visual impact, without regard to geographic origin. Biotope aquascapes are designed instead to replicate exactly a particular aquatic habitat at a particular geographic location, and not necessarily to provide a garden-like display. Plants and fish need not be present at all, but if they are, they as well as any gravel and hardscape must match what would be found in nature in the habitat being represented.[8][9]

Paludariums

Aquarium viewed from slightly to the side. Some rocks are in a shallow layer of water at the bottom, and plants with spiky leaves in rosettes rise above the water.
A paludarium

In a paludarium, part of the aquarium is underwater, and part is above water. Substrate is built up so that some "land" regions are raised above the waterline, and the tank is filled with water only part way. This allows plants, such as Cyperus alternifolius and Spathiphyllum wallisii, as well as various Anubias and some bromeliads, to grow emersed, with their roots underwater but their tops in the air, as well as completely submersed. In some configurations, plants that float on the surface of the water, such as Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes, can be displayed to full advantage. Unlike other aquarium setups, paludariums are particularly well-suited to keeping amphibians.[10]

Saltwater reefs

Aquarium filled densely with corals in many shapes, and bright colors including pink, purple, blue and green.
Reef aquascape
Main article: Reef aquarium

Dutch and nature style aquascapes are traditionally freshwater systems. In contrast, relatively few ornamental plants can be grown in a saltwater aquarium. Saltwater aquascaping typically centers, instead, on mimicking a reef. An arrangement of live rock forms the main structure of this aquascape, and it is populated by corals and other marine invertebrates as well as coralline algae, which together serve much the same aesthetic role as freshwater plants.[11][12]

Lighting plays a particularly significant role in the reef aquascape. Many corals, as well as tridacnid clams, contain symbiotic fluorescent algae-like protozoa called zooxanthellae.[13] By providing intense lighting supplemented in the ultraviolet wavelengths, reef aquarists not only support the health of these invertebrates, but also elicit particularly bright colors emitted by the fluorescent microorganisms.[14]

Techniques

See also: Aquarium lighting

In addition to design, freshwater aquascaping also requires specific methods to maintain healthy plants underwater. Plants are often trimmed to obtain the desired shape, and they can be positioned by tying them in place inconspicuously with thread.[15][16] Most serious aquascapers use aquarium-safe fertilizers, commonly in liquid or tablet form, to help the plants fill out more rapidly.[17] Some aquarium substrates containing laterite also provide nutrients.[18]

It is also necessary to support photosynthesis, by providing light and carbon dioxide. A variety of lighting systems may be used to produce the full spectrum of light, usually at 2–4 watts per gallon (0.5–1 watts per litre).[19] Lights are usually controlled by a timer that allows the plants to be acclimated to a set cycle.[19] Depending on the number of plants and fish, the aquascape may also require carbon dioxide supplementation. This can be accomplished with a simple homemade system, using a soda bottle filled with yeast, warm water, and sugar, and connected to an airstone in the aquarium, or with a pressurized CO2 tank that injects a set amount of carbon dioxide into the aquarium water.[20][21]

Algae (including cyanobacteria, as well as true algae) is considered distracting and unwanted in aquascaping, and is controlled in several ways. One is the use of animals that consume algae, such as some fish (notably cyprinids of the genera Crossocheilus and Gyrinocheilus, and catfish of the genera Ancistrus, Hypostomus, and Otocinclus), shrimp, or snails, to clean the algae that collects on the leaves. A second is using adequate light and CO2 to promote rapid growth of desired plants, while controlling nutrient levels, to ensure that the plants utilize all fertilizer without leaving nutrients to support algae.[22]

Although serious aquascapers often use a considerable amount of equipment to provide lighting, filtration, and CO2 supplementation to the tank, some hobbyists choose instead to maintain plants with a minimum of technology, and some have reported success in producing lush plant growth this way.[23] This approach can include the use of soil in place of aquarium gravel, the elimination of CO2 apparatus and most filtration, and limited lighting. Instead, only a few fish are kept, to limit the quantity of fish waste, and the plants themselves are used to perform the water-cleansing role typically played by aquarium filters, by utilizing what fish waste there is as fertilizer.[24]

Contests

Early Dutch hobbyists began the practice of aquascape contests, with over 100 local clubs.[3] Judges had to go through about three years of training and pass examinations in multiple disciplines in order to qualify.[3][25] This competition continues to be held every year, under the auspices of the National Aquarium Society. There are three rounds, beginning with contests in local clubs. First-place local winners are entered in the second round, held in fifteen districtkeuring (districts). The winners at that level are then entered in the third round, which is the national championship.[26]

In the Dutch contest, the focus is not only on composition, but also on the biological well-being of the aquarium's inhabitants. Most points are, in fact, awarded for such biological criteria as fish health, plant health, and water quality. Unlike contests in other countries, the judges travel to each contestant's home to evaluate the tank, where they measure the water parameters themselves.[26]

Today, the Aquatic Gardeners Association, based in the United States, Aqua Design Amano, based in Japan, and AquaticScapers Europe, based in Germany, also conduct annual freshwater aquascaping contests. Entries from around the world are submitted as photographs and explanatory text online.[27]

The Aquatic Gardeners Association contest is judged based on:

  • overall impression (35 points),
  • composition, balance, use of space and use of color (30 points),
  • selection and use of materials (20 points), and
  • viability of aquascape (15 points).[27]

There are also smaller contests conducted by Acuavida in Spain, and by the Greek Aquarist's Club.

Public aquariums

Large public aquariums sometimes use aquascaping as part of their displays. Because they typically present wildlife from a particular habitat, the displays are often created to be biologically accurate biotopes, either freshwater or saltwater.[28]

Underwater scene, with white sand at bottom and a large piece of driftwood at the right. Various green plants grow in the sand, including a large plant with wavy leaves at the left. A shoal of blue and red striped fish swims around.
Discus and cardinal tetras in an Amazon River display at the Palais de la Porte Dorée aquarium in Paris
Underwater scene with some whitish sand at the front left and greenish-brown stones piled at right. Green plants grow out of the sand, and a large group of heavy-bodied gray fish with orange-red bellies swims from left to right.
Piranhas in another Amazon River display at the Antwerp Zoo aquarium in Belgium

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hennig, Matt (June 2003), Amano versus Dutch: Two art forms in profile, Tropical Fish Hobbyist, pp. 68–74.
  2. ^ James, Barry (1986), A Fishkeeper's Guide to Aquarium Plants, London: Tetra Press/Salamander Books, ISBN 0861012070.
  3. ^ a b c d e Hudson, Robert Paul (May 30, 2008), Going Dutch.
  4. ^ Axelrod, Herbert R., Warren E. Burgess, Neal Pronek, Glen S. Axelrod and David E. Boruchowitz (1998), Aquarium Fishes of the World, Neptune City, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications, p. 718, ISBN 0793804930.
  5. ^ "Iwagumi and Sanzon Iwagumi Aquariums," Aquatic Eden website, February 11, 2007.
  6. ^ Amano, Takashi (2009), How to improve your Iwagumi layout, The Aquatic Gardener, vol. 22, number 1, pp. 37–41.
  7. ^ "The Golden Rule of Aquascaping," Aquatic Eden website, November 16, 2006.
  8. ^ James 1986, pp. 37–45.
  9. ^ "Biotope Aquaria," Mongabay.com, December 7, 2004.
  10. ^ Paludariums.net.
  11. ^ Borneman, Eric H. (2004), Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History, Neptune City, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications, pp. 323–341, ISBN 1890087475 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).
  12. ^ Michael, Scott W. (November 2006), Aquascaping reef habitats, Aquarium Fish Magazine, pp. 66–73.
  13. ^ Borneman 2004, pp. 47–55.
  14. ^ Borneman 2004, pp. 326–334.
  15. ^ Amano, Takashi (2008), Nature aquarium techniques to create & maintain an aquascape, The Aquatic Gardener, vol. 21, number 2, pp. 8–17.
  16. ^ Turon, Lluis Ruscalleda (2009), How to use Riccia and Java moss in the aquarium, The Aquatic Gardener, vol. 22, number 4, pp. 11–13.
  17. ^ James 1986, p. 16.
  18. ^ James 1986, p. 28.
  19. ^ a b James 1986, pp. 20–29.
  20. ^ James 1986, p. 17.
  21. ^ Nyberg, Tarah (2003), Yeast CO2, (retrieved October 10, 2009).
  22. ^ James 1986, pp. 46–47.
  23. ^ Lass, David A. (March 2009), Three tough planted tanks, Aquarium Fish International, pp. 30–37.
  24. ^ Walstad, Diana (2003), Ecology of the planted aquarium: a practical manual and scientific treatise for the home aquarist, 2nd edition, Ashland Ohio: Atlas Books, ISBN 0967377315.
  25. ^ Bondskeurmeesters: Judges' website.
  26. ^ a b NBAT Dutch contest website.
  27. ^ a b Aquatic Gardeners Association judging website.
  28. ^ Townsend, Charles Haskins (1922, reprinted 2004), The Public Aquarium: Its Construction, Equipment, and Management, Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, ISBN 1410211479.

The following sites offer tutorials, images, and in-depth discussions on aquascaping styles and techniques:

These sites provide extensive non-commercial descriptions of aquatic plant species and their use in aquascaping:


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