Fidel Castro: Difference between revisions

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Attack on Moncada Barracks

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Fidel Castro

Castro responded to Batista's coup by organizing an armed attack on the Moncada Barracks, Batista's largest garrison outside Santiago de Cuba, on July 26, 1953. The Céspedes garrison in Bayamo was also attacked. These attacks proved unsuccessful and more than sixty of the one-hundred and thirty-five militants involved were killed. Castro and other surviving members of his group managed to escape to the part of the Sierra Maestra east of Santiago. On August 1, after gaining assurances via the Archbishop of Santiago, Enrique Pérez Serrantes, that they would not be killed or tortured and would receive a fair trial, Raúl's group surrendered and Castro and his company was later captured .

During the subsequent trial in August to October 1953, Castro delivered La historia me absolverá (History Will Absolve Me, complete translation) as his closing speech, in which he defended his actions and declared his political views. He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison.

While he was in prison, Mirta Díaz-Balart divorced Castro and enemies tried to poison him. Having served less than two years, however, he was released in May 1955 thanks to a general amnesty from a confident Batista. He went into exile in Mexico on July 7.

Some historians claim that although Castro's group took part in the Moncada Barracks attack, Castro himself was not involved in the fighting. They claim that Castro and his inner circle hid at a nearby location, away from the bloodshed. These claims, however, are highly disputed. [1] It has also been claimed that Castro's unit targeted soldiers who were sleeping or incapacitated in the barracks' infirmary. This claim has been countered as an attempt by Castro's enemies to discredit him. In La historia me absolverá, Castro said:

Everyone had instructions, first of all, to be humane in the struggle... From the beginning we took numerous prisoners - nearly twenty... Those soldiers testified before the court and without exception they all acknowledged that we treated them with absolute respect.... In line with this, I want to give my heartfelt thanks to the prosecutor for one thing in the trial of my comrades: when he made his report he was fair enough to acknowledge as an incontestable fact that we maintained a high spirit of chivalry throughout the struggle. [2]

Life as a guerilla

Once in Mexico, Castro reunited with other exiles and founded the 26th of July Movement. They went to the United States, where they gathered funds from Cubans living in that country. Medical doctor Ernesto "Che" Guevara joined the group in Mexico. In Mexico the group trained under Spanish Civil War Veteran, Cuban born [3], Alberto Bayo Giraud, [4], who had fled to Mexico. On November 26 1956 they returned to Cuba, sailing from Tuxpan to Cuba on the 60-ft pleasure yacht Granma.

They landed in Los Cayuelos near the eastern city of Manzanillo on December 2, 1956. They missed their scheduled arrival by two days. On November 30th, another group of Castro's supporters, wearing olive green uniforms and the 26th of July Movement's red & black insignias, staged a street revolt in Santiago, organized by Frank Pais. Only between twelve and sixteen of the original eighty-two men of the Granma group survived encounters with the Cuban army, and fled to the Sierra Maestra mountains, aided by a group that included Celia Sanchez Manduley, Huber Matos and bandit Cresencio Perez's relatives. Some are now said to have been members of covert branch of the communist party or "agrarian reformers" [5]. The survivors, who included Che Guevara, Raúl Castro, and Camilo Cienfuegos, reformed into the José Martí column under Castro's command. Castro's movement gained popular support and grew to over eight hundred men. In mid-1957 Castro gave Che Guevara command of a second column. A journalist Herbert Matthews from the New York Times came to interview him in the Sierra Maestra, attracting interest to his cause in the United States. This was followed up by a television crew. His command of English enabled him to appeal directly to a US audience. He then became a revolutionary leader.

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On May 24, 1958, Batista launched seventeen battalions (about 10,000 soldiers) against Castro and other anti-government groups in Operación Verano called "la Ofensiva" by the rebels. Despite being heavily outnumbered, Castro's forces scored a series of victories, in part aided by desertion from Batista's army. Whilst subsequent pro-Castro Cuban sources emphasize Castro and his group's role in these battles, other groups and leaders were involved, such as escopeteros (poorly-armed irregulars). It is also claimed that Guevara received excessive credit, when in one instance it is alleged he abandoned another anti-Batista leader René Ramas Latour to fight to his death. [6] [7]

As Operación Verano faltered, Castro ordered two columns under Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos to invade central Cuba. Castro's own column pushed past Bueycito out onto the Cauto Plains. On the plains Castro's forces surrounded Guisa and drove out their enemies, and proceeded to take most of the towns that were taken by Calixto Garcia in the 1895-1898 Cuban War of Independence. In December 1958, Guevara and Cienfuegos' columns joined with other anti-Batista forces already in the central mountains, occupied several towns and then attacked Santa Clara, the capital of the Las Villas province. Guevara derailed an armored train which Batista had sent to aid his troops trapped inside the city and Batista's forces then crumbled. Fearing the worst, Batista and president-elect Carlos Rivero Agüero fled Cuba on the night of December 31, 1958, initially to the Dominican Republic and then to Francisco Franco's Spain.

Early years in power

On January 1, 1959, Castro's forces entered Havana and on January 5 the liberal law professor José Miró Cardona created a new government with himself as prime minister and Manuel Urrutia Lleó as president. On January 8 Castro himself arrived in Havana and assumed the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. In February, however, Miró resigned and Castro assumed the role nearly a month later after initially rejecting the offer; and in July, Urrutia resigned and was replaced by Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, a lawyer more sympathetic to Castro's ideology.

Initially the United States was quick to recognize the new government. On April 15 Castro went on a famous twelve day unofficial tour of the US, where he met Malcolm X, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru while staying in a cheap hotel in Harlem - an example of his tendency to 'mix with the people', as he later also did in Panamá, where he used the service entrance of the hotel more than the front door. He subsequently visited the White House and met with Vice President Richard Nixon. Sometime during this period Castro spoke for his first time to members of the Council of Foreign Relations.

Castro's economic policies had caused some concerns in Washington that Castro was a Communist with an allegiance to the Soviet Union. Supposedly, President Dwight D. Eisenhower snubbed Castro, giving the excuse that he was playing golf, and left Nixon to speak to him. Following the meeting, Nixon remarked that Castro was "either incredibly naïve about Communism or under Communist discipline — my guess is the former. " Castro spent two days in Canada, initiating a friendship with future Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

Friction with the US soon developed when the new government began expropriating property owned by major US corporations (United Fruit in particular), proposing compensation based on property tax valuations which, for many years, the same companies had managed to keep artificially low. In May, following Eisenhower's ban on the importation of Cuban sugar into the US, Cuba nationalized some $850 million worth of US property and businesses. Castro consolidated control of the nation by nationalizing industry, expropriating property owned by Cubans and non-Cubans alike, collectivizing agriculture, and enacting policies which he claimed would benefit the population. These policies alienated many former supporters of the revolution among the Cuban middle and upper-classes, who made up roughly half of the Cuban population. 7% later migrated to the US, forming a vocal anti-Castro community in Miami, Florida.

In February 1960 Cuba signed an agreement to buy oil from the USSR. When the US-owned refineries in Cuba refused to process the oil, they were expropriated, and the United States broke off diplomatic relations with the Castro government soon afterwards. To the concern of the Eisenhower administration, Cuba began to establish closer ties with the Soviet Union. A variety of pacts were signed between Castro and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, allowing Cuba to receive large amounts of economic and military aid from them.

Bay of Pigs

On April 15, 1961, the day after Castro described his revolution as socialist, four Cuban airfields were bombed by A-26s bearing false Cuban markings. These bombing runs were the beginning stages of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The United States staged an unsuccessful attack on Cuba on 17 April, 1961. Assault Brigade 2506, a force of about 1,400 Cuban exiles, financed and trained by the Central Intelligence Agency, and commanded by Cuban Manuel Artime and CIA operatives Grayston Lynch and William Robertson, landed perhaps a hundred miles south-east of Havana, at Playa Girón on the Bay of Pigs. The CIA assumed that =DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR=the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro; the operation itself was expected by Castro, however, and in anticipation the government rounded up perhaps 100,000 (Lynch reports 250,000) anti-Castro Cubans -at least 20,000 in Havana alone (Priestland, 2003), executed some and imprisoned the others under threat of death should the invasion succeed. Led by Black Cuban Erneido Oliva, most of the 1,200 men invasion force made it ashore; however, reserve ammunition in two US supplied support ships, the Houston and the Río Escondido, sunk by Castro Airforce Seafury propeller-driven aircraft and T-33 Jets, was lost. President Kennedy was under pressure from State Department "doves" including Roy Rubottom and especially his assistant William Weiland who had been involved in Castro related matters since the Bogotazo and in Cuban matters 1933 as assistant to Sumner Welles. Kennedy withdrew support for the invasion at the last minute, by cancelling several bombing sorties that could have crippled the entire Cuban airforce. The cancellation also prevented US Marines waiting off the coast from landing in support of the Cuban exiles. After three days of ferocious fighting in which about 100 invaders and perhaps 2,000 militia, perhaps 5000 according to Lynch, more died (most trapped in buses on the courseways), the rest of the invaders were captured [8]. At least nine invadors were formally executed in connection with this action, however, a number died of suffocation in an unventilated truck trailor, while Castro attributed the defeat of the invasion to his leadership.

In a nationally broadcast speech on 1961-12-02, Castro declared that he was a Marxist-Leninist and that Cuba was going to adopt Communism. On February 7, 1962, the US imposed an embargo against Cuba, which included a general travel ban for American tourists.

October Crisis

Tensions between Castro and US heightened during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, which nearly brought the USSR and the US to direct confrontation. Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing missiles in Cuba as a deterrent to a US invasion. After consultations with his military advisors, he met with a Cuban delegation led by Raúl Castro in July in order to work out the specifics. It was agreed to deploy Soviet R-12 MRBMs on Cuban soil; however, American Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance discovered the construction of the missile installations on 15 October, 1962 before the weapons had actually been deployed. The US government viewed the installation of Soviet nuclear weapons 90 miles south of Miami as an aggressive act and a threat to US security. As a result, the US publicly announced its discovery on 22 October, 1962, and implemented a quarantine around Cuba that would actively intercept and search any vessels heading for the island.

In a personal letter to Khrushchev written on 27 October, 1962, Castro urged Khrushchev to launch a nuclear first strike against the United States if Cuba were invaded, but Khrushchev rejected any first strike response (pdf). Soviet field commanders in Cuba were, however, authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if attacked by the United States. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a US commitment not to invade Cuba and an understanding that the US would remove American MRBMs targeting the Soviet Union from Turkey and Italy.

Relations with the outside world

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Fidel Castro embracing Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.

Following initial US hostility, the establishment of diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Castro was able to build a formidable military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The KGB kept in close touch with Havana, and Castro tightened Communist Party control over all levels of government, the media, and the educational system, while developing a Soviet-style internal police force.

Castro's alliance with the Soviet Union caused something of a split between him and Guevara, who took a more pro-Chinese view following ideological conflict between the CPSU and the Maoist CPC. In 1966, Guevara left for Bolivia in an ill-fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country's government.

On 23 August, 1968 Castro made a public gesture to the Soviet Union that reaffirmed their support in him. Two days after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to repress the Prague Spring, Castro took to the airwaves and publicly denounced the Czech rebellion. Castro warned the Cuban people about the Czechoslovakian 'counter-revolutionaries', who "were moving Czechoslovakia towards capitalism and into the arms of imperialists". He called the leaders of the rebellion "the agents of West Germany and fascist reactionary rabble." In return for his public backing of the invasion, at a time when many Soviet allies were deeming the invasion an infringement of Czechoslovakia's sovereignty, the Soviets bailed out the Cuban economy with extra loans and an immediate increase in oil exports.

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Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme visits Cuba in 1975.

On November 4, 1975, Castro ordered the deployment of Cuban troops to Angola in order to aid the Marxist MPLA-ruled government against the UNITA opposition forces, which gained the support of the government of South Africa. Moscow aided the Cuban initiative with the USSR engaging in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola. On this, Nelson Mandela has remarked "Cuban internationalists have done so much for African independence, freedom, and justice." [9] Cuban troops were also sent to Marxist Ethiopia to assist Ethiopian forces in the Ogaden War with Somalia in 1977. In addition, Castro extended support to Marxist Revolutionary movements throughout Latin America, such as aiding the Sandinistas in overthrowing the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua in 1979.

When Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Cuba in 1989, the close relationship between Moscow and Havana was strained by Gorbachev's implementation of economic reforms. "We are witnessing sad things in other socialist countries, very sad things," stated Castro in November 1989, in reference to the reforms that were sweeping such communist allies as the Soviet Union, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland. [10] The Soviet Union had subsidized the Cuban economy for decades, paying $1.23 per pound for sugar while the world market price of which had been steady between 17 and 22 cents per pound. According to Castro, "the sun vanished from the horizon when the Soviet Union collapsed." Cuba entered what it called the "Special Period". [11]. The effects were immediate and devastating.

Remaining as President

In 2005, American business and financial magazine Forbes listed Castro among the world's richest people, with an estimated net worth of $550 million.

As a result of Forbes accusations, Castro is considering filing a lawsuit against the magazine, claiming the accusations are false and the article was meant to defame him.

Criticisms of the United States

Castro remains a vocal critic of United States policies, speaking against the continuing economic embargo and US attempts to topple his government. He has also condemned what he sees as exploitation of developing countries by U.S. corporations and the state of public health care in the United States. Recently, he has harshly condemned U.S. travel sanctions, which severely limit travel between the United States and Cuba. Castro also opposes the growing costs of servicing foreign debt.

During the Cold War, the United States engaged in a variety of covert, and often deadly attacks in Cuba. Between 1960 and 1965, the U.S. government made plans to assassinate him: Having the Havana broadcasting studio sprayed with a mind altering chemical, poisoning his cigars, dusting his boots with a chemical that would cause his beard to fall out, and planting an explosive seashell in the area where he was known to scuba dive. (Vail 108). [12]

After John F. Kennedy's election in the United States, the President's close advisers set up their own covert structure to eliminate Castro. Launched in November 1961, it was code named Operation Mongoose. [13] Others believe that Castro may have been involved in the assassination of Kennedy himself, in retaliation for Kennedy's efforts to kill him. Lyndon Johnson once remarked that he felt that "Kennedy had tried to kill Castro, but Castro got to him first".

In 2000, four Cuban exiles with ties to the Cuban-American National Foundation (url) were convicted in a Panamanian court of plotting to assassinate Castro during a regional summit. The four were pardoned in 2004 and all but Luis Posada Carriles entered the United States. Posada appeared in the U.S in May 2005, but was arrested and faces extradition to Venezuela. (url) All four men have been accused of working for the CIA at one time or another. [14]

Religion

Castro is an atheist and has not been a practicing Roman Catholic since his childhood. Pope John XXIII excommunicated Castro on January 3, 1962 on the basis of a 1949 decree by Pope Pius XII forbidding Catholics from supporting communist governments. For Castro, who had previously renounced his Catholic faith, this was an event of very little consequence, nor was it expected to be otherwise. It was primarily aimed at undermining support for Castro among Catholics.

In the early 1990s, Castro agreed to loosen restrictions on religion and even permitted church-going Catholics to join the Cuban Communist Party. After Pope John Paul II denounced the US embargo on Cuba as "unjust and ethically unacceptable", the relationship between the Vatican and Castro improved. John Paul II visited Cuba in 1998, the first visit by a ruling pontiff to the island. Castro and the Pope appeared side by side in public on several occasions during the visit; the Pope generally stayed away from overt political themes, instead emphasizing that his trip was designed to strengthen the Catholic Church in Cuba. However, he criticized the freedom for women to obtain an abortion in Cuban hospitals as well as urged Castro to end the government's monopoly on education, in order to allow the return of Catholic schools. [15] Following the visit, Cubans were again allowed to mark Christmas as a holiday and to openly hold religious processions.

After the Pope's death in April 2005, Castro attended a mass in his honor in Havana's cathedral. He had last visited the cathedral in 1959, 46 years earlier, for the wedding of one of his sisters. Cardinal Jaime Ortega, who led the mass, welcomed Castro, who was dressed in a dark suit, and expressed his gratitude for the "heartfelt way the death of our Holy Father John Paul II was received (in Cuba)." [16]

Human Rights in Cuba

Some studies report that thousands of political opponents have been killed during Castro's decades-long leadership. [17]; however, given the nature of the sources of this information and how it is tabulated, including or not including those dead in Cuban external and internal wars, exact numbers are not known. Some Cubans who have been labeled "counterrevolutionaries", "fascists", or "CIA operatives" have been imprisoned in extremely poor conditions without trial; at least some have been summarily executed. Military Units to Aid Production, or UMAP's were labor camps established in 1965, according to Castro, for "people who have committed crimes against revolutionary morals" in order to work counter-revolutionary influences out of certain segments of the population.

Citing previous US hostility, supporters of Castro thus portray active opposition to the Cuban government as illegitimate, and the result of an ongoing conspiracy fostered by Cuban exiles with ties to the United States or the CIA. Many Castro supporters say that Castro's measures are justified to prevent the United States from installing a puppet leader in Cuba. Castro's opposition say he uses the United States as an excuse to justify his continuing political control.

Popular image

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Castro displayed on a billboard in Cuba the day of an address to a select group of government supporters. The caption reads, "We're doing well".

Since Fidel Castro came to power, he and his government have exhibited many traits of personalist rule commonly attributed to a cult of personality, despite attempts to discourage it. In contrast to many of the world's modern strongmen, Castro has only twice been personally featured on a Cuban stamp. In 1974 he appeared on a stamp to commemorate the visit of Leonid Brezhnev, and in 1999 he appeared on a stamp commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Revolution. There has been a strong tendency to encourage reverence for other Cuban figures such as José Martí, Che Guevara, and the "martyrs" of the Cuban revolution such as Camilo Cienfuegos.

The Cuban government puts up slogans, in the form of such items as billboards and posters. Castro features prominently in much of this, his own persona being intertwined with the Cuban flag and identity, and the revolution itself. Fidel rarely appears in public without his military fatigues, and is famous for giving speeches which often last several hours. Large crowds of people gather to cheer at these fiery speeches. A BBC ^[1] This style of leadership has led to a common characterization of Castro as being a subject of a personality cult, especially by critics.

However, in contrast to most personality cults, the details of Castro's private life, particularly those concerning his family members, are scarce. He is also not the only individual that figures prominently in official propaganda, as fellow Cuban revolutionary Che Guevara appears not only on billboards and posters, but on the sides of buildings and especially on various trinkets sold to tourists. It was said that this sort of posthumous imposition of a personality cult is similar to the usage of Vladimir Lenin's persona during the era of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, in that a deceased leader is invoked in support of government policies and the state itself. Castro, however, has always maintained that there exists no such thing:

[W]e have never preached cult of personality. You will not see a statue of me anywhere, nor a school with my name, nor a street, nor a little town, nor any type of personality cult because we have not taught our people to believe, but to think, to reason out. ^[2]

Family and health

Fidel Castro's parents were Lina Ruz González and Ángel Castro y Argiz. He has two brothers: Ramón (born in 1924), Raúl (born in 1931) and at least two sisters Juanita Castro Ruz who lives in Miami, Florida and Agustina Castro Ruz who lives in Habana, Cuba. By his first wife Mirta Díaz-Balart, he has a son named Fidel "Fidelito" Castro-Díaz-Balart. Mirta left Cuba in 1954 taking Fidelito with her, and she divorced Castro later the same year. Fidelito was later returned to Cuba. Mirta now lives in Spain. By Fidel's second wife Dalia Soto, he has four sons named Alex, Alexis, Antonio, and Alejandro. While Fidel was still married to Mirta, he had an affair with Naty Revuelta which resulted in a daughter named Alina Fernandez-Revuelta. Alina left Cuba in 1993, disguised as a Spanish tourist to avoid emigration restrictions. She now lives in the United States.

There has been speculation about Castro's health since he apparently fainted during a seven-hour speech under the Caribbean sun in June 2001. His doctors say his health is improving.

During 2004, there was further speculation about the state of Castro's health. In January 2004, Luis Eduardo Garzón, the mayor of Bogotá, said that Castro "seemed very sick to me" following a meeting with him during a vacation in Cuba. (url) In May 2004, Castro's physician denied that his health was failing, and speculated that he would live to be 140 years old, a somewhat typical Cuban overexaggeration for effect. Dr. Eugenio Selman Housein said that the "press is always speculating about something, that he had a heart attack once, that he had cancer, some neurological problem", but maintained that Castro was in good health. (url)

On 20 October 2004, Castro fell off a stage following a speech he gave at a rally. The fall fractured his knee and arm. He underwent three hours and 15 minutes of surgery to repair his left kneecap, which was fractured into eight pieces. [18]

Following his fall, Castro wrote a letter that was read on Cuban television and published in newspapers. In it, he assured the public that he was fine and would "not lose contact with you." (url) A government statement added: "His general health is good, and spirits are excellent."

By November, Castro surprised many when he suddenly stood up from his wheelchair during a state visit by Chinese President Hu Jintao, leaning on a metal cane with an arm support. The following month, he stood unassisted for several minutes during a visit by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez.

Finally, cheered by hundreds of lawmakers, a smiling Castro walked in public for the first time since shattering his kneecap in the fall after only two months. Legislators looked stunned, then smiled and applauded, when Cuba's 78-year-old president entered the main auditorium of the Convention Palace on the arm of a uniformed schoolgirl to attend a year-end National Assembly meeting.

Because of his large role in Cuba, his well-being has become a continual source of speculation, both on and off the island, as he has grown older. Castro's quick recovery from breaking his left kneecap into eight pieces was likely to dampen the latest round of rumors questioning his health.

An AP report alleges that Castro has Parkinson's disease after rumors have been going around for years. Castro denies such allegations, as reported by Reuters news service.

Preceded by José Miró Cardona	Prime Minister of Cuba 1959–76	Succeeded by (position abolished 1976)
Preceded by Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado	President of Cuba 1976–present	Succeeded by Incumbent(indefinite) Raúl Castro (designated)

References

^ "Castro: The great survivor" BBC story.
^ Online Newshour: Fidel Castro -- February 12, 1985 Interview with Fidel Castro

External links

By Fidel Castro

About Fidel Castro

Official Site for Fidel: The Untold Story (2001)
"A Visit With Castro" Arthur Miller tells about his encounter with Castro (December 24, 2003) in the The Nation.
Historian Humberto Fontova about Castro and Cuba
Cuba: Socialism and Democracy by Peter Taaffe
CIA Inspector General's Report on Plots to Assassinate Castro
Cidob biography in Spanish
PBS American Experience Interactive site on Fidel Castro with a teacher's guide
Prominent People - Fidel Castro

About Cuba

Zenith and Eclipse: A Comparative Look at Socio-Economic Conditions in Pre-Castro and Present Day Cuba, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, 9 February 1998
Human Rights Watch - Publication by Human Rights Watch comments about Cuba.
Political and other freedoms in Cuba - a report by FreedomHouse.

Miscellaneous

Fidel Castro at IMDb

[1] "Castro: The great survivor" BBC story.

[2] Online Newshour: Fidel Castro -- February 12, 1985 Interview with Fidel Castro

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+=DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR=lled. Castro broke away from the Partido Ortodoxo and, in court, charged Batista with violating the Cuban [[constitution]]. His petition was refused.
-{{Infobox_President | name=Fidel Castro
-| image=Fidel-| image=Fidel-recent-bw.jpg
-| order=20<sup>th</sup> President
-| term_start=[[2 December]], [[1976]]
-| term_end=<br>present
-| predecessor=[[Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado]]
-| successor=Incumbent
-| birth_date=[[August 13]], [[1926]]
-| birth_place=[[Birán]], [[Holguín Province]], [[Cuba]]
-| dead=alive
-| death_date=
-| death_place=
-| spouse=Dalia Soto<span class="reference"><sup class="plainlinksneverexpand">[[Fidel Castro#Family and health|1]]</sup></span>
-| party=[[Communist Party of Cuba|Communist Party]]
-| vicepresident=[[Raúl Castro|Raúl Castro Ruz]]
-}}
-'''Fidel Castro Ruz''' (born [[August 13]], [[1926]]) has been the leader of [[Cuba]] since [[1959]], when, leading the [[26th of July Movement]], he overthrew the regime of [[Fulgencio Batista]], and transformed Cuba into the first [[Communist state]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]].
-Castro first attracted attention in Cuban political life through his student [[activism]]; his outspoken [[nationalism]] and radical critique of Batista and US corporate and political influence in Cuba brought a receptive following, criticism, and attention from the authorities. Later, his leadership of the 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks, subsequent exile, and eventual guerrilla invasion of Cuba in [[December]] [[1956]] cemented his fame worldwide. Since his accession to power in 1959, he has become only more controversial and high-profile.  Castro is widely condemned as a [[dictator]], especially by the [[Cuban American]] exile community in [[Miami%2C_Florida#Immigrant_influx|South Florida]].
-Internationally, after the failed American [[Bay of Pigs invasion]] of Cuba in 1961, his leadership has been marked by tensions with the [[United States]]. The [[Soviet Union]] sought a close partnership with Castro (resulting in the 1962 [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]) until its collapse in 1991. Domestically, he has overseen the implementation of [[land reform]] followed by the [[collectivization]] of agriculture, [[nationalization]] of leading Cuban industries, and social programs that instituted [[Publicly funded medicine|universal healthcare]] and [[free education]]. Castro's government initially won widespread support among Cuban people but also alienated some as the new government nationalized industries, suppressed all opposition parties, and restricted emigration.
-In the event of sickness or death, Castro would be succeeded by Vice President, [[Raúl Castro]], his brother. The U.S. government has brushed aside notions that it plans to invade Cuba following Fidel's death.
-==Early life==
-[[Image:R2247968516.jpg|thumb|left|250px|University student Fidel Castro (third from the left, standing) talking to fellow students during a protest on [[November 11]], [[1947]].]]
-Castro was born into a wealthy farming family in [[Birán]], near [[Mayarí]], [[Holguín Province]] (formerly [[Provinces of Cuba|Oriente Province]]) and not far from the birthplace of [[Fulgencio Batista]], the man whose government he was to overthrow. The son of [[Ángel Castro y Argiz]] (an immigrant from [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Spain) and his cook, Lina Ruz González, Castro has two brothers: [[Ramón Castro|Ramón]], who has a position in the agriculture department and is said to run the family estates; and half-brother [[Raúl Castro|Raúl]], the Cuban [[defense minister]]. Castro also has at least one other sibling, his sister [[Juanita Castro|Juanita]], who lives in the United States.
-Castro was educated at [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] and Christian Brothers Schools [[La Salle]] [http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y05/feb05/14a9.htm] [http://www.vozcatolica.org/01/aula.htm]) private schools in [[Santiago de Cuba]] and the [[Colegio Belén]] in [[Havana]], graduating in [[1945]]. He then enrolled at the [[University of Havana]] to study law. Here he joined the [[Union Insurreccional Revolucionaria]] (UIR, the Insurrectional Revolutionary Union) and became involved in political disputes that were often violent and sometimes murderous. In [[1947]] he joined the [[Partido Ortodoxo]] (Orthodox Party, also known as the [[Partido del Pueblo Cubano]], Party of the Cuban People) and its campaign to expose [[government corruption]] and demand reform. In the summer of 1947, Castro, along with [[Rolando Masferrer]], became part of the [[Caribbean Legion]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_espionage_and_related_extraterritorial_activity_revised] that attempted to travel to the [[Dominican Republic]] and overthrow its government [http://www.infocostarica.com/history/figueres.html]. The attempt failed, however, when the Cuban police intervened. Because of this and his other activities, Castro became known through local radio and the ''[[Alerta]]'' newspaper.
-In [[1948]], Castro traveled to [[Bogotá]] in [[Colombia]] as a delegate of the [[Federación Estudiantil Universitaria]] (FEU, the Cuban University Student Federation) for the ninth [[Pan-American Union]] Conference. During his visit, however, the [[Colombian Liberal Party]] leader [[Jorge Eliecer Gaitán]] was assassinated. Castro, who according to the Scotland Yard investigation and other sources had set up an appointment with Gaitán before he was killed, and participated in the violence the [[Bogotazo]] that followed the the assassination (Angel Aparicio Lourencio, 1975).  Castro who was and still is suspected of collaborating with the [[Colombian Communist Party]] in this killing, had to flee the country [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_espionage_and_related_extraterritorial_activity_revised]. The plane with which he made his escape was provided by the Cuban president, [[Carlos Prío Socarrás]], even though Castro opposed Prío.
-That same year, 1948, Castro married [[Mirta Díaz Balart]], a green-eyed [[philosophy]] student from another wealthy Cuban family, with whom he later had a son, [[Fidelito Castro]]. It is said that Castro fled out of the back door of the church of the Virgin of Charity because some of his enemies were waiting for him [http://www.lacasaazul.org/LindenLaneMagazineVolumen4/ReneDayreAbellaLaPieldelaMemoria.htm]. Amongst the wedding presents received was a substantial gift ([[United States dollar|US$]]500) from Batista, who by then was both a retired President and dictator with the rank of former [[general]] in the Cuban army.
-In [[1950]] Castro graduated and began practising law in a small partnership, defending mostly poor people. He had by now become known for his [[nationalism|nationalist]] views and his opposition to the United States' influence in Cuba. In [[1951]], after the Partido Ortodoxo's founder [[Eduardo Chibás]] committed [[suicide]], Castro claimed leadership of the party and prepared to stand for [[parliament]] the following year. However, a [[coup d'état]] led by Batista on [[March 10]] [[1952]] overthrew Socarrás' government and the elections were cancelled. Castro broke away from the Partido Ortodoxo and, in court, charged Batista with violating the Cuban [[constitution]]. His petition was refused.
 ===Attack on Moncada Barracks===
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 ===Bay of Pigs===
 {{main|Bay of Pigs Invasion}}
-On [[April 15]], [[1961]], the day after Castro described his revolution as [[socialism|socialist]], four Cuban airfields were bombed by [[A-26 Invader|A-26s]] bearing false Cuban markings. These bombing runs were the beginning stages of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The United States staged an unsuccessful attack on Cuba on [[17 April]], [[1961]]. Assault Brigade 2506, a force of about 1,400 Cuban exiles, financed and trained by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and commanded by Cuban Manuel Artime and CIA operatives [[Grayston Lynch]] and [[William Robertson (CIA)|William Robertson]], landed perhaps a hundred miles south-east of Havana, at [[Playa Girón]] on the Bay of Pigs. The CIA assumed that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro; the operation itself was expected by Castro, however, and in anticipation the government rounded up perhaps 100,000 (Lynch reports 250,000) anti-Castro Cubans -at least 20,000 in Havana alone (Priestland, 2003), executed some and imprisoned the others under threat of death should the invasion succeed. Led by Black Cuban Erneido Oliva, most of the 1,200 men invasion force  made it ashore; however, reserve ammunition in two US supplied support ships, the ''Houston'' and the ''Río Escondido'', sunk by Castro Airforce [[Seafury]] propeller-driven aircraft and [[T-33]] Jets, was lost. President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] was under pressure from State Department "doves" including [[Roy Rubottom]] and especially his assistant [[William Weiland]] who had been  involved in Castro related matters since the [[Bogotazo]] and in Cuban matters 1933 as assistant to [[Sumner Welles]]. Kennedy withdrew support for the invasion at the last minute, by cancelling several bombing sorties that could have crippled the entire Cuban airforce. The cancellation also prevented US Marines waiting off the coast from landing in support of the Cuban exiles. After three days of ferocious fighting in which about 100 invaders and perhaps 2,000 militia, perhaps 5000 according to Lynch, more died (most trapped in buses on the courseways), the rest of the invaders were captured [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/4/29/34913.shtml].  At least nine invadors were formally executed in connection with this action, however, a number died of suffocation in an unventilated truck trailor, while Castro attributed the defeat of the invasion to his leadership.
+On [[April 15]], [[1961]], the day after Castro described his revolution as [[socialism|socialist]], four Cuban airfields were bombed by [[A-26 Invader|A-26s]] bearing false Cuban markings. These bombing runs were the beginning stages of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The United States staged an unsuccessful attack on Cuba on [[17 April]], [[1961]]. Assault Brigade 2506, a force of about 1,400 Cuban exiles, financed and trained by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and commanded by Cuban Manuel Artime and CIA operatives [[Grayston Lynch]] and [[William Robertson (CIA)|William Robertson]], landed perhaps a hundred miles south-east of Havana, at [[Playa Girón]] on the Bay of Pigs. The CIA assumed that =DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR==DICTATOR=the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro; the operation itself was expected by Castro, however, and in anticipation the government rounded up perhaps 100,000 (Lynch reports 250,000) anti-Castro Cubans -at least 20,000 in Havana alone (Priestland, 2003), executed some and imprisoned the others under threat of death should the invasion succeed. Led by Black Cuban Erneido Oliva, most of the 1,200 men invasion force  made it ashore; however, reserve ammunition in two US supplied support ships, the ''Houston'' and the ''Río Escondido'', sunk by Castro Airforce [[Seafury]] propeller-driven aircraft and [[T-33]] Jets, was lost. President [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] was under pressure from State Department "doves" including [[Roy Rubottom]] and especially his assistant [[William Weiland]] who had been  involved in Castro related matters since the [[Bogotazo]] and in Cuban matters 1933 as assistant to [[Sumner Welles]]. Kennedy withdrew support for the invasion at the last minute, by cancelling several bombing sorties that could have crippled the entire Cuban airforce. The cancellation also prevented US Marines waiting off the coast from landing in support of the Cuban exiles. After three days of ferocious fighting in which about 100 invaders and perhaps 2,000 militia, perhaps 5000 according to Lynch, more died (most trapped in buses on the courseways), the rest of the invaders were captured [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/4/29/34913.shtml].  At least nine invadors were formally executed in connection with this action, however, a number died of suffocation in an unventilated truck trailor, while Castro attributed the defeat of the invasion to his leadership.
 In a nationally broadcast speech on [[1961-12-02]], Castro declared that he was a [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] and that Cuba was going to adopt [[Communism]]. On [[February 7]], [[1962]], the US imposed an [[United States embargo against Cuba|embargo against Cuba]], which included a general travel ban for American tourists.