Common stingray: Difference between revisions
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The common stingray was originally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] |
The common stingray was originally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]], known as the "father of taxonomy", as ''Raja pastinaca'' in the 1758 tenth edition of ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. However, there are at least 25 earlier references to this ray in literature, under various non-[[binomial name]]s such as ''Raja corpore glabro, aculeo longo anterius serrato in cauda apterygia'', ''Pastinaca marina prima'', and ''Pastinaca marina lævis''. Subsequent authors moved this species to the genus ''Dasyatis''. Some past accounts of the common stingray have been based on multiple species, but no [[lectotype]] has been designated.<ref name="cas">[http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/Ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp Catalog of Fishes (Online Version)]. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on January 15, 2010.</ref> |
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The [[blue stingray]] (''Dasyatis chrysonota'') of [[southern Africa]] was once considered to be [[conspecificity|conspecific]] with the common stingray. However, the common stingray lacks the blue pattern of the blue stingray and differs in [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[meristic]] characteristics, which led the latter to be classified as a separate species in 1993.<ref name="cowley and compagno">{{cite journal |author=Cowley, P.D. and Compagno, L.J.V. |title=A taxonomic re-evaluation of the blue stingray from southern Africa (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) |journal=South African Journal of Marine Science |volume=13 |pages=135–149 |date=1993}}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''pastinaca'' means "[[turnip]]" or "[[parsnip]]".<ref name="van der elst and brochert">{{cite book |title=A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa |author=Van der Elst, R. and Borchert, P. |edition=third |publisher=Struik |date=1993 |isbn=1868253945}}</ref> |
The [[blue stingray]] (''Dasyatis chrysonota'') of [[southern Africa]] was once considered to be [[conspecificity|conspecific]] with the common stingray. However, the common stingray lacks the blue pattern of the blue stingray and differs in [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[meristic]] characteristics, which led the latter to be classified as a separate species in 1993.<ref name="cowley and compagno">{{cite journal |author=Cowley, P.D. and Compagno, L.J.V. |title=A taxonomic re-evaluation of the blue stingray from southern Africa (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) |journal=South African Journal of Marine Science |volume=13 |pages=135–149 |date=1993}}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''pastinaca'' means "[[turnip]]" or "[[parsnip]]".<ref name="van der elst and brochert">{{cite book |title=A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa |author=Van der Elst, R. and Borchert, P. |edition=third |publisher=Struik |date=1993 |isbn=1868253945}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:43, 8 February 2010
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| Species: | D. pastinaca
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| Binomial name | |
| Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Dasyatis ujo Rafinesque, 1810 | |
The common stingray, Dasyatis pastinaca, is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, native to the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is usually encountered over sandy or muddy bottoms in calm waters shallower than 60 m (200 ft), where it hunts for bottom-dwelling crustaceans, fishes, and molluscs. The common stingray measures up to 1.4 m (4.6 ft) across and has a rhomboid pectoral fin disc with angular corners, and a whip-like tail with upper and lower fin folds. The skin is mostly smooth, except for a mid-dorsal row of tubercles in the largest individuals.
Reproduction is aplacental viviparous, with females bearing 4–9 young twice per year in shallow water. This species is not targeted by commercial fisheries, though it is taken as bycatch and utilized for food, fishmeal, and liver oil. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) presently lacks sufficient information to assess the conservation status of the common stingray over its entire range, though its numbers are known to have declined in the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The venomous tail spine of this ray is capable of inflicting a very painful wound.
Taxonomy
The common stingray was originally described by Carl Linnaeus, known as the "father of taxonomy", as Raja pastinaca in the 1758 tenth edition of Systema Naturae. However, there are at least 25 earlier references to this ray in literature, under various non-binomial names such as Raja corpore glabro, aculeo longo anterius serrato in cauda apterygia, Pastinaca marina prima, and Pastinaca marina lævis. Subsequent authors moved this species to the genus Dasyatis. Some past accounts of the common stingray have been based on multiple species, but no lectotype has been designated.[2]
The blue stingray (Dasyatis chrysonota) of southern Africa was once considered to be conspecific with the common stingray. However, the common stingray lacks the blue pattern of the blue stingray and differs in morphological and meristic characteristics, which led the latter to be classified as a separate species in 1993.[3] The specific epithet pastinaca means "turnip" or "parsnip".[4]
Distribution and habitat
The common stingray occurs in the northeastern Atlantic from southern Norway and the western Baltic Sea to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea. It frequents sandy or muddy bottoms, often half-buried in the substrate, and near rocky reefs. It is usually found shallower than 60 m (200 ft), though it has been reported to a depth of 200 metres (660 ft)*. It is also tolerant of low salinity and may be found in estuaries.[5][6]
Description
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The flattened pectoral fin disc of the common stingray is slightly wider than it is long, with straight front margins converting to a pointed snout, and narrowly rounded outer corners. The eyes are smaller than the spiracles, which are placed closely behind.[5] There are 28–38 upper tooth rows rows and 28–43 lower tooth rows; the teeth are small and blunt, and arranged into pavement-like surfaces. There are five papillae across the floor of the mouth.[7]
There are no dorsal fins. The tail is long and slender, measuring approximately 1.5 times as long as the disk and bearing low cutaneous folds on the upper and lower surfaces. There is one strongly serrated spine about a third of the distance along the tail, which can measure up to 35 cm (14 in) long and contains a poison gland at its base. Individuals may be found with two spines, if they have developed a replacement spine before the old spine has dropped off.[5][8] The skin is smooth save for a few dermal denticles on the leading edge of the disk; some older fish have a row of bony knobs along the midline of the body. The coloration is grey, brown, reddish, or olive-green above, and whitish below with dark disc margins. Young rays may have white spots.[5][7] It may grow up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long and 1.4 m (4.6 ft) wide.[6]
Biology and ecology
The common stingray feeds on a wide variety of benthic organisms, including crustaceans, cephalopods, bivalves, polychaete worms, and small bony fishes.[1] One study in the Gulf of İskenderun off Turkey found that crustaceans comprised some 99% of its diet, with fish prey becoming increasingly important with age.[9] Another study off the coast of Cilicia, Turkey, found that the most important component of this ray's diet was the penaeid shrimp Metapenaeus stebbingis, followed by the pistol shrimp Alpheus glaber and the swimming crab Charybdis longicollis; cephalopods were relatively important for males, while fishes were important for females.[10] It has been reported to be highly destructive on shellfish culturing beds.[5] Common stingrays have been observed following each other closely in the presence of food; this behavior may be related to opportunistic feeding.[11]
Like other stingrays, the common stingray is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos being sustained by yolk and later histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Mature stingrays have been observed aggregating in the Balearic in June and July, possibly for reproductive purposes.[1] Females give birth to 4–9 young twice a year, after a gestation period of four months; parturition lasts from July and August, during which pregnant females move into shallow inshore waters.[1][6] Newborn rays measure around 20 cm (7.9 in) across, males attain sexual maturity at a disc width of 32–50 cm (13–20 in), and females at a disc width of 38–60 cm (15–24 in).[1] This species lives to at least 10 years of age.[9] Known parasites of the common stingray include the flukes Heterocotyle pastinacae and Entobdella diadema,[12][13] and the tapeworm Scalithrium minimum.[14]
Human interactions
Though not posing a substantial danger to humans, severe wounds to bathers and fishers have resulted from the common stingray's venomous tail spine.[5] This species was known as trygon to the ancient Greeks and as pastinaca to the ancient Romans; several classical authors make notes of the supposed toxicity of its tail spine. In his Natural History, Pliny the Elder claimed that the spine of this ray was capable of killing trees, piercing armor like an arrow, and corroding iron.[15] Aelian asserted that the wound caused by the stingray was incurable. In mythology, Hercules was said to have lost a finger to the bite of a stingray, and Circe was said to have armed her son Telegonus with a spear tipped with a stingray spine, with which he accidentally slew his father, Odysseus.[16][17]
Francis Day, in his 1884 The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, noted that the flesh of this ray was "rank and disagreeable", and that Welsh fishermen used its liver oil as a treatment for burns and other wounds.[16] In modern times, the "wings" of the common stingray are marketed smoked or dried and salted, and it is also used to produce fishmeal and liver oil.[8] The liver is regarded as a delicacy in French cuisine, and used to prepare dishes such as "beignets de foie de raie" and "foie de raie en croute".[18]
Common stingrays are caught incidentally by commercial fisheries across many parts of its range, using bottom trawls, gillnets, bottom longlines, beach seines, and trammel nets. Because of its inshore habitat preferences, this ray is more susceptible to small-scale coastal fisheries than industrial operations, such as in the Balearic Islands where it makes up 40% of the shark and ray trammel net catch. Surveys indicate that common stingrays have declined in the Mediterranean and the northeastern Atlantic, and may have been extirpated from the Bay of Biscay. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Near Threatened in those two regions, while the species as a whole is listed under Data Deficient. The common stingray is protected within five marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Balearic Islands, and also benefits from a European Union ban on the use of trawls within 5.6 km (3.5 mi) of the coast.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Catalog of Fishes (Online Version). California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on January 15, 2010.
- ^ Cowley, P.D. and Compagno, L.J.V. (1993). "A taxonomic re-evaluation of the blue stingray from southern Africa (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae)". South African Journal of Marine Science. 13: 135–149.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Van der Elst, R. and Borchert, P. (1993). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa (third ed.). Struik. ISBN 1868253945.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f Lythgoe, J. and G. (1991). Fishes of the Sea: The North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 026212162X.
- ^ a b c Serena, F. (2005). Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9251052913.
- ^ a b Smith, J.L.B, Smith, M., Smith, M.M. and Heemstra, P. (2003). Smith's Sea Fishes. Struik. ISBN 1868728900.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Dasyatis pastinaca". FishBase. February 2009 version.
- ^ a b Ismen, A. (January 30, 2003). "Age, growth, reproduction and food of common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca L., 1758) in Iskenderun Bay, the eastern Mediterranean". Fisheries Research. 60 (1): 169–176.
- ^ Yeldan, H., D. Avsar and M. Manaşırlı (2008). "Age, growth and feeding of the common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca, L., 1758) in the Cilician coastal basin, northeastern Mediterranean Sea". Journal of Applied Ichthyology: 1–5.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Murch, A. Common stingray Dasyatis pastinaca information and pictures. Elasmodiver.com. Retrieved on February 28, 2009.
- ^ Chisholm, L.A. (April, 1995). "A redescription of Heterocotyle pastinacae Scott, 1904 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from Dasyatis pastinaca (Dasyatididae), with a neotype designation". Systematic Parasitology. 30 (3): 207–211.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Kearn, G.C. (2004). Leeches, lice and lampreys: A Natural History of Skin and Gill Parasites of Fishes. Springer. ISBN 1402029268.
- ^ Ball, D., L. Neifar and L. Euzet (Mar. 2003). "Description of Scalithrium n. gen. (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea) with Scalithrium minimum (Van Beneden, 1850) n. comb., a parasite of Dasyatis pastinaca (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae), as type species". Parasite. 10 (1): 31–37.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pliny (translated by Bostock, J. and Riley, H.T.) (1890). The Natural History of Pliny. H. G. Bohn.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Day, F. (1884). The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. Williams and Norgate.
- ^ Apollodorus (translated by Frazer, J.G.) (1921). The Library. Heinemann.
- ^ Schwabe, C.W. (1979). Unmentionable Cuisine. University of Virginia Press. p. 315. ISBN 0813911621.