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</ref>, and then, with considerable backing from [[Neneh Cherry]], they signed to Circa Records<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4629212-1.html|title=Virgin Anniversary Salute: The U.S.: Co-presidents Cooper And Newton Are An Illustrious Pair Who Travel Well And Know Their Places|publisher=Billboard (as found at allbusiness.com)|date=5 September 1998 |accessdate=2009-05-26|last=Henderson|first=Richard}}</ref> in 1990 – committing to deliver six [[studio album]]s and a "''best of''" [[compilation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://massiveattack.ie/interviewtranscript.docx|title=Massive Attack interview|date=7 October 2009|accessdate=2009-07-10|last=Coffey|first=Richard}}</ref>. Circa became a subsidiary of, and was later subsumed into, [[Virgin Records]], which in turn was acquired by the now [[Terra Firma Capital Partners|Terra Firma]]-owned major, [[EMI]].<ref name=allmusicbio/><ref name=timedigital>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/39.html|title=Cyber Elite - Massive Attack|publisher=Time Digital|accessdate=2009-05-20|last=|first=}}</ref>
</ref>, and then, with considerable backing from [[Neneh Cherry]], they signed to Circa Records<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4629212-1.html|title=Virgin Anniversary Salute: The U.S.: Co-presidents Cooper And Newton Are An Illustrious Pair Who Travel Well And Know Their Places|publisher=Billboard (as found at allbusiness.com)|date=5 September 1998 |accessdate=2009-05-26|last=Henderson|first=Richard}}</ref> in 1990 – committing to deliver six [[studio album]]s and a "''best of''" [[compilation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://massiveattack.ie/interviewtranscript.docx|title=Massive Attack interview|date=7 October 2009|accessdate=2009-07-10|last=Coffey|first=Richard}}</ref>. Circa became a subsidiary of, and was later subsumed into, [[Virgin Records]], which in turn was acquired by the now [[Terra Firma Capital Partners|Terra Firma]]-owned major, [[EMI]].<ref name=allmusicbio/><ref name=timedigital>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/39.html|title=Cyber Elite - Massive Attack|publisher=Time Digital|accessdate=2009-05-20|last=|first=}}</ref>


Fried Chicken and the World
== Style ==
Of course like most food the possibilities for seasoning combinations are basically infinite. Southern fried chicken can be prepared with the addition of many different seasonings that can evoke the cuisines of the world. Ingredients like curry powder, Chinese five spice, sesame seeds, and tandoori powder convey distinct Asian flavors not common to traditional fried chicken. While those unique creations are technically fried chicken, they are generally represented by their dominant flavor (i.e. five spice fried chicken) and are presented as distinct (either in homes or on menu's) from fried chicken.
Massive Attack's style is often thought of as being experimental. The duo have talked of their ethos as being to have a very different creative approach to each album and to "avoid the obvious". Some of their most noted songs have been without choruses and have featured dramatically atmospheric dynamics, conveyed through either epic distorted guitar crescendos, lavish orchestral arrangements (like swelling, sustained strings or flourishes of grand piano) or prominent, looped/shifting basslines, often underpinned by high and exacting production values, involving sometimes copious digital editing and mixing.<ref name=timedigital/> The pace of their music has often been slower than prevalent British [[Electronic dance music|dance music]] at the time. These and other psychedelic, soundtrack-like and DJist sonic techniques, formed a much-emulated style journalists began to dub "[[trip hop]]" from the mid-nineties onwards,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:2644|title=Trip Hop|publisher=www.allmusic.com|accessdate=2009-05-20|last=|first=}}</ref> though in an interview in 2006, G said, "'We used to hate that terminology [trip-hop] so bad,' (laughs) 'You know, as far we were concerned, Massive Attack music was unique, so to put it in a box was to pigeonhole it and to say, "Right, we know where you guys are coming from."'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=10216|title=Massive Attack in Montreal, September 11|worh=Hour|publisher=Communications Voir Inc.|date=7 September 2006|accessdate=2009-05-26|last=Tousignant|first=Isa}}</ref>

Not only has fried chicken spread around the world, with the restaurant chain/franchiser KFC as one of the spearheads, but the spread of industrialized poultry production in conjunction with the increased use of rapid weight gain broiler chickens has caused an increase in global chicken consumption. This has led to countries creating their own distinct forms of fried chicken, utilizing cutting methods, ingredients, and techniques found in their culture's culinary repertoires. Though while still chicken and still fried, those preparations are not fried chicken.


== Career summary ==
== Career summary ==

Revision as of 21:39, 6 March 2010

Massive Attack

Massive Attack are a collaborative British music production duo from Bristol. Working alongside co-producers, various favoured session musicians and guest vocalists, they make records and tour live. The duo are considered to be progenitors of the trip hop genre.

Originally three in number, DJs Grantley "Grant" Marshall (a.k.a. Daddy G or "G"), Andrew "Andy" Vowles (a.k.a. Mushroom or "Mush") and painter-turned-MC Robert Del Naja (a.k.a. 3D or "D") met as members of DJ/MC collective, The Wild Bunch. One of the first homegrown soundsystems in the UK, The Wild Bunch became dominant on the Bristolian club scene in the mid-1980s.[1]

Massive Attack itself started as a spin-off production trio in 1988, with the independently-released song, "Any Love", sung by falsetto-voiced singer-songwriter Carlton McCarthy[2], and then, with considerable backing from Neneh Cherry, they signed to Circa Records[3] in 1990 – committing to deliver six studio albums and a "best of" compilation[4]. Circa became a subsidiary of, and was later subsumed into, Virgin Records, which in turn was acquired by the now Terra Firma-owned major, EMI.[1][5]

Fried Chicken and the World Of course like most food the possibilities for seasoning combinations are basically infinite. Southern fried chicken can be prepared with the addition of many different seasonings that can evoke the cuisines of the world. Ingredients like curry powder, Chinese five spice, sesame seeds, and tandoori powder convey distinct Asian flavors not common to traditional fried chicken. While those unique creations are technically fried chicken, they are generally represented by their dominant flavor (i.e. five spice fried chicken) and are presented as distinct (either in homes or on menu's) from fried chicken.

Not only has fried chicken spread around the world, with the restaurant chain/franchiser KFC as one of the spearheads, but the spread of industrialized poultry production in conjunction with the increased use of rapid weight gain broiler chickens has caused an increase in global chicken consumption. This has led to countries creating their own distinct forms of fried chicken, utilizing cutting methods, ingredients, and techniques found in their culture's culinary repertoires. Though while still chicken and still fried, those preparations are not fried chicken.

Career summary

Their debut album, Blue Lines (1991), was co-produced by Jonny Dollar and Cameron McVey, who also became their first manager.[6] Geoff Barrow, who went on to form Portishead, was an intern and trainee tape operator at Bristol's Coach House studio when the album was recorded.[7] McVey (credited at the time as 'Booga Bear') and his wife, Neneh Cherry provided crucial financial support and in-kind assistance to the early careers of Massive Attack, Portishead and Tricky during this period, even paying regular wages to them through their Cherry Bear Organisation.[8] Massive Attack went on to critical acclaim for their ever-changing line-up of distinctive, often 'ethereal' or whispery guest vocalists, interspersed with Del Naja and Marshall's (initially Tricky's) own, similarly hushed, sprechgesang stylings, on top of, what became regarded as, quintessentially British, creative sampling production; a trademark sound that fused down-tempo hip hop, soul, reggae and other eclectic references, musical and lyrical.[1]

With the coffee-table chill-out of Protection in 1994, a rather heavier, guitar-upgraded Mezzanine in 1998, and then the denser, more clinical soundscaping of Robert Del Naja's essentially solo 100th Window in 2003, Massive's overall sound grew persistently more experimental and melancholy, having a greater degree of gothic post-punk texture and moodily cinematic electronica integrated into it. In the nineties, the trio became known for often not being able to easily get along with one another and working increasingly separately. Andy Vowles (Mushroom) reluctantly and acrimoniously left Massive Attack altogether in late 1999, effectively by force as it was at the behest of his colleagues. G had also effectively left by 2001, but returned to a studio role with greater commitment in 2005, having joined the touring line-up of 2003/4,[9] though he did not produce "Live With Me", with Terry Callier, the new track from the Best Of disc of 2006's Collected. A record label, Melankolic, was started in 1995 as an imprint of Virgin [EMI], but had become defunct by 2003, effectively because the newly appointed Virgin executives at that time, as part of a wider cutback effort, put a stop to any further funding due to the label's seemingly unmanageable overspending, or rather that of its bands. Over the decades, the group have collaborated with Neneh Cherry, Madonna, David Bowie, Mos Def and Sinéad O'Connor amongst many others. Carlton McCarthy, their first ever guest, is the only singer to truly hail from Bristol that they have ever featured on a record. Roots reggae veteran Horace Andy has featured on all of their regular studio albums, each one being slower to emerge than the last; notoriously taking an increasingly long number of years to be concertedly started and finished.

The current, long-awaited regular studio album is entitled Heligoland. The duo's collective plan to tour globally in promotion of the record - dates in Australasia, the Americas and again in Europe. A follow-up EP comprising leftovers from the Heligoland era is being worked on, with July 2010 as the tentative release date.

History

1988-1989: Any Love beginnings

Unsigned, Mushroom (Andy Vowles), Daddy G (Grant Marshall) and 3D (Robert Del Naja) put out "Any Love" as a single,[10] co-produced by Bristolian double-act Smith & Mighty. Through The Wild Bunch they met Cameron McVey and Neneh Cherry.

1990-1992: Blue Lines and Unfinished Sympathy's impact

Main article: Blue Lines
Daddy G of Massive Attack at the Eurockéennes Festival 2008

3D co-wrote Neneh Cherry's "Manchild",[11] which went to number one. Cameron McVey and Neneh Cherry helped them to record their first LP "Blue Lines", partly in their house, and the album was released in 1991 on Virgin Records.[12]

The album was critically acclaimed across the board. It encompassed a range of different vocalists, normal practice for an eclectic soundsystem but quite unusual for a high-profile album at that time. The singers included Horace Andy as well as Shara Nelson, a former Wild Bunch cohort. MC's Tricky and Willie Wee, also once part of The Wild Bunch, featured, as well as Daddy G's voice on "Five Man Army". Neneh Cherry sang backing vocals on environmentalist anthem, "Hymn of the Big Wheel".[12]

That year they released "Unfinished Sympathy" as a single (a pun on Unfinished Symphony), a grandiosely string-arranged track at Abbey Road studio, scored by Will Malone,[13] that would go on to be voted the 10th greatest of all time,[14] with a one-take video that also became iconic and much-imitated.

The group temporarily shortened their name to "Massive" on the advice of McVey to avoid controversy relating to the Gulf War.[15] They went back to being "Massive Attack" for their next single, "Safe from Harm".

They undertook a relatively brief tour, including the United States, as a DJs and MCs, hip hop-type setup, with only turntables and microphones. The tour was not particularly well-received, spurring the decision to make Massive Attack into a more traditional live entity for the following tour.[16]

1993-1996: Protection and the Melankolic label

Main article: Protection (album)

After falling out with Shara Nelson over wages and her decision to make a solo record, the band brought in Everything But The Girl's Tracey Thorn as a new vocalist.[1] Cameron McVey abandoned his role as Massive Attack's manager and Daddy G asked Marc Picken to represent the band.[17] Picken found Nicolette to be the other female vocalist on the album that would become their second studio release, Protection.

With McVey out of the picture, Massive, returning to their roots in some respects, enlisted the production talents of Wild Bunch alumnus, Nellee Hooper to co-produce the record, or rather co-produce some songs on it, with Mushroom. Other tracks were co-produced by The Insects and 3D.

The album was successful. A dub version, No Protection, was released the following year by Mad Professor. Protection won a Brit award for Best Dance Act[18] and 3D joked, on receiving it, that none of them could dance. It was more chilled out and overtly electronic than Blue Lines and ends with a lighthearted cover of The Doors song "Light My Fire", sung by Horace Andy, often thought of now as an ill-chosen reference to their live soundsystem past. The other collaborators on Protection were Marius de Vries, Craig Armstrong,[9] a virtuoso Scottish classical pianist and Tricky. Tricky's solo career was taking off at this time and he decided not to collaborate with Massive Attack anymore after this, having never been very happy with Massive Attack's creative direction or in his relationships with Del Naja and Daddy G.[1]

1994-5 was also the period of Portishead's Dummy and Tricky's Maxinquaye albums and the term, "trip hop" was coined.[19] Massive Attack bitterly opposed its use, wanting to not be pigeonholed. The media started to refer to the "Bristol scene",[20] although this would be spurious to some extent as Tricky based himself in London (and later in the United States) and there was not a great deal of camaraderie between the three entities (although they could be related in that the protagonists were all connected to Blue Lines studio sessions and their wages being initially paid by Neneh Cherry and Cameron McVey's "Cherry Bear Organisation").

In 1995, Massive Attack started a label under EMI, Melankolic, a reference to their interest in elegiac music, and signed Craig Armstrong, as well as a number of other artists: Horace Andy, Alpha, Sunna and Day One. The trio espoused a non-interference philosophy that allowed the artists to make their albums in the way they wanted.[21]

The same year The Insects became unavailable for co-production and having parted ways with Nellee Hooper, the band were introduced to Neil Davidge,[22] a relatively unknown producer whose main claim to fame thus far had been an association with anonymous dance-pop outfit DNA. The first track they worked on was "The Hunter Gets Captured By The Game", a cover version sung by Tracey Thorn for the Batman Forever soundtrack. Initially, Davidge was brought in as engineer, but soon became de facto producer.

The trio increasingly fractured in the lead up to the third album, Davidge having to co-produce the three producers ideas separately. Mushroom was reported to be unhappy with the degree of the post-punk direction in which Del Naja, increasingly filling the production vacuum, was taking the band.[22]

In 1997, the group contributed to the movie soundtrack of The Jackal, recording "Superpredators (Metal Postcard)", a number containing a sample of Siouxsie and the Banshees[23] and "Dissolved Girl", a new song with vocals by Sarah Jay (which would later be remixed in a longer, darker form for the next album).

Later that year they delivered a comeback single, "Risingson", from what would be their third album, Mezzanine.[24]

1997-2001: Mezzanine, the split from Vowles and Marshall's absence

Main article: Mezzanine (album)
3D at Barcelona 2007

Mezzanine was darker, heavier sounding and more guitar-driven, the album came out initially to rather mixed reviews and a perception that it was not a commercial record, although it went on to be their most commercially successful. The record marked Massive Attack becoming a live band and incorporated more fresh, recorded live music as well as samples. Angelo Bruschini would become their permanent lead guitarist both in recording and live.[24]

The lead single, after "Risingson" was "Teardrop", perhaps the most accessible track on the album, sung by Cocteau Twin Elizabeth Fraser. The song was accompanied by a video directed by Walter Stern, of an animatronic singing fetus. Mushroom and Del Naja met Fraser in Safeway, a British supermarket. Her collaboration on three songs came about as the relationship with Tracey Thorn fell by the wayside. Horace Andy was invited back to sing on three songs, including the epic "Angel" and a track the band made for the movie The Jackal, "Dissolved Girl", sung by Sara Jay, was remixed longer and darker for inclusion on the record.

Mezzanine went on to be critically acclaimed, winning a Q Award for Best Album[25] as well as being nominated for a Mercury Award. The record eschewed hip hop to some extent in favour of more experimental, gothic and post-punk-like music, resulting from Del Naja's influence. Most of the songs were started and co-written by Neil Davidge, but Davidge did not receive any writing credit on the record. The artwork for the album is a beetle, made out of parts of a Volkswagen beetle car.

Touring extensively, friction between Mushroom and the others came to a head. Mushroom was unhappy with the direction of the group, Del Naja's dominating role and having to appear on tour.[26] He is thought to have leaked Massive Attack material to Madonna in an effort to have her involved on an album and to have been refusing to allow anyone else in the band to modify his material (seen to be against the collaborative spirit of the group). Finding his behaviour intolerable to deal with, the other two suggested he would need to leave or the band would have to end. Mushroom acrimoniously split from Massive Attack officially in the autumn of 1999. It is rumoured that he privately blamed his subsequent severe health problems on the strain of the acrimony. It was widely reported in subsequent years that he would produce a solo album, but no such material has appeared since.

In 2000, Del Naja and Daddy G released a highly publicized webcast on the state of the band and future plans, which was perceived by some to be a show of unity following divorce from Mushroom.

Around this time, Del Naja, with Davidge decanted into Ridge Farm studio with friends and band members of Lupine Howl (itself made up of sacked members of the band Spiritualized, including Damon Reece who would go on to be Massive Attack's permanent drummer and one of two live drummers) towards a fourth Massive Attack LP, taking things even further into an experimental, psychedelic rock direction.[6]

Daddy G became increasingly disillusioned with this approach, despite having supported the direction up until the point of Mezzanine, and stayed away from the studio from around 2001, effectively leaving Massive Attack as a producer.

Robert Del Naja and Davidge eventually conceded that the separate elements of the Lupine Howl sessions did not make for great music and this material is almost entirely discarded in favour of a more cinematic and busily electronic sound.

It was around this point that their label, Melankolic started to decline. There were no releases from after 2002 and the company dissolved in 2003. Del Naja later suggested in interviews that it was in part due to the artists "taking the piss" in spending too much money and Daddy G cited Virgin records' lack of infrastructural support as a reason for the downfall.

2001 also saw the release of Eleven Promos, a DVD of all Massive Attack's 11 music videos thus far, including "Angel", a £100,000+ promo that they initially withdrew from fear of inflaming unhelpful speculation about the relationships in the band at the time, even though it was Daddy G, and not Mushroom who is depicted running away.[27]

2002-2006: Del Naja's unilateral 100th Window, Marshall's return and Collected

Main article: 100th Window

With Daddy G no longer involved in the studio, Davidge and Del Naja steered "LP4" on their own. Enlisting the vocals of a flu-ridden Sinéad O'Connor and perennial favourite Horace Andy, 100th Window was mastered in August 2002 and released in February 2003.[28]

More sonically conceptual than the other records and featuring no samples of other artists or cover versions, 100th Window, a reference to a book about internet security used as a metaphor apropos 'no man is an island'. It was not as critically well received in Britain as the other records, although the album received a warmer reception internationally; scoring a 75 outof 100 on review aggregation site Metacritic.[29]

Also in 2003, Del Naja was arrested on child porn allegations, which were reported very widely in all media outlets, thanks to the UK police and The Sun newspaper.[30] The allegations resulted from his having entered his credit card details into a website in 1999 that was connected to other material which he did not view. Del Naja was soon eliminated as a suspect[31] (although he was charged with ecstasy possession and unable to get a U.S. visa for a while) with Daddy G and fans proffering their support. The arrest affected the beginning of the 100th Window tour schedule.

The tour did not include the United States and was very elaborate in terms of its light show, collaborating again with UVA (United Visual Artists).

Despite the difficulties of 2003, 100th Window sold over a million copies and was toured extensively (including Queen Square, Bristol - a one-off concert set up in the city centre park, which was seen as a homecoming).[32] Daddy G was fully involved as a member of the tour. It was rumoured that the tour of 2003 was so expensive, it sent Massive Attack into the red, with the group unable to fully pay the roadies at the time. A less ambitious tour took place in 2004.

Afterwards, Del Naja and Davidge agreed to an offer from director Louis Leterrier, to score the entire soundtrack for Danny The Dog, starring Jet Li. It was off the back of this lucrative job that they would have the funding to buy their own '100 Suns' studio. Dot Allison, who had sung with the band on the 100th Window tour, sang the end titles track, "Aftersun". Davidge also scored the soundtrack for the more critically well-received Bullet Boy film, with Del Naja on the end titles.

In 2005, Daddy G started coming into the studio, although little came of the material. He decided to instead work with a production duo, Robot Club, in another studio, feeling that he would be more free to develop tracks in the way he wanted. Meanwhile, Del Naja and Davidge recorded with a number of different singers as well as creating a track named "Twilight", for UNKLE's War Stories album. Later that year, Massive Attack decided to release their contractually-obliged compilation album "Collected" in 2006. They released it with a second disc, made up of previously released non-album songs and unreleased sketches.[28]

Massive Attack toured their greatest hits record, including North America for the first time in nearly eight years. It sold well and was critically well-received for the most part. The artwork is an echo of the concept of Mezzanine, depicting four wreath-looking flowers as if they were made out of weapons. The justification given for the compilation album was that the record buys the band more time with the record company to develop "LP5" in the way that they want.

2007-present: Heligoland era

Main article: Heligoland (album)

In 2007, Del Naja and Davidge scored three soundtracks, In Prison My Whole Life (which featured a track called "Calling Mumia" with vocals by American rapper Snoop Dogg), Battle In Seattle and Trouble the Water (which received an Oscar nomination for the music). All of this soundtrack work was either credited as Neil Davidge and Robert Del Naja or under the guise of 100 Suns, in an effort to differentiate the soundtrack/film scoring work from the brand name of Massive Attack.

It became apparent in 2007, through the band's MySpace, that they were working with Stephanie Dosen and she later became part of the touring line-up, Elizabeth Fraser having returned to the live repertoire initially.

In February 2007, Massive Attack hosted a charity benefit for the Hoping Foundation, a charity for Palestinian children, cementing their reputation as one of Britain's political engaged bands. A year afterwards, in 2008, it was announced that Massive Attack were to curate the UK's Southbank Meltdown, a week long event encompassing numerous bands Massive Attack like and relate to. It was suggested in interviews that this event would inspire Massive Attack back into action, having spent several years drifting towards the completion of their fifth studio album.[33] Later on the same year, the band picked up a Q award for Innovation.

Later that year, Del Naja and Daddy G headed to Damon Albarn's studios for some writing and jamming. Around this time, Davidge scored the soundtrack for a Paul McGuigan movie, Push and in December, Del Naja completed the score for 44 Inch Chest with The Insects and Angelo Badalamenti.

Davidge and Del Naja then got back together in 2009 with Daddy G to concertedly finish the fifth album, incorporating bits of the Albarn material. It had been widely suggested that "LP5" (formerly known as Weather Underground) would be released in September 2009 (even as specifically as September 22, 2009 on the official forum). Massive Attack have claimed the album will be released in 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008 and now 2009. It was eventually confirmed that the album would be released on February 8, 2010, after producer Neil Davidge declared the record finished on November 12, 2009. Later it was announced that the band are to headline the 2009 Bestival festival and soon after that they are to tour the UK[34] and Europe,[35] which has led to speculation that "LP5" is imminent, along with two strange and typically caps-locked blog entries by 3D on the official site, one being entitled "SUMMER OF SUBMISSION".[36] In May, Robert Del Naja's instrumental "Herculaneum", featured in the movie Gomorra, won an Italian award for Best Song. Later that month, Del Naja and Marshall picked up a special Ivor Novello award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music. [37]

In June 2009, it was announced that, on May 29, Jonny Dollar, aged 45, lost his battle against cancer, survived by his wife and 4 children. Dollar was the programmer and hands-on producer behind Blue Lines, writing the melody that was the basis for "Unfinished Sympathy". [38]

On August 25 their new EP, Splitting the Atom, was announced. The other new tracks on the EP were revealed to be Tunde Adebimpe's "Pray For Rain", Martina Topley-Bird's "Psyche" and Guy Garvey's "Bulletproof Love". The latter two tracks appear as remixes of the intended album versions and none of "LP5"'s tracks are expected to resemble the versions that were played on the previous tour, with some songs, such as "Dobro", dropped altogether.

"LP5" was finished on 12 November 2009, according to producer, Neil Davidge. A number of articles fuel rumours that Del Naja will call the album Hell Ego Land. [39] It is in fact called Heligoland, after the German archipelago of Heligoland.

Discography

Main article: Massive Attack discography

Studio albums

EPs

Other releases

  • No Protection (1995) (A dub remix album by Mad Professor)
  • Singles 90/98 (1998) (An 11-disc box set)
  • Danny the Dog± (2004) (An instrumental film score - rebranded Unleashed for the US market)
  • Collected (2006) (A double compilation album and DVD, comprising a Best Of, new/other material and 16 promo videos)
± Not regarded by Massive Attack or its management as one of the six studio albums owed to their record company.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Ankeny, Jason. "Massive Attack > Biography". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  2. ^ "Carlton Discography". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  3. ^ Henderson, Richard (5 September 1998). "Virgin Anniversary Salute: The U.S.: Co-presidents Cooper And Newton Are An Illustrious Pair Who Travel Well And Know Their Places". Billboard (as found at allbusiness.com). Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  4. ^ Coffey, Richard (7 October 2009). "Massive Attack interview". Retrieved 2009-07-10.
  5. ^ "Cyber Elite - Massive Attack". Time Digital. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  6. ^ a b Staff writer (15 February 2003). "The brand plays on". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  7. ^ McLean, Craig (16 April 2008). "Portishead: back on the beat". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  8. ^ "Interview with Cameron "Booga Bear" McVey". Reseize. January 15, 2007.
  9. ^ a b Lynskey, Dorian (6 February 2007). "Massive Attack talk to Dorian Lynskey". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  10. ^ "MASSIVE ATTACK Discography - Page 1". eil.com. Retrieved 2009-05-22. Any Love (Mega rare 1988 UK self released debut 2-track 12" on Massive Attack Records, includes Bonus Version, stickered sleeve MASS001)
  11. ^ Taylor, Angus (9 January 2009). "BBC - Music - Review of Neneh Cherry - Raw Like Sushi". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-22. The offbeat, ambient ballad Manchild (co-written with Massive Attack's 3D)
  12. ^ a b Bush, John. "allmusic ((( Blue Lines > Overview )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  13. ^ "Andrea Parker". New Musical Express. Retrieved 2009-05-22. Will Malone, who had worked on horror movie soundtracks and Massive Attack's classic "Unfinished Sympathy".
  14. ^ Wells, Matt (8 November 1999). "How Robbie headed Amadeus in the race to be music's man of the millennium". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-05-22. Best song: 10. Unfinished Sympathy - Massive Attack.
  15. ^ "BBC - Radio 2 - Sold On Song - Brits25 - Unfinished Sympathy". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-22. Reaching number thirteen in the UK in 1991, Unfinished Sympathy was released under the group name Massive, due to the Gulf War of the same year
  16. ^ "Massive Attack". www.massiveattack.ie. Retrieved 2009-05-22. The impetus for dropping the soundsystem ethos which had been all the band had known from the days in The Wild Bunch was partly to simply try something new and also because some of the scathing reviews Massive Attack had received, particularly in their soundsystem tour of North America the preceding year, where the whole soundsystem concept involving a rotating roster of MC-ing, toasting and DJ-ing, wasn't understood at all by the audience. 3D said of the North American soundsystem Quote - "Didn't go down too well at all. The worst show was Minneapolis. Prince's Club. What was it called? Glam Slam? In the end they had to put the curtain down on us, we were so bad. Bloody terrible". [Details Magazine - February 1995] {{cite web}}: Text "Gigography Guide" ignored (help); Text "MASSIVEATTACK.IE" ignored (help); Text "Protection Tour" ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Massive Attack - Protection Tour". www.massiveattack.ie. Retrieved 2009-05-22. It was also the Levi's connection that brought the Massive Attack's current manager, Marc Picken to them, who worked for Levi's at the time and had some form of organizing role for the Protection tour, left Levi's to manage Massive Attack full-time and also setup their Melankolic record label as well with them.
  18. ^ "Massive Attack presented in Music section". www.newsfinder.org. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  19. ^ Reynolds, Simon (28 May 1995). "POP VIEW; Another City, Another New Sound". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  20. ^ Slinger, Benjamin. "Bristol: Rise Up". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  21. ^ "this is melankolic records (archived at web.archive.org)". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  22. ^ a b "BBC - collective - Massive Attack interview transcript part 3". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  23. ^ Massive Attack copyright of the song "Superpredators"
  24. ^ a b Bush, John. "allmusic ((( Mezzanine > Overview )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  25. ^ "The Q Awards". www.everyhit.com. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  26. ^ Sawyer, Miranda (11 May 2008). "Massive Attack talk to Miranda Sawyer". The Observer. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  27. ^ Jurek, Thom. "allmusic ((( Collected/Rarities/Eleven Promos > Overview )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  28. ^ a b Bush, John. "allmusic ((( 100th Window > Overview )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  29. ^ "100th Window".
  30. ^ Staff (27 February 2003). "Police question musician over child porn". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  31. ^ Barnes, Anthony; Marshall, Nina (23 March 2003). "Police clear Massive Attack star in child porn inquiry". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  32. ^ "BBC - Going Out in Bristol - Massive Attack wow home crowd". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  33. ^ Gibson, Owen (15 February 2008). "Meltdown launches Massive Attack as festival curators". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  34. ^ "Massive Attack". www.seetickets.com. Retrieved 2009-05-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |promoter= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |showname= ignored (help)
  35. ^ "Massive Attack - European Shows". massiveattack.com. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  36. ^ "MASSIVE ATTACK - AN UPDATE". massiveattack.com. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  37. ^ "Massive Attack to Return with Huge World Tour". billboard.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  38. ^ "Blue Lines producer dies". musicweek.com. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  39. ^ "Homepage Antena 3". Antena 3. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
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