Bitter orange: Difference between revisions
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In two places, I made the language more precise (see footnote) |
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The [[solvent extraction|extract]] of bitter orange (and bitter orange peel) has been used in [[dietary supplements]] as an [[Anti-obesity medication|aid]] to [[Weight loss|fat loss]] and as an [[appetite suppressant]], although in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] it is always prescribed in concert with other support herbs, not in isolation. Bitter orange contains [[synephrine]], a substance similar to [[ephedrine]], which acts on the [[alpha-1 adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1</sub> adrenergic receptor]] to [[vasoconstriction|constrict blood vessels]] and increase [[blood pressure]] and [[heart rate]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ |title=Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=53–7 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16317106 |doi=10.1345/aph.1G488 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hess AM, Sullivan DL |title=Potential for toxicity with use of bitter orange extract and guarana for weight loss |journal=The Annals of pharmacotherapy |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=574–5 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15657116 |doi=10.1345/aph.1E249 |url=}}</ref> |
The [[solvent extraction|extract]] of bitter orange (and bitter orange peel) has been used in [[dietary supplements]] as an [[Anti-obesity medication|aid]] to [[Weight loss|fat loss]] and as an [[appetite suppressant]], although in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] it is always prescribed in concert with other support herbs, not in isolation. Bitter orange contains [[synephrine]], a substance similar to [[ephedrine]], which acts on the [[alpha-1 adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1</sub> adrenergic receptor]] to [[vasoconstriction|constrict blood vessels]] and increase [[blood pressure]] and [[heart rate]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ |title=Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=53–7 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16317106 |doi=10.1345/aph.1G488 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hess AM, Sullivan DL |title=Potential for toxicity with use of bitter orange extract and guarana for weight loss |journal=The Annals of pharmacotherapy |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=574–5 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15657116 |doi=10.1345/aph.1E249 |url=}}</ref> |
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Following bans on the herbal stimulant [[ephedra]] in the [[United States|U.S.]], [[Canada]], and elsewhere, bitter orange has been substituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by [[dietary supplement]] manufacturers.<ref name="nyt"/> While bitter orange has not undergone formal safety testing, it |
Following bans on the herbal stimulant [[ephedra]] in the [[United States|U.S.]], [[Canada]], and elsewhere, bitter orange has been substituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by [[dietary supplement]] manufacturers.<ref name="nyt"/> While bitter orange has not undergone formal safety testing, it is suspected to cause the same spectrum of [[adverse events]] as ephedra.<ref name="jordan">{{cite journal |author=Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K |title=Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=171 |issue=8 |pages=993–4 |year=2004 |month=October |pmid=15497209 |doi= |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15497209}}</ref> [[Case report]]s have linked dietary supplements to [[stroke]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS |title=Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=541–5 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15819293 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Holmes RO, Tavee J |title=Vasospasm and stroke attributable to ephedra-free xenadrine: case report |journal=Military Medicine |volume=173 |issue=7 |pages=708–10 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18700609 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[angina]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, Weintraub AR, Estes NA |title=Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=545–8 |year=2006 |month=April |pmid=16610576 |doi= |url=}}</ref> and [[ischemic colitis]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sultan S, Spector J, Mitchell RM |title=Ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange-containing dietary weight-loss supplement |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=81 |issue=12 |pages=1630–1 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17165643 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
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The [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] found that "there is currently little evidence that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."<ref name="nccam">{{cite web | publisher = [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] | title = Bitter Orange | url = http://nccam.nih.gov/health/bitterorange/ | date = April 2008 | accessdate = 2008-11-03}}</ref> There is no evidence that bitter orange is effective in promoting weight loss.<ref name="sharpe">{{cite journal |author=Sharpe PA, Granner ML, Conway JM, Ainsworth BE, Dobre M |title=Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=106 |issue=12 |pages=2045–51 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17126636 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.014 |url=}}</ref> |
The [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] found that "there is currently little evidence that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."<ref name="nccam">{{cite web | publisher = [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] | title = Bitter Orange | url = http://nccam.nih.gov/health/bitterorange/ | date = April 2008 | accessdate = 2008-11-03}}</ref> There is no evidence that bitter orange is effective in promoting weight loss.<ref name="sharpe">{{cite journal |author=Sharpe PA, Granner ML, Conway JM, Ainsworth BE, Dobre M |title=Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=106 |issue=12 |pages=2045–51 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17126636 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.014 |url=}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:34, 8 March 2010
- For the fruit known as "Chinese Bitter Orange," see Trifoliate orange.
| Citrus aurantium | |
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| Species: | C. aurantium
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| Citrus aurantium | |
The name "bitter orange", also known as Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, and marmalade orange, refers to a citrus tree (Citrus aurantium) and its fruit. Many varieties of bitter oranges are used for their essential oil, which is used in perfume and as a flavoring. Bitter orange is also used in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant, and has replaced ephedra, that was banned in USA, in many herbal weight-loss products,[2] despite similar concerns about potential serious side effects and lack of effectiveness.[3][4]
Varieties
- Citrus aurantium subsp. amara is a spiny evergreen tree native to southern Vietnam, but widely cultivated. It is used as grafting stock for citrus trees, in marmalade, and in the liqueurs Triple sec, Grand Marnier and Curaçao. It is also cultivated for the essential oil expressed from the fruit, and for neroli oil and orange flower water, which are distilled from the flowers.
- Seville orange (or bigarade) is a widely-known, particularly tart orange which is now grown throughout the Mediterranean region. It has a thick, dimpled skin and is prized for making marmalade, being higher in pectin than the sweet orange, and therefore giving a better set and a higher yield. It is also used in compotes and for orange-flavored liqueurs.
- Bergamot orange, C. aurantium subsp. bergamia is cultivated in Italy for the production of bergamot oil, a component of many brands of perfume and tea, especially Earl Grey tea.
- Chinotto, from the myrtle-leaved orange tree, C. aurantium var. myrtifolia, native to Italy; used for the namesake Italian soda beverage.
- Daidai, C. aurantium var. daidai, used in Chinese medicine and Japanese New Year celebrations.
- Wild Florida sour orange, found near small streams in generally secluded and wooded parts of Florida.
Uses
In cooking
The unripe fruit called "narthangai" is commonly used in Southern Indian food, especially in Tamil cuisine. The unripe fruit is pickled by cutting it into spirals and stuffing it with salt. The pickle is usually consumed with thayir sadam. The fresh fruit is also used frequently in pachadis. The juice from the ripe fruit is also used as a marinade in meat in Nicaraguan, Cuban and Dominican cooking. The peel can also become an ingredient in bitters. The Belgian Witbier (white beer) is a beer made from wheat which is spiced with the peel of the bitter orange. The Finnish and Swedish use bitter orange peel in gingerbread (Pepparkakor), also in mämmi. It's also used in the Nordic mulled wine glögg.
In medicine
The extract of bitter orange (and bitter orange peel) has been used in dietary supplements as an aid to fat loss and as an appetite suppressant, although in traditional Chinese medicine it is always prescribed in concert with other support herbs, not in isolation. Bitter orange contains synephrine, a substance similar to ephedrine, which acts on the α1 adrenergic receptor to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure and heart rate.[5][6]
Following bans on the herbal stimulant ephedra in the U.S., Canada, and elsewhere, bitter orange has been substituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by dietary supplement manufacturers.[2] While bitter orange has not undergone formal safety testing, it is suspected to cause the same spectrum of adverse events as ephedra.[7] Case reports have linked dietary supplements to strokes,[8][9] angina,[10] and ischemic colitis.[11]
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that "there is currently little evidence that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."[4] There is no evidence that bitter orange is effective in promoting weight loss.[3]
The fact that bitter orange is a stimulant which constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure and heart rate means that it is thermogenic, increasing metabolism, and an appetite suppressant. These three property are a large contributing factor to fat loss, supporting any diet.
See also
References
- ^ "Citrus aurantium L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-12-17. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
- ^ a b Duenwald, Mary (2005-10-11). "Bitter Orange Under Scrutiny as New Ephedra". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b Sharpe PA, Granner ML, Conway JM, Ainsworth BE, Dobre M (2006). "Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 106 (12): 2045–51. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.014. PMID 17126636.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Bitter Orange". National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. April 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ^ Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ (2006). "Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 40 (1): 53–7. doi:10.1345/aph.1G488. PMID 16317106.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hess AM, Sullivan DL (2005). "Potential for toxicity with use of bitter orange extract and guarana for weight loss". The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 39 (3): 574–5. doi:10.1345/aph.1E249. PMID 15657116.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K (2004). "Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 171 (8): 993–4. PMID 15497209.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS (2005). "Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 80 (4): 541–5. PMID 15819293.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Holmes RO, Tavee J (2008). "Vasospasm and stroke attributable to ephedra-free xenadrine: case report". Military Medicine. 173 (7): 708–10. PMID 18700609.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, Weintraub AR, Estes NA (2006). "Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 81 (4): 545–8. PMID 16610576.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sultan S, Spector J, Mitchell RM (2006). "Ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange-containing dietary weight-loss supplement". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 81 (12): 1630–1. PMID 17165643.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citrus aurantium.