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[[Image:Saxophone_alto.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Saxophones of different sizes play in different registers. This is an [[Alto saxophone|alto saxophone]] in Eb. it plays an octave below the [[Sopranino saxophone|sporanino sax]], and an octave above the [[Baritone saxophone|baritone sax]].]] |
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The '''saxophone''' or '''sax''' is a conical instrument of the [[woodwind]] family, usually made of [[brass]] and played with a single-reed mouthpiece like the clarinet. It was invented by [[Adolphe Sax]] in the [[1840s]]. The saxophone is most commonly associated with [[popular music]], [[big band]] music, and [[jazz]], but it was originally intended as both an [[Orchestra|orchestral]] and [[military band]] instrument. [[List of saxophonists|Saxophone players]] are appropriately called '''saxophonists'''. |
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==History== |
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The saxophone was created in the early 1840s by [[Adolphe Sax]], a [[Belgium|Belgian]]-born instrument-maker, [[flautist]], and [[clarinetist]] working in Paris, and was first officially revealed to the public in the presentation of the [[Bass saxophone|bass saxophone]] in [[1841]], and in the patent of [[1846]] (which was granted to him on [[May 17]]). He drew up plans for 14 different types of saxophones, but they were not all realized. Sax's amazing ability to offend rival instrument manufacturers, and unfortunate prejudice towards the man and his instruments led to it not being used in orchestral groups, and for a long time it was relegated to military bands--this despite his great friendship with the influential Parisian composer [[Hector Berlioz]]. |
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The inspiration for the instrument is unknown, but there is good evidence that fitting a [[clarinet]] mouthpiece to an [[ophicleide]] is the most likely origin (doing so results in a definitely saxophone-like sound). Sax worked in his father's workshop for many years, and both clarinets and ophicleides were manufactured there. The [[Hungary|Hungarian]]/[[Romania|Romanian]] [[tarogato]], which is quite similar to a [[soprano saxophone]], has also been speculated to have been an inspiration. However, this cannot be so, as the modern tarogato with a single reed mouthpiece was not developed until the 1890's, long after the saxophone had been invented. It is likely that Sax's intent was to invent an entirely new instrument which suited his desires both tonally and technically and possessed a new level of flexibility. This would explain why he chose to name the instrument the "Sound of Sax." |
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In short, Sax intended to harness the finesse of a woodwind with the power of a brass instrument. |
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The development is defined almost entirely in terms of Sax's patent. For the duration of the patent (1846-1866) no one except the Sax factory could legally manufacture or modify the instruments. After 1866 many modifications were introduced by a number of manufacturers. |
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[[Image:Klaus Doldinger alleine mit Saxophon.jpg|thumb|right|The jazz saxophonist [[Klaus Doldinger]] playing the [[tenor saxophone|tenor sax]].]] |
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==Construction== |
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The saxophone uses a single reed [[mouthpiece]] similar to that of a [[clarinet]], but with a round or square evacuated inner chamber. The saxophone's body is effectively conical, giving it properties more similar to the [[oboe]] than to the [[clarinet]]. However, unlike the [[oboe]], whose tube is a single cone, most saxophones have a distinctive curve at the bell. Straight soprano and sopranino saxophones are more common than curved ones, and a very few straight alto and tenor saxophones have been made, as novelties. Straight baritone and C melody saxophones have occasionally been made as custom instruments, but were never production items (reference [http://mysite.verizon.net/res8o1o8/StraightC.htm], Jay Easton's custom Vito straight baritone [http://www.jayeaston.com/galleries/sax_family/unusual_saxes_page/sax_php_unusual.html] and Bennie Meroff's custom Buescher Straight Baritone [http://www.contrabass.com/contra-archive/contra76.html]). There is some debate amongst players as to whether the curve affects the tone or not. |
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==Materials== |
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Nearly all saxophones are made from [[brass]]. After completing the instrument, manufacturers usually apply either a coating of clear or colored [[lacquer]], or [[plating]] of [[silver]] or [[gold]], over the bare brass. The lacquer or plating serves to protect the brass from corrosion, to enhance sound quality, and/or (in the case of colored lacquers) to give the saxophone an interesting visual appearance. |
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Other materials have been tried with varying degrees of success, as with the [[1950s]] [[plastic]] saxophones made by the [[Grafton saxophone|Grafton]] company, and the rare wooden saxophones. Prior to 1960, some instruments were plated with [[nickel]] as a cheaper alternative to silver; prior to 1930, it was common for instruments to be sold with a bare brass finish (without lacquer or plating). Certain companies, such as [http://www.yanagisawasax.co.jp/ Yanagisawa], manufacture saxophones made from [[bronze]], which is said to resonate better than brass. |
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==The mouthpiece== |
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[[Image:Mouthpiece tenor saxophone.jpg|thumb|Two mouthpieces for [[tenor saxophone]]; the one on the left is for [[classical music]]; the one on the right is for [[jazz]].]] |
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Mouthpieces come in a wide variety of materials, including [[rubber]], [[plastic]], and metal. Less common materials that have been used include wood, glass, crystal, and even bone. Metal mouthpieces are believed by some to have a distinctive sound, often described as 'brighter' than the more common rubber. Some players believe that plastic mouthpieces do not produce a good tone. Other saxophonists maintain that the material has little, if any, effect on the sound, and that the physical dimensions give a mouthpiece its tone color. (Teal 17) Mouthpieces with a concave ("excavated") chamber are more true to to Adolphe Sax's original design; these provide a softer or less piercing tone, and are favored by some saxophonists for classical playing. |
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Jazz and [[popular music]] saxophonists often play on high-baffled mouthpieces. These are configured so the baffle, or "ceiling," of the mouthpiece is closer to the reed. This produces a brighter sound which more easily "cuts through" a big band or amplified instruments. While high baffles (and the resulting tone) are commonly associated with metal mouthpieces, any mouthpiece may have a high baffle. Mouthpieces with larger tip openings provide pitch flexibility, allowing the player to "bend" notes, an effect commonly used in jazz and rock music. Classical players usually opt for a mouthpiece with a smaller tip opening and a lower baffle; this combination provides a darker sound and more stable pitch. Most classical players play on rubber mouthpieces with a round or square inner chamber. |
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==Reeds== |
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[[Image:Saxophone reeds-alto, tenor.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[[Frederick Hemke|Frederick L. Hemke]] [[alto saxophone|alto]] and [[tenor saxophone]] reeds.]] |
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Like [[clarinet]]s, saxophones use a single [[reed (music)|reed]]. Saxophone reeds are wider than clarinet reeds. Each size of saxophone (alto, tenor, etc.) uses a different size of reed. Reeds are commercially available in a vast array of brands, styles, and strength. Each player experiments with reeds of different strength (hardnesses) to find which strength suits his mouthpiece and playing style. Strength is usually measured using a numeric scale that ranges from 1 to 6 (though one rarely sees a reed at either end of this spectrum). Unfortunately, this scale is far from standardized between brands; thus a Rico #3 reed is decidedly softer than a Vandoren #3, for example. |
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Some players make their own reeds from "blanks", but as this is time-consuming and usually requires expensive equipment, most do not. Most players, however, adjust reeds by shaving or sanding. Methods for 'breaking in' reeds, caring for reeds, and adjusting reeds are a controversial topic among players, and opinions about how long reeds remain playable differ greatly among players. Most players agree that reeds are somewhat inconsistent and require maintenance. Because saliva comes in contact with reeds, they should be rinsed right after playing in order to stifle germs and to prevent the saliva from deteriorating the reed's fibers. Advanced students and professional saxophonists spend years perfecting their methods of reed selection, storage, and adjustment. |
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Most reeds are made from cane; however, synthetic reeds, made from various substances, are available, and are used by a small number of saxophonists. Many players consider them to have poor sound, or say they would consider them for use only in a context, such as a marching band, where tone quality is relatively unimportant. On the other hand, synthetic reeds are generally more durable than their natural counterparts, do not need to be moistened prior to playing, and can be more consistent in quality. Recent developments in synthetic reed technology has produced reeds made from synthetic polymer compounds [http://www.legere.com], which are gaining increased acceptance among some players, especially for use when the instrument is played intermittently (during which time a natural reed might become dry). |
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==Members of the saxophone family== |
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[[Image:JayCEastonSaxFamily.jpg|thumb|288px|right|[[Jay C. Easton]] with ten members of the saxophone family. From largest to smallest: [[Contrabass saxophone|contrabass]], [[Bass saxophone|bass]], [[Baritone saxophone|baritone]], [[Tenor saxophone|tenor]], [[C melody saxophone|C melody]], [[Alto saxophone|alto]], F mezzo-soprano, [[Soprano saxophone|soprano]], C soprano, [[Sopranino saxophone|sopranino]].]] |
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The saxophone was originally patented as two families, each consisting of seven instruments. The "orchestral" family consisted of instruments in the keys of C and F, and the "military band" family in E-flat and B-flat. Each family consisted of [[Sopranino saxophone|sopranino]], [[Soprano saxophone|soprano]], [[Alto saxophone|alto]], [[Tenor saxophone|tenor]], [[Baritone saxophone|baritone]], [[Bass saxophone|bass]] and [[Contrabass saxophone|contrabass]], although some of these were never made; Sax also planned--but never made--a [[Subcontrabass saxophone|subcontrabass]] ('''Bourdon''') saxophone. |
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===Common saxophones=== |
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In the band family, only the [[Soprano saxophone|soprano]], [[Alto saxophone|alto]], [[Tenor saxophone|tenor]] and [[Baritone saxophone|baritone]] are in common use (these form the typical saxophone sections of both military and big bands). The bass saxophone is occasionally used in band music (especially music by [[Percy Grainger]]). |
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Most saxophone players begin learning on the alto, branching out to tenor, soprano or baritone after gaining competency. The alto saxophone is the most popular among classical composers and performers; most classical saxophonists focus primarily on the alto. In jazz, the tenor is the predominant saxophone used by soloists, followed by the alto. The soprano has regained a degree of popularity over recent decades in jazz/pop/rock contexts, beginning first with the work of [[jazz]] saxophonist [[John Coltrane]] in the 1960s. The soprano is often thought of as more difficult to play, or to keep in tune than alto, tenor and baritone saxophones. A few bass, sopranino, and contrabass saxophones are still manufactured; these are mainly for collectors or novelty use, and are rarely used except in large saxophone ensembles. |
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===Rare saxophones and novelty sizes=== |
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Of the orchestral family, only the tenor in C, soprano in C, and mezzo-soprano in F (similar to the modern alto) ever gained popularity. The tenor in C, generally known as the [[C melody saxophone]], became very popular among amateurs in the 1920s and early 1930s, because its players could read music in concert pitch (such as that written for piano, voice, or violin) without the need to transpose. Although the instrument was popularized by players such as [[Rudy Wiedoeft]] and [[Frankie Trumbauer]], it did not secure a permanent place in either jazz or classical music. The C-Melody was manufactured well into the 1930's long after its initial popularity had waned, although it became a special order item in the catalogs of some makers. The instrument is now a commonly encountered attic or garage sale relic, though since the 1980s a few contemporary saxophonists have begun to utilize the instrument once again. A similarly sized instrument, the [http://cvip.fresno.com/~js210/contra.html contralto saxophone], was developed in the late 20th century by California instrument maker Jim Schmidt; this instrument has a larger bore and a new fingering system so it does not resemble the C melody instrument except for its key and register. |
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Also in the early 20th century, the C soprano (pitched a whole step above the B-flat soprano) was marketed to those who wished to perform oboe parts in [[Military band|military band]] and [[vaudeville]] arrangements. C sopranos are easy to confuse with regular (B-flat) sopranos, since they are only approximately 2 centimeters shorter in size. None has been produced since the late 1920's. The mezzo-soprano in F (produced by the American firm Conn during the period 1928-1929) is extremely rare; most remaining examples are in the possession of serious instrument collectors. The baritone in F is among the rarest sizes of saxophone; such instruments are extremely rare nowadays, and often resemble an [[ophicleide]]. It is uncertain whether any specimens of the bass saxophone in C (the first saxophone constructed and exhibited by Sax in the early 1840s) remain. |
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Construction difficulties mean that only recently has a true sopranissimo saxophone been produced. Nicknamed the [[Soprillo]], this piccolo-sized saxophone is an octave above the soprano, and its diminutive size necessitates an octave key on the mouthpiece. |
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===Related instruments=== |
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A number of saxophone-related instruments have appeared since Sax's original work, most enjoying no significant success. These include the ''saxello'', similar to a straight soprano but with a slightly curved neck and tipped bell; the straight alto; and the straight tenor (currently made only by the [http://www.lasax.com/ L.A. Sax Company]). Since a straight-bore tenor is approximately five feet long, the cumbersome size of such a design hinders both playing the horn (particularly when seated) and carrying it. King ''Saxellos,'' made by the H. N. White Company in the 1920s, now command prices up to US$4,000. A number of companies, including [[Rampone & Cazzani]] and [[L.A. Sax]], are marketing straight-bore, tipped-bell soprano saxophones as saxellos (or "saxello sopranos"). |
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Two of these variants were championed by jazz musician [[Rahsaan Roland Kirk]], who called his straight alto a ''stritch'' and his modified saxello a ''manzello''; this unique instrument featured a larger-than-usual bell and modified keywork. |
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The [[Tubax]], developed in 1999 by the German instrument maker [[Benedikt Eppelsheim]][http://www.eppelsheim.com/eppelsheim-blasinstrumente.html], plays the same range, and with the same fingering, as the E-flat contrabass saxophone; its bore, however, is narrower than that of a contrabass saxophone, making for a more compact instrument with a "reedier" tone (akin to the double-reed contrabass [[sarrusophone]]). |
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Another unusual variant of the saxophone was the ''Conn-O-Sax'', a straight-bore instrument in F (one step above the E-flat alto) with a slightly curved neck and spherical bell. The instrument, which combined a saxophone bore and keys with a bell shaped similar to that of a [[heckelphone]], was intended to imitate the timbre of the [[English horn]] and was produced only between 1928 and 1930. The instrument had a key range from low A to high G. |
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Although not true saxophones, inexpensive keyless folk versions of the saxophone made of [[bamboo]] were developed in the 20th century by instrument makers in [[Hawaii]], [[Jamaica]], [[Argentina]], [[Thailand]], and [[Indonesia]]. The Hawaiian instrument, called a [[xaphoon]], is also marketed as a "bamboo sax," although its cylindrical bore more closely resembles that of a clarinet. Jamaica's best known exponent of a similar type of homemade bamboo "saxophone" was the [[mento]] musician and instrument maker [http://www.mentomusic.com/sugar.htm Sugar Belly (William Walker)]. In the [[Minahasa]] region of the Indonesian island of [[Sulawesi]], there exist entire bands made up of [http://www.kolintang.co.id/rumah.htm bamboo "saxophones"] and "brass" instruments of various sizes. These instruments are clever imitations of European instruments, made using local materials. |
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==Writing for the saxophone== |
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Music for all sizes of saxophone is written on the [[treble clef]]. The standard written range extends from a B-flat below the staff to an F or F# three ledger lines above the staff. Higher notes -- those in the altissimo range (ranging from high F# or above) -- can also be played using advanced techniques. Sax himself had mastered these techniques; he demonstrated the instrument as having a range of over three [[Octave|octaves]]. |
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Virtually all saxophones are [[Transposing instrument|transposing instruments]]: Sopranino, [[Alto saxophone|alto]] and [[Baritone saxophone|baritone]] saxophones are in the key of E-flat, and [[Soprano saxophone|soprano]], [[Tenor saxophone|tenor]] and [[Bass saxophone|bass]] saxophones are in the key of B-flat. Because all instruments use the same fingerings for a given written note, it is easy for a player to switch between different saxophones. When a saxophonist plays a C on the staff on an E-flat [[Alto saxophone|alto]], the note sounds as E-flat a sixth below the written note. A C played on a B-flat [[Tenor saxophone|tenor]], however, sounds as B-flat a ninth below. The E-flat [[Baritone saxophone|baritone]] is an octave below the [[Alto saxophone|alto]], and the B-flat [[Soprano saxophone|soprano]] is an octave above the [[Tenor saxophone|tenor]]. The following discussion refers entirely to the notes as written, and therefore applies equally to all members of the saxophone family. |
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Since the baritone and alto are pitched in Eb, they can play concert pitch music written in bass clef by imagining it to be treble clef and adding three sharps to the key signature. On the baritone, this allows the playing of bassoon and bass parts at sounding pitch. This is a useful skill, especially if baritone sax parts are not available. |
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Most late-model baritone saxophones have an extra key that allows the player to play a low A (concert C), but other members of the family do not (except for a few rare altos made by [[The Selmer Company]] [http://saxpics.com/the_gallery/selmer/mark_vi/alto/low_a/]), and composers who write this note for baritone should be aware that it may not actually be played if the saxophonist uses an older instrument. |
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==The saxophone in ensembles== |
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Besides functioning as a solo instrument, the saxophone is also an effective ensemble instrument, particularly when several members of the saxophone family are played in combination. Although only occasionally called for in [[Orchestra|orchestral]] music, saxophone sections (usually encompassing the alto, tenor, and baritone instruments, but sometimes also the soprano and/or bass) are an important part of the jazz [[big band]], as well as military, concert, and marching bands. |
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Ensembles made up exclusively of saxophones are also popular, with the most common being the [[saxophone quartet]] (comprising the soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone instruments, or, more rarely, two altos, tenor, and baritone). There is an extensive repertoire of classical compositions and arrangements for this instrumentation dating back to the nineteenth century, particularly by French composers. The [[Raschèr Saxophone Quartet|Raschèr]] [http://www.rsq-sax.com/], [[Amherst Saxophone Quartet|Amherst]] [http://amherstsaxophonequartet.buffalo.edu/], [[Aurelia Saxophone Quartet|Aurelia]] [http://www.aureliasax4.nl/] and [[Rova Saxophone Quartet|Rova]] Saxophone Quartets are among the most well known groups, and the [[World Saxophone Quartet]] is the preeminent jazz saxophone quartet. |
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Larger all-saxophone ensembles exist as well. The most prominent professional saxophone ensembles include the [[Raschèr Saxophone Orchestra]] [http://www.rsq-sax.com/rascher_e.htm], London Saxophonic [http://www.chriscaldwell.co.uk/saxophonic.html], [[Nuclear Whales Saxophone Orchestra]] [http://www.nuclearwhales.com/], and [[Urban Sax]]. Very large groups, featuring over 100 saxophones, are sometimes organized as a novelty at saxophone conventions [http://www.worldsax.net]. |
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==Technique== |
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Many believe it is relatively easy to become a competent [[saxophonist]], especially when transferring from other woodwind instruments, but a considerable amount of practice is usually required to develop a pleasing [[timbre|tone color]] and fluent technique. |
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Playing technique for the saxophone is subjective based upon the intended style (classical, jazz, rock, funk, etc.) and the player's idealized sound. The design of the saxophone allows for a big variety of different sounds, and the "ideal" saxophone sound and keys to its production are subjects of heated (and perhaps pointless) debate. However, there is a basic underlying structure to most techniques. |
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[[image:SaxophonefingeringchartHorizontal.png|thumb|right|400px|The fingerings for a saxophone do not change from one instrument to another. Here, notes on a treble staff correspond to fingerings below.]] |
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[[Image:Saxophonebflatfingerings.png|framed|right|Fingerings typically appear with the left and right hand side-by-side.]] |
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===The embouchure=== |
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In the typical [[embouchure]], the mouthpiece is generally not taken more than half-way into the player's mouth. The bottom lip is generally curled in slightly (though some players choose to turn the lip outward) and the mouthpiece is rested upon it, held firm with light pressure from the upper teeth resting on the mouthpiece (sometimes padded with a thin strip of rubber known as a "bite-pad"). The upper lip closes to create an air-tight seal, and the corners of the mouth are kept firm and pulled up towards the nose as the head is tilted down to straighten the neck and thus the air-current. |
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Two things are imperative to a full and quick-speaking sound: [[diaphragm]] support and the position of the throat. The player's diaphragm acts as a bellows, supplying a constant stream of air to, and through the instrument. The throat should feel open, as when yawning. This openness should remain constant throughout the register of the saxophone, especially the low register (D down to Bb [or A if available]). The full range of the instrument should be played without changing the embouchure. |
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===Tone effects=== |
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A number of effects can be used to create different or interesting sounds. |
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*''Growling'' is a technique used whereby the saxophonist sings, hums, or even "growls", using the back of the throat while playing. This causes a [[modulation]] of the sound, and results in a gruffness or coarseness of the sound. It is rarely found in classical or marching band music but often found in jazz, blues, rock 'n' roll and other popular genres. Some notable musicians utilizing this technique are [[Boots Randolph]], [[Gato Barbieri]], [[Ben Webster]], [[Clarence Clemons]] and [[King Curtis]]. |
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*A [[glissando]] or sliding technique can also be used. Here the saxophonist bends the note using the embouchure and at the same time slides up or down to another fingered note. This technique is sometimes heard in big band music (for example, [[Benny Goodman]]'s "Sing Sing Sing") and even in an orchestral score ([[George Gershwin]]'s "[[Rhapsody in Blue]]"). |
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*''Multiphonics'' is the technique of playing more than one note at once. A special fingering combination causes the instrument to vibrate at two different pitches alternately, creating a warbling sound. |
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*The use of ''overtones'' involves fingering one note but altering the air stream to produce another note which is an [[overtone]] of the fingered note. For example, if low B-flat is fingered, a B-flat one octave above may be sounded by manipulating the air stream. Other overtones that can be obtained with this fingering include F, Bb, and D. The same air stream techniques used to produce overtones are also used to produce notes above high F (the "altissimo register"). |
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==References== |
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*[[Larry Teal|Teal, Larry]] (1963): ''The Art of Saxophone Playing.'' Miami:Summy-Birchard. ISBN 0-87487-057-7 |
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==See also== |
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*[[List of saxophonists]] |
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*[[Soprano saxophone]] |
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*[[Alto saxophone]] |
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*[[C melody saxophone]] |
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*[[Tenor saxophone]] |
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*[[Baritone saxophone]] |
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*[[Bass saxophone]] |
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*[[Tubax]] |
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*[[Aulochrome]] |
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*[[B-flat instrument]] |
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==External links== |
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{{commons|Saxophone}} |
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*[http://www.worldsax.net World Saxophone Congress 2006, Ljubljana - Slovenia] |
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*[http://www.saxophone.org The International Saxophone Home Page] |
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*[http://www.saxontheweb.net Sax on the Web] Lessons, tips, articles, and discussion forum. |
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*[http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/saxacoustics.html Introduction to Saxophone acoustics] |
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*[http://www.wfg.woodwind.org/sax/ Saxophone fingering chart] |
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*[http://www.saxtalk.com/ SaxTalk] Saxophone news and articles. |
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*[http://www.saxpics.com/ The Vintage Saxophone Gallery] Vintage saxophone pictures and research. |
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*[http://www.bobrk.com/saxfaq alt.music.saxophone/rec.music.makers.saxophone One of the first Saxophone FAQs on the web] |
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*[http://www2.potsdam.edu/mcallitp/timeline Time line of saxophone history] |
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*[http://forumofthesaxes.myfreeforum.org Forum for the Saxophonist] |
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*[http://www.saxmusicplus.com/articles.htm Sax Music Plus] (helpful advice, articles and informative newsletter on the art of saxophone playing) |
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*[http://saxtipspodcast.blogspot.com/ SaxTips Podcast] (the first and only Saxophone Workshop on the Web as a Podcast) |
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*[http://www.unmundodebambu.com.ar/saxosi.htm A world of bamboo](Bamboo saxophones webpage from Argentina) |
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[[Category:Woodwind instruments]] |
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