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Mary Beatrice d'Este, the elder child of [[Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena|Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena]], and his consort [[Laura Martinozzi]], was born on 5 October 1658 NS in [[Modena]], [[Duchy of Modena]].<ref name=BrittanicaMaryofModena>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367570/Mary-of-Modena|title=Mary of Modena (queen of England)|publisher=Brittanica.com|author=Encyclopaedia Brittanica|accessdate=24 December 2009}}</ref> Her only sibling, [[Francesco II d'Este, Duke of Modena|Francesco]], succeeded their father as Duke upon his death in 1662, the year Mary turned 4.<ref>Oman, p 14.</ref> Mary and Francesco's mother Laura was strict with her children, and acted as regent of the duchy until her son came of age.<ref name=Haile16>Haile, p 16.</ref><ref>Oman, p 15.</ref> Mary's education was excellent;<ref>Waller, p 22.</ref> she spoke French and Italian fluently, had a good knowledge of Latin and later mastered English.<ref>Waller, p 23.</ref><ref>Haile, p 18.</ref>
Mary Beatrice d'Este, the elder child of [[Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena|Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena]], and his consort [[Laura Martinozzi]], was born on 5 October 1658 NS in [[Modena]], [[Duchy of Modena]].<ref name=BrittanicaMaryofModena>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367570/Mary-of-Modena|title=Mary of Modena (queen of England)|publisher=Brittanica.com|author=Encyclopaedia Brittanica|accessdate=24 December 2009}}</ref> Her only sibling, [[Francesco II d'Este, Duke of Modena|Francesco]], succeeded their father as Duke upon his death in 1662, the year Mary turned 4.<ref>Oman, p 14.</ref> Mary and Francesco's mother Laura was strict with her children, and acted as regent of the duchy until her son came of age.<ref name=Haile16>Haile, p 16.</ref><ref>Oman, p 15.</ref> Mary's education was excellent;<ref>Waller, p 22.</ref> she spoke French and Italian fluently, had a good knowledge of Latin and later mastered English.<ref>Waller, p 23.</ref><ref>Haile, p 18.</ref>


Contemporarily recongised as "tall and admirably shaped", Mary was sought after by [[Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough|Lord Peterborough]] as a spouse for his master King [[Charles II of England|Charles II of England's]] brother and heir, [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]] (the future King James II).<ref>Fea, p 70.</ref><ref name=Waller15>Waller, p 15.</ref><ref>Oman, p 19.</ref> The Regent was not initially forthcoming with a reply to Peterborough's proposal, hoping, according to the French ambassador, for a grander match with eleven-year-old [[Charles II of Spain]].<ref>Oman, p 10.</ref><ref>Haile, p 17.</ref> Whatever the reason for the Regent's initial reluctance, she duly consented to the match, despite Mary's pleas to be allowed enter the Convent of the Visitations, where her former governess resided.<ref name=Haile24/> James and Mary were [[Proxy marriage|married by proxy]] on 30 September 1673 NS.<ref name=Haile24>Haile, p 24.</ref>
Contemporarily recognized as "tall and admirably shaped", Mary was sought after by [[Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough|Lord Peterborough]] as a spouse for his master King [[Charles II of England|Charles II of England's]] brother and heir, [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]] (the future King James II).<ref>Fea, p 70.</ref><ref name=Waller15>Waller, p 15.</ref><ref>Oman, p 19.</ref> The Regent was not initially forthcoming with a reply to Peterborough's proposal, hoping, according to the French ambassador, for a grander match with eleven-year-old [[Charles II of Spain]].<ref>Oman, p 10.</ref><ref>Haile, p 17.</ref> Whatever the reason for the Regent's initial reluctance, she duly consented to the match, despite Mary's pleas to be allowed enter the Convent of the Visitations, where her former governess resided.<ref name=Haile24/> James and Mary were [[Proxy marriage|married by proxy]] on 30 September 1673 NS.<ref name=Haile24>Haile, p 24.</ref>


Because Modena was firmly within his sphere of influence, [[Louis XIV of France]] zealously endorsed Mary's candidature, and therefore greeted her warmly in Paris, where Mary stopped ''en route'' to England.<ref name=Oman27/> He gave her an £8,000 brooch.<ref name=Oman27>Oman, p 27.</ref> Her English reception was much cooler. Parliament and the English public—who were predominately [[Church of England|Anglican]]—reacted poorly to the news of a ''Catholic'' marriage, fearing it was a "Papist" plot against the country.<ref>Fraser. ''King Charles II'', p 418.</ref> The latter branded the Duchess of York—as Mary was thereafter known as until her husband's accession—the "Pope's daughter" and parliament threatened to have the marriage annulled.<ref>Oman, p 28.</ref> King Charles suspended parliament until 7 January 1674 OS, thus ensuring the marriage would be honoured and safeguarding the reputation of his [[House of Stuart]].<ref name=Waller15/>
Because Modena was firmly within his sphere of influence, [[Louis XIV of France]] zealously endorsed Mary's candidature, and therefore greeted her warmly in Paris, where Mary stopped ''en route'' to England.<ref name=Oman27/> He gave her an £8,000 brooch.<ref name=Oman27>Oman, p 27.</ref> Her English reception was much cooler. Parliament and the English public—who were predominately [[Church of England|Anglican]]—reacted poorly to the news of a ''Catholic'' marriage, fearing it was a "Papist" plot against the country.<ref>Fraser. ''King Charles II'', p 418.</ref> The latter branded the Duchess of York—as Mary was thereafter known as until her husband's accession—the "Pope's daughter" and parliament threatened to have the marriage annulled.<ref>Oman, p 28.</ref> King Charles suspended parliament until 7 January 1674 OS, thus ensuring the marriage would be honoured and safeguarding the reputation of his [[House of Stuart]].<ref name=Waller15/>

Revision as of 03:53, 13 April 2010

Mary of Modena
Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland
Tenure6 February 1685 – 11 December 1688
Coronation23 April 1685
Burial
Convent of the Visitations, Chaillot, France
SpouseJames II
Issue
among others		James Francis Edward Stuart
Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart
Names
Template:Lang-it
HouseHouse of Este
House of Stuart
FatherAlfonso IV, Duke of Modena
MotherLaura Martinozzi

Mary of Modena (Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este; 05 October [O.S. 25 September] 1658 – 7 May [O.S. 26 April] 1718) was Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland as the second wife of King James II. A staunch Catholic, Mary was married, in 1673, to James, Duke of York, (the future James II) the younger brother and heir of England's incumbent King, Charles II.[1][2] Uninterested in politics, she was devoted to James, and bore him two children who survived to adulthood: Louise Mary and the Jacobite claimant to the English, Scottish and Irish thrones James Francis Edward Stuart, known to history as "The Old Pretender".[3]

Born a Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena, Mary is primarily remembered for the controversial birth of James Francis Edward, her only surviving son. The majority of the English public believed he was a changeling, brought into the birth-chamber in a warming-pan, in order to perpetuate King James II's Catholic dynasty. Although this accusation was completely false, and the subsequent privy council investigation only re-affirmed this, James Francis Edward's birth was a contributing factor to the Glorious Revolution, in which King James II was deposed by his daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange.

Exiled to France, the "Queen over the water"—as Jacobites (followers of James II) dubbed Mary—lived with her husband and children in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, courtesy of Louis XIV of France. Mary was popular among Louis XIV's courtiers; James was considered a bore, however. In widowhood, Mary spent a lot of time with the nuns at the Convent of Chaillot, where she and her daughter stayed in summer. In 1701, when James II died, James Francis Edward became King in the eyes of Jacobites. As he was too young to assume the nominal reins of government, Queen Dowager Mary acted as regent until he reached the age of 16. When "James III" was expelled from France as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, Mary was left without any family in France, Princess Louise Mary having died of smallpox. Fondly remembered by her French contemporaries, Mary died of cancer in 1718.

Early life (1658 - 1673)

A black-haired young lady wears a brown bodice with a pearl necklace.
Mary of Modena in the year of her husband's accession, 1685. Painting after Willem Wissing.

Mary Beatrice d'Este, the elder child of Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena, and his consort Laura Martinozzi, was born on 5 October 1658 NS in Modena, Duchy of Modena.[2] Her only sibling, Francesco, succeeded their father as Duke upon his death in 1662, the year Mary turned 4.[4] Mary and Francesco's mother Laura was strict with her children, and acted as regent of the duchy until her son came of age.[5][6] Mary's education was excellent;[7] she spoke French and Italian fluently, had a good knowledge of Latin and later mastered English.[8][9]

Contemporarily recognized as "tall and admirably shaped", Mary was sought after by Lord Peterborough as a spouse for his master King Charles II of England's brother and heir, James, Duke of York (the future King James II).[10][11][12] The Regent was not initially forthcoming with a reply to Peterborough's proposal, hoping, according to the French ambassador, for a grander match with eleven-year-old Charles II of Spain.[13][14] Whatever the reason for the Regent's initial reluctance, she duly consented to the match, despite Mary's pleas to be allowed enter the Convent of the Visitations, where her former governess resided.[15] James and Mary were married by proxy on 30 September 1673 NS.[15]

Because Modena was firmly within his sphere of influence, Louis XIV of France zealously endorsed Mary's candidature, and therefore greeted her warmly in Paris, where Mary stopped en route to England.[16] He gave her an £8,000 brooch.[16] Her English reception was much cooler. Parliament and the English public—who were predominately Anglican—reacted poorly to the news of a Catholic marriage, fearing it was a "Papist" plot against the country.[17] The latter branded the Duchess of York—as Mary was thereafter known as until her husband's accession—the "Pope's daughter" and parliament threatened to have the marriage annulled.[18] King Charles suspended parliament until 7 January 1674 OS, thus ensuring the marriage would be honoured and safeguarding the reputation of his House of Stuart.[11]

Duchess of York (1673 - 1685)

Household

A peri-wigged, red-lipped young man poses in black armour, clasping a baton in his right-hand.
James, Duke of York (King James II from 1685), in a portrait by Sir Peter Lely. "I became very fond of my husband", Mary recollected as a widow, "and my affection for him increased with every year we lived together".[3]

The Duke of York, an avowed Catholic, was twenty-five years older than his bride, scarred by smallpox and afflicted with a stutter.[19] Mary, accompanied by her mother and her uncle, Prince Rinaldo, caught first sight of her husband on 23 November 1673 OS, the day of the second marriage ceremony.[20][21] Although James was pleased with her, Mary disliked him at first, bursting into tears every time she saw him.[22][23] She soon warmed to James, however.[3] From another marriage, James had two daughters: Lady Mary (the future Mary II) and Lady Anne (the future Princess of Denmark).[24] They were introduced to Mary by James with the words, "I have brought you a new play-fellow".[24] Despite the fact the Duchess of York was willing to play games with her, Anne—unlike Lady Mary—disliked her father's new wife.[25]

The Duchess of York received £5,000 per annum spending money and her own household, headed by Carey Fraser, Countess of Peterborough and frequented by ladies of her husband's selection: Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox—Charles II's discarded mistress—and Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch.[11][26][27][28] The Duchess of York loathed gambling. However, her ladies compelled her to gamble almost each day because "if she refrained, it might be taken ill".[29] Consequently, Mary racked up minor debts.[29] The birth of the Duchess of York's first child, Catherine Laura, named after her mother and Queen Catherine, on 10 January 1675 OS represented the beginning of a string of children that would die in infancy.[30]

Popish plot and exile

Main article: Popish plot
A blak-haired lady wears coronation robes while embracing a diadem.
Mary of Modena in coronation robes. Paiting after Godfrey Kneller.

The Duchess of York's Catholic secretary, Edward Colman, was, in 1678, falsely implicated in a fictitious plot against the King by Dr. Titus Oates.[31] The plot, known as the Popish Plot, lead to the Exclusionist movement, headed by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, which sought to debar the Catholic Duke of York from the throne.[32][33] Their reputation in tatters, the Yorks were begrudgingly exiled to Brussels, a domain of the King of Spain, ostensibly to visit Lady Mary—since 1677 Princess of Orange as the wife of Prince William III.[34][35][36] Accompanied by the Lady Anne and the Duchess's not yet three-year-old daughter Isabella, the Duchess of York was at the time saddened by James's extra-marital affairs.[37] Mary's spirits were briefly revived by a visit from her mother, who was living in Rome.[38]

A report that King Charles was grievously ill sent the Yorks back to England post-haste.[39] They feared the King's bastard, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and commander of England's armed forces, might usurp the crown if Charles died in their absence.[40][39] The matter was compounded by the fact that he enjoyed the support of the Exclusionists, who held a majority in the House of Commons of England.[39] Charles survived, but, feeling the Yorks returned to court too soon, sent James and Mary—without the Ladies Anne and Isabella—to Edinburgh, where they stayed on-and-off for the next three years.[41][42] Lodging in the dilapidated Holyrood Palace, the Yorks were recalled to London in February 1680, only to return again that autumn, this time on a more honourable footing: James was created King's Commissioner to Scotland.[43][44] Separated from Lady Isabella, Mary sank into a state of sadness, compounded by the passing of the Exclusion bill in the Commons.[45][46] The Lady Isabella, thus far the only one of Mary's children to survive infancy, died in February 1681, plunging Mary into a religious mania, which worried her physician.[47] At the same time as the news of Isabella's death reached Holyrood, Mary's mother was falsely accused of offering £10,000 for the murder of the King by a pamphleteer, who was executed for his efforts by order of the King.[47]

The Exclusionist reaction that followed the Popish plot had died down by May 1682.[48] Exclusionist-dominated Parliament, suspended since March 1681, never again met in the reign of Charles II.[49] Therefore, the Duke and Duchess of York returned to England in May, and the Duchess gave birth to Princess Charlotte Mary in August 1682; her death three weeks later, according to the French ambassador, robbed James of "hope that any child of his can live"—all James's sons by Anne Hyde, his first wife, died in infancy.[50] James's melancholy was dispelled by his revival in popularity following the Rye House Plot, a coup that would have placed Monmouth on the throne as Lord Protector, having killed James and King Charles.[51] The revival was, in fact, so strong that, in 1674, James was re-admitted to the Privy Council, after an absence of eleven years.[52]

Queen (1685 - 1689)

A black-haired lady in a navy, ermine-fringed cloak embraces an unbreeched boy
Queen Mary with her son, James Francis Edward, whose birth set into motion the Glorious Revolution, which deposed James II, from a paiting by Benedetto Gennari the Younger.
A brown-haired woman in a blue-and-gray dress wears pearls
Mary II of England, whom Mary of Modena affectionately termed "dear Lemon", in deference to her title Princess of Orange, believed James Francis Edward was a changeling thrust upon the nation by her father, in order to perpetuate his Catholic dynasty.[53][54] Paiting after Sir Peter Lely.

Despite all the furore over Exclusionism, James ascended to his brother's thrones painlessly upon his death, on 6 February 1685 OS, possibly because the aforesaid alternative could provoke another civil war.[55] Mary sincerely mourned Charles, recalling in later life, "He was always kind to me."[56] Mary and James's £119,000 joint coronation ceremony, occurring on 23 April OS, Saint George's day, was meticulously planned.[57][58] Precedents were sought for Mary because a full-length joint coronation had not occurred since the ceremony performed for Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon.[57]

Queen Mary's health had still not recovered from the death of Lady Isabella. So much so, in fact, that the Tuscan envoy reported to Florence that "general opinion opinion turns [for Mary's successor] in the direction of the Princess, Your Highness's daughter".[59][60] France, too, was preparing for the Queen's imminent demise, putting forward as its candidate for James's new wife the Duke of Enghien's daughter.[59] Despite her best efforts, the Queen had failed to make her brother, the Duke of Modena, marry the former, Anna Maria Luisa of Tuscany.[61]

In February 1787, the Queen, at the time irritated by the King's affair with Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, moved into new Christopher Wren-designed £13,000 apartments in Whitehall, which had been home to a Catholic chapel since December 1686.[62][63][64] Because the palace's renovation was thus far unfinished, the King received ambassadors in her suite, much to the Queen's chagrin.[65] Five months later, shortly after the marriage talks with Tuscany collapsed, the Queen's mother, Duchess Laura, died, plunging the whole English court into mourning.[66] Duchess Laura left Mary "a considerable sum of cash" and some jewellery.[67] Sensing discontent with James's Catholic regime, William III of Orange, James's son-in-law, used the death of Mary's mother as a guise to send his half-uncle Count Zuylestein to England, ostensibly to condole Queen Mary, but really to spy.[54][68]

In late 1687, having visited Bath in the hope its waters would aid conception, Queen Mary became pregnant.[69] When the pregnancy became public knowledge shortly before Christmas, Catholics rejoiced, but Protestants, who tolerated James's Catholic government simply because he had no Catholic heir, were intensely upset.[70][71] The Protestant disillusion came to a head when the child's—christened James Francis Edward—sex became known, when many Protestants, in order to prevent the perpetuation of James II's Catholic dynasty, chose to believe the child was illegitimate.[72] Popular opinion purported that James Francis Edward was sneaked into the birth chamber as substitute to the Queen's real, but stillborn, child.[72] They believed this despite the fact the room was intentionally packed full of 200 witnesses, both Protestant and Catholic.[72][73] Coaxed by her sister, Mary, Princess of Orange, (the Lady Mary) in the Netherlands, Princess Anne of Denmark (the Lady Anne), James's younger daughter, answered a memorandum of 18 questions regarding James Francis Edward's birth.[54] Anne's answers, biased and unreliable, falsely convinced Princess Mary that her father had thrust a changeling upon the nation.[54] Count Zuylestein, returning to the Netherlands shortly after the birth, reaffirmed Anne's findings.[54]

Issued by seven leading Whig nobles, the invitation for William to invade England, assuring that "nineteen parts of twenty of the people throughout the kingdom" wished for an intervention, signalled the beginning of a revolution that culminated in James II's deposition.[74] The revolution, called the Glorious Revolution, deprived James Francis Edward of his right to the English throne, on the grounds he was not the King's real son and, later, because he was a Catholic.[74] England in the hands of William of Orange's 15,000-strong army, James and Mary went into exile in France, where they stayed at the expense of King Louis XIV, who supported the Jacobite cause.[74][75]

Queen over the water (1689 - 1718)

Reception at Louis XIV's court

An elderly man wears a large black periwig and fleur-de-lis coronation robes.
Louis XIV of France, James II's first cousin who helped the Stuart court-in-exile, supporting James's invasion of Ireland and granting them a large pension and use of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in a portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701.[75]

As Mary II and William III & II ascended the English and Scottish thrones, Mary of Modena, in the eyes of Williamites and the parliaments, ceased to be Queen of England on 11 December 1688 OS and of Scotland on 11 May 1689 OS, concurrent with her husband's formal deposition. James II, however, backed by Louis XIV of France, still considered himself king by divine right and maintained it was not within parliament's prerogative to depose a monarch.[76][77]

In exile, James and Mary lived in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Louis XIV having given them exclusive use of that property, where they set up court-in-exile.[75][78] Mary became a popular fixture at Louis XIV's court at Versailles, where Madame de Sévigné, a prominent diarist, acclaimed Mary for her "distuingished bearing and her quick wit". Questions of precedence, however, marred Mary's relations with the Dauphine of France, Maria Anna of Bavaria.[79] Because Mary was accorded the privileges and rank of a queen, Maria Anna was outranked by her, and therefore she refused to see her, etiquette being a sensitive issue at Versailles.[80] Relations with the rest of the royal family, too, were not helped by the birth of Mary's daughter Louise Mary. Louise Mary became the premier princess at court, ranking immediately after the only French princess at the time, the Dauphine herself, which made Louis XIV's countless illegitimate daughters upset.[79] Despite this, Louis XIV and his secret wife, Madame de Maintenon, developed an intense friendship with Mary, but not with James, who was generally viewed with disdain by most of the French court.[79][81]

Initially supported by Irish Catholics in his cause to regain the thrones, James launched an expedition in Ireland in March 1689, an expedition that he abandoned upon his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[82] During his campaign in Ireland, Mary assiduously supported her husband's cause throughout the British Isles, ensuring the sending of three French supply ships to Bantry Bay and of £2,000 to Jacobite rebels in Dundee. She financed those measures by selling her jewellery.[83] Money problems plagued the Stuart court-in-exile, despite a large pension from Louis XIV of 50,000 livres, greatly worrying Mary.[75] She tried her best to assist those of her husband's followers living in squalor.[84][85] Mary also encouraged her children to give part of their pocket money to Jacobite refugees.[86]

Estensi succession

A young man wears a powdered wig while posing in a suit of armour.
James Francis Edward Stuart, Mary of Modena's eldest surviving son, in a portrait by Antonio David.[87]

News of the collapse of James's invasion of Ireland, which survived another year after his departure, was remedied by news of her brother the Duke of Modena's marriage to Margherita Maria Farnese of Parma.[88] When, in 1695, Mary's brother died, the House of Este was left with one progenitor, Cardinal-Duke Rinaldo.[89] Queen Mary, concerned for the dynasty's future, urged the Cardinal-Duke to resign his cardinalate, "for the good of the people and for the perpetuation of the sovereign house of Este", successfully.[90] Chosen as bride to Duke Rinaldo, Princess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg was thought by Queen Mary "of an easy disposition best suited to [the Duke]".[90]

A bone of contention, however, arose over the Queen's inheritance and dowry.[91] Duke Rinaldo refused to release the former, and left the latter £15,000 in arrears.[87] In 1700, five years later, the Duke finally paid the Queen her dowry; her inheritance, however, remained sequestered, and relations with Modena worsened again when Rinaldo allied himself with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, an enemy of Louis XIV.[92]

Regency

Queen Mary's arms[93]

In March 1701, James II suffered a stroke while hearing mass at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, leaving him partially paralysed.[94] Fagon, Louis XIV's personal physician, recommend the waters of Bourbon-l'Archambault, to cure the King's paralysis.[95] The waters, however, had little effect, and James II died of a seizure on 16 September 1701.[96] Louis XIV, in contravention of the Peace of Ryswick, declared James Francis Edward King of England, Ireland and Scotland as James III and VIII.[97] This act irritated King William III and II, who had ruled alone since the death of his wife, Mary II.[98] Because James Francis Edward was a minor, Queen Mary, though uninterested in politics, acted as regent for her son, having being appointed as such by James II, presiding over a regency council.[99] Before his death, James II expressed his wish that Mary's regency would last no longer than their son's 18th birthday.[100]

Decked in black for the remainder of her life, Queen Mary's first act as regent was to disseminate a manifesto, outlining James Francis Edward's claims.[101] It was largely ignored in England.[101] In Scotland, however, the confederate Lords sent Lord Belhaven to Saint-Germain, to convince the Queen to surrender to them custody of James Francis Edward and accede to his conversion to Protestantism, in order to facilitate his accession to the English throne upon William III's death.[102] The Queen-Regent was not swayed by Belhaven's argument, so a compromise was reached: James Francis Edward shall limit the number of Roman Catholic priests in England and promise not to tamper with the established Church of England and, in exchange, the confederate Lords would do all in their power to block the passing of the Hanoverian succession in Scottish parliament.[103] When William III died in March 1702, Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, declared for James Francis Edward at Inverness.[104] Soon after, Lovat travelled to the court-in-exile at Saint-Germain, and begged the Queen-Regent to allow her son to travel to Scotland, where he intended to raise 15,000 men.[104] As with Belhaven, she refused to part with James Francis Edward, and the venture was doomed to failure.[104] Mary's regency ceased with her son's reaching of the age of 16.[105]

Having wished to become a nun in her youth, Queen Mary sought refuge from the stresses of exile at the Convent of the Visitations, Chaillot, near Paris, where she befriend Louis XIV's penitent mistress Louise de La Vallière.[106] Here, Mary often stayed with her daughter for prolonged periods during the summer.[107] It was here, too, in 1711 that Queen Mary found out that, as part of the embryonic Treaty of Utrecht, James Francis Edward would lose Louis XIV's explicit recognition and be forced to leave France.[107] The next year, when James Francis Edward was expelled and Louise Mary died of smallpox, Mary was devastated.[108] According to Mary's close friend Madame de Maintenon, "[Mary of Modena was] a model of desolation".[108] Thus deprived of her family, Queen Mary lived out the rest of her days at Chaillot and Saint-Germain in virtual poverty, unable to travel by her own means because all her horses had died and she could not afford to replace them.[109] Dying from cancer in 1718, Mary was remembered fondly be her French contemporaries, three of whom, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, the Duke of Saint-Simon and the Marquis of Dangeau, deemed her a "saint".[110][111] Mary's remains were interred in Chaillot.[112]

Issue

Children of Mary of Modena

Ancestry

Family of Mary of Modena
16. Cesare d'Este
8. Alfonso III d'Este
17. Virginia de' Medici
4. Francesco I d'Este
18. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
9. Isabella of Savoy
19. Catherine Michelle of Spain
2. Alfonso IV d'Este
20. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
10. Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma
21. Infanta Maria of Guimarães
5. Maria Caterina Farnese of Parma
22. Giovanni Francesco Aldobrandini
11. Margherita Aldobrandini
23. Olimpia Aldobrandini
1. Mary of Modena
24. Giovanni Battista Martinozzi
12. Vincenzo Martinozzi
25. Bianca Lanci
6. Hieronymus Martinozzi
26. Matteo Marcolini
13. Margherita Marcolini
27. Tommosa Bertozzi
3. Laura Martinozzi
28. Girolamo Mazarini
14. Peter Mazarini
29. Margherita de Franchis Passavera
7. Laura Mazarini
30. Giulio Buffalini
15. Hortense Buffalini
31. Francesca Bellone

References

Citations

  1. ^ Oman, p 30.
  2. ^ a b Encyclopaedia Brittanica. "Mary of Modena (queen of England)". Brittanica.com. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Oman, p 40.
  4. ^ Oman, p 14.
  5. ^ Haile, p 16.
  6. ^ Oman, p 15.
  7. ^ Waller, p 22.
  8. ^ Waller, p 23.
  9. ^ Haile, p 18.
  10. ^ Fea, p 70.
  11. ^ a b c Waller, p 15.
  12. ^ Oman, p 19.
  13. ^ Oman, p 10.
  14. ^ Haile, p 17.
  15. ^ a b Haile, p 24.
  16. ^ a b Oman, p 27.
  17. ^ Fraser. King Charles II, p 418.
  18. ^ Oman, p 28.
  19. ^ Haile, p 40.
  20. ^ Waller, p 149.
  21. ^ Haile, p 41.
  22. ^ Oman, p 31.
  23. ^ Turner, p 114.
  24. ^ a b Chapman, p 33.
  25. ^ Waller, p 22
  26. ^ Waller, p 24.
  27. ^ Oman, p 46.
  28. ^ Oman, p 38.
  29. ^ a b Oman, p 45.
  30. ^ Oman, p 48.
  31. ^ Fraser. King Charles II, p 463
  32. ^ Fraser. King Charles II, p 470.
  33. ^ Haile, p 76.
  34. ^ Chapman, p 67.
  35. ^ Brown, pp. 10-12
  36. ^ Fea, p 83.
  37. ^ Oman, p 56.
  38. ^ Haile, p 88.
  39. ^ a b c Oman, p 63.
  40. ^ Fea, p 85.
  41. ^ Haile, p 92.
  42. ^ Turner, p 171.
  43. ^ Oman, p 67.
  44. ^ Fea, p 96.
  45. ^ Waller, p 35
  46. ^ Haile, pp. 99-100
  47. ^ a b Oman, p 71.
  48. ^ Waller, p 36.
  49. ^ Waller, p 37.
  50. ^ Haile, p 109.
  51. ^ Oman, pp. 75-76
  52. ^ Fraser. King Charles II, p 569.
  53. ^ Chapman, p 92.
  54. ^ a b c d e Chapman, p 144.
  55. ^ Waller, pp. 143-144.
  56. ^ Oman, plate no. VII
  57. ^ a b Oman, p 85.
  58. ^ Haile, p 129.
  59. ^ a b Haile, p 124.
  60. ^ Waller, p 40.
  61. ^ Oman, p 96.
  62. ^ Fea, p 138.
  63. ^ Haile, p 142.
  64. ^ Oman, p 98.
  65. ^ Oman, p 99
  66. ^ Haile, p 159.
  67. ^ Oman, p 99.
  68. ^ Haile, p 163.
  69. ^ Waller, p 11.
  70. ^ Harris, p 239.
  71. ^ Waller, p 12.
  72. ^ a b c Oman, pp. 108 - 109.
  73. ^ Harris, pp. 239 - 240.
  74. ^ a b c Waller, p 216.
  75. ^ a b c d Fraser, Love and Louis XIV, p 270.
  76. ^ Harris, p 325.
  77. ^ Starkey, p 190.
  78. ^ Uglow, p 523.
  79. ^ a b c Fraser, Love and Louis XIV, p 271.
  80. ^ Fraser, Love and Louis XIV, p 270 - 271.
  81. ^ Oman, p 148.
  82. ^ Fea, p 235.
  83. ^ Oman, pp. 158 - 159.
  84. ^ Oman, p 207.
  85. ^ Haile, p 357.
  86. ^ Oman, p 173.
  87. ^ a b Oman, p 184.
  88. ^ Haile, p 282.
  89. ^ Haile, p 311.
  90. ^ a b Haile, p 312.
  91. ^ Haile, p 314.
  92. ^ Oman, p 185.
  93. ^ Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří, p 27.
  94. ^ Gregg, p 127.
  95. ^ Oman, p 190.
  96. ^ Fea, p 285.
  97. ^ Fraser, Love and Louis XIV, p 322.
  98. ^ Gregg, p 101.
  99. ^ Oman, p 196.
  100. ^ Oman, p 197.
  101. ^ a b Haile, p 358.
  102. ^ Haile, p 358 - 359.
  103. ^ Haile, p 359.
  104. ^ a b c Haile, p 363.
  105. ^ Oman, plate xiv.
  106. ^ Haile, p 229.
  107. ^ a b Oman, p 221.
  108. ^ a b Oman, p 225.
  109. ^ Oman, p 242.
  110. ^ Fraser, Love and Louis XIV, p 383.
  111. ^ Oman, p 245.
  112. ^ Oman, p 247.
  113. ^ "Stuart, Catherine Laura". University of Hull. 7 March 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  114. ^ "Stuart, Charles of Cambridge, Duke of Cambridge". University of Hull. 7 March 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  115. ^ "Stuart, Charlotte Maria". University of Hull. 7 March 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  116. ^ Fraser, Love and Louis XIV, p 329.

Bibliography

  • Allan, Fea (1909). James II and His Wives. Meuthon and Co.
  • Chapman, Hester (1953). Mary II, Queen of England. Jonathan Cape.
  • Brown, Beatrice Curtis (1929). Anne Stuart: Queen of England. Geoffrey Bles.
  • Fraser, Antonia (2002). King Charles II Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-1403-1
  • Fraser, Antonia (2007). Love and Louis XIV: The Woman in the Life of the Sun King. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-2293-7
  • Gregg, Edward (1980). Queen Anne. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Haile, Martin (1905). Queen Mary of Modena: Her Life and Letters. J.M. Dent & Co.
  • Harris, Tim. (2007). Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685-1720. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-01652-8
  • Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999). Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 0-85605-469-1.
  • Oman, Carola (1962). Mary of Modena. Hodder & Stoughton.
  • Starkey, David (2007). Monarchy: From the Middle Ages to Modernity. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-724766-0.
  • Turner, FC (1948). James II. Eyre & Spottswoode.
  • Uglow, Jenny (2009). A Gambling Man: Charles II and the Restoration. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21733-5
  • Waller, Maureen (2002). Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses Who Stole Their Father's Crown. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-79461-5

Media related to Mary of Modena at Wikimedia Commons

Mary of Modena
Born: 5 October 1658 Died: 7 May 1718
British royalty
Preceded by Queen consort of England and of Ireland
1685 – 1688 		Vacant
Title next held by
George of Denmark
as untitled consort
Queen consort of Scots
1685 – 1689
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Herself
as recognised Queen 		— TITULAR —
Queen consort of England and of Ireland
1688 – 1701
Reason for succession failure:
Glorious Revolution 		Succeeded by
— TITULAR —
Queen consort of Scots
1689 – 1701
Reason for succession failure:
Glorious Revolution
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