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Template:Elementbox header Template:Elementbox series Template:Elementbox periodblock Template:Elementbox appearance Template:Elementbox atomicmass gpm Template:Elementbox econfig Template:Elementbox epershell Template:Elementbox section physicalprop Template:Elementbox phase Template:Elementbox density gpcm3nrt Template:Elementbox meltingpoint Template:Elementbox section atomicprop Template:Elementbox electroneg pauling Template:Elementbox ionizationenergies1 Template:Elementbox section miscellaneous Template:Elementbox cas number Template:Elementbox isotopes begin |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | ²⁴⁸Cf | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | syn | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 333.5 d | SF | style="text-align:right;" | - |- | α | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁴⁴Cm |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | ²⁴⁹Cf | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | syn | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 351 y | SF | style="text-align:right;" | - |- | α | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁴⁵Cm |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | ²⁵⁰Cf | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | syn | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 13.08 y | α | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁴⁶Cm |- | SF | style="text-align:right;" | - |- ! style="text-align:right;" | ²⁵¹Cf | style="text-align:center;" | syn | style="text-align:right;" | 898 y | α | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁴⁷Cm |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | ²⁵²Cf | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | syn | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 2.645 y | α | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁴⁸Cm |- | SF | style="text-align:right;" | - |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | ²⁵³Cf | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | syn | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 17.81 d | β^- | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁵³Es |- | α | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁴⁹Cm |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | ²⁵⁴Cf | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | syn | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 60.5 d | SF | style="text-align:right;" | - |- | α | style="text-align:right;" | ²⁵⁰Cm Template:Elementbox isotopes end Template:Elementbox footer

Californium is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cf and atomic number 98. A radioactive transuranic element, californium has very few uses and was discovered by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium ions).

Notable characteristics

Weighable amounts of californium make it possible to determine some of its properties using macroscopic quantities.

Californium-252 (2.6 year half-life) is a very strong neutron emitter and is thus extremely radioactive and harmful (one microgram spontaneously emits 170 million neutrons per minute). The decay of californium-254 (55-day half-life) may have been detected through telescopes in supernovae remnants. Californium-249 is formed from the beta decay of berkelium-249 and most other californium isotopes are made by subjecting berkelium to intense neutron radiation in a nuclear reactor.

The element does have some specialist applications dealing with its radioactivity but otherwise is largely too difficult to produce to have widespread useful significance as a material. Some of its uses are:

neutron startup source for some nuclear reactors, calibrating instrumentation
treatment of certain cervical and brain cancers where other radiation therapy is ineffective
radiography of aircraft to detect metal fatigue
airport neutron-activation detectors of explosives
neutron moisture gauges used to find water and petroleum layers in oil wells
portable neutron source in gold and silver prospecting for on-the-spot analysis

Californium has no biological role and only a few californium compounds have been made and studied. Included among these are: californium oxide (CfO₃), californium trichloride (CfCl₃) and californium oxychloride (CfOCl). The only californium ion that is stable in aqueous solution is californium (III).

Californium-251 is famous for having a very small critical mass, high lethality, and short period of toxic environmental irradiation relative to radioactive elements commonly used for radiation explosive weaponry, creating speculation about possible use in pocket nukes although this urban legend is unfounded since it would be very difficult to make a Californium-251 bomb weighing less than 2 kg and the costs of such a bomb would be prohibitive. Other weaponry uses, such as showering an area with Californium, are not impossible but are seen as inhumane and are subject to inclement weather conditions and porous terrain considerations. Often cited as a consideration is the cost of producing Californium en masse, but the cost citations are usually due to extra fees that laboratory materials companies insert for sake of caution and market needs. A government needn't consider these as prohibitive.

History

Californium was first synthesized by University of California, Berkeley researchers Stanley Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1950. It was the sixth transuranium element to be discovered and the team announced their discovery on March 17, 1950. It was named after the U.S. state of California and for the University of California system.

To produce element 98, the team bombarded a microgram-sized target of curium-242 with 35 MeV alpha particles in the 60-inch Berkeley cyclotron which produced atoms of californium-245 (half-life 44 minutes) and a free neutron.

Isotopes

19 radioisotopes of californium have been characterized, with the most stable being Cf-251 with a half-life of 898 years, Cf-249 with a half-life of 351 years, and Cf-250 with a half-life of 13 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 2.7 years, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 20 minutes. The isotopes of californium range in atomic weight from 237.062 amu (Cf-237) to 256.093 amu (Cf-256).

References

Los Alamos National Laboratory - Californium
It's Elemental - Californium
Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1

External links

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 == History ==
-Californium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first synthesized]] by [[University of California, Berkeley]] researchers Stanely Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., [[Albert Ghiorso]] and [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] in [[1950]]. It was the sixth [[transuranium element]] to be discovered and the team announced their discovery on [[March 17]], 1950. It was named after the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] and for the [[University of California]] system.
+Californium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first synthesized]] by [[University of California, Berkeley]] researchers Stanley Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., [[Albert Ghiorso]] and [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] in [[1950]]. It was the sixth [[transuranium element]] to be discovered and the team announced their discovery on [[March 17]], 1950. It was named after the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] and for the [[University of California]] system.
 To produce element 98, the team bombarded a microgram-sized target of [[curium]]-242 with 35 MeV [[alpha particle]]s in the 60-inch Berkeley [[cyclotron]] which produced atoms of californium-245 (half-life 44 minutes) and a [[free neutron]].