Argentine Army

The Argentine Army (Ejército Argentino, EA) is the land armed force branch of the Argentine military and the senior military service of the country.

History

The Army's official foundation date is May 29, 1810 (celebrated in Argentina as the Army Day), four days after the Spanish colonial administration in Buenos Aires was overthrown. The new national army was formed out of several pre-existent colonial militia units and locally-manned regiments (most notoriously the Patricios Regiment, which to this date is still an active Army unit). These units had previously fought the British invasions of the Río de la Plata in 1806 and 1807.

Independence and civil wars

Gral José de San Martín during Battle of Chacabuco, 1817

Several armed expeditions were sent to the Upper Peru (now Bolivia), Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile to fight Spanish forces and secure Argentina's newly-gained independence. The most famous of these expeditions was the one led by General José de San Martín, who led a 5000-man army across the Andes Mountains to expel the Spaniards from Chile and later from Perú. While the other expeditions failed in their goal of bringing all the dependencies of the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata under the new government in Buenos Aires, they prevented the Spaniards from crushing the rebellion.

During the civil wars of the first half of the 19th century the Argentine Army became fractionalized under the leadership of the so-called caudillos ("leaders" or "warlords"), provincial leaders who waged a war against the centralist Buenos Aires administration. However, the Army was briefly re-unified during the war with the Brazilian Empire. (1824–1827).

It was only with the establishment of a Constitution (which explicitly forbade the provinces from maintaining military forces of their own) and a national government recognized by all the provinces that the Army became a single force, absorbing the older provincial militias. The Army went on to fight the War of the Triple Alliance in the 1860s together with Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay. After that war, the Army became involved in Argentina's Conquista del Desierto ("Conquest of the Desert"): the campaign to occupy Patagonia and root out the natives, who conducted looting raids throughout the country.

1880-1960s

Between 1880 and 1930 the Army sought to become a professional force without active involvement in politics, even though many a political figure -President Julio Argentino Roca, for example- benefitted from a past military career. The Army prevented the fall of the government in a number of Radical-led uprisings. Meanwhile, the military in general and the Army in particular contributed to develop Argentina's unsettled southern frontier and its incipient industrial complex.

In 1930, a small group of Army forces (not more than 600 troops) deposed President Hipólito Yrigoyen without much response from the rest of the Army and the Navy. This was the beginning of a long history of political intervention by the military. Another coup, in 1943, was responsible for bringing an obscure colonel into the political limelight: Juan Perón.

Even though Perón had the support of the military during his two consecutive terms of office (1946–1952 and 1952–1955), his increasingly repressive government alienated many officers, which finally led to a military uprising which overthrew him in September 1955. Between 1955 and 1973 the Army and the rest of the military became vigilant over the possible re-emergence of Peronism in the political arena, which led to two new coups against elected Presidents in 1962 (deposing Arturo Frondizi) and 1966 (ousting Arturo Illia). It should be noted that political infighting eroded discipline and cohesion within the army, to the extent that there was armed fighting between contending military units during the early 1960s.

1960s and the military junta

The military government which ruled Argentina between 1966 and 1973 saw the growing activities of groups such as Montoneros and the ERP, and also a very important social movement. During Héctor Cámpora's first months of government, a rather moderate and left-wing Peronist, approximatively 600 social conflicts, strikes and factory occupations had taken place.. Following the June 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacre, left and right-wing Peronism broke apart, while the Triple A death squad, organized by José López Rega, closest advisor to María Estela Martínez de Perón, started a campaign of assassinations against left-wing opponents. But Isabel Perón herself was ousted during the March 1976 coup by a military junta.

The new military government, self-named Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, put a stop to the guerrilla's campaigns, but soon it became known that extremely violent methods and severe violations of human rights had taken place, in what the dictatorship called a "Dirty War" — a term refused by jurists during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas. Batallón de Inteligencia 601 became infamous during this period. This special unit also participated in the training of Nicaraguan Contras with US assistance, among whom John Negroponte. This, coupled with the defeat in the Falklands War (Template:Lang-es), led the military to relinquish power to a civilian government in 1983.

See also: Argentine ground forces in the Falklands War

French cooperation

French journalist Marie-Monique Robin has found in the archives of the Quai d'Orsay, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, the original document proving that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires instaured a "permanent French military mission," formed of militaries who had fought in the Algerian War, and which was located in the offices of the chief of staff of the Argentine Army. She showed how Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentina and with Augusto Pinochet's regime in Chile..

Green deputies Noël Mamère, Martine Billard and Yves Cochet deposed on September 10, 2003 a request for the constitution of a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by Edouard Balladur. Apart of Le Monde, newspapers remained silent about this request. However, deputy Roland Blum, in charge of the Commission, refused to hear Marie-Monique Robin, and published in December 2003 a 12 pages report qualified by Robin as the summum of bad faith. It claimed that no agreement had been signed, despite the agreement found by Robin in the Quai d'Orsay

When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.

Modern times

Light vehicle Gaucho designed with Brazil

Since the return to civilian rule in 1983, the Argentine military have been reduced both in number and budget and, by law, cannot intervene anymore in internal civil conflicts. They became more professional, especially after conscription was abolished.

In 1998 Argentina was granted Major non-NATO ally status by the United States. The modern Argentine Army is fully committed to international peacekeeping under United Nations mandates, humanitarian aid and emergencies relief.

Recently, in 2009, Argentina’s military decriminalized homosexuality and lifted its gay ban.

Command Organization

See also: Argentine Army Aviation

Under the Argentine Constitution, the President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, exercising his / her command authority through the Minister of Defense.

The Army is headed by a Chief of General Staff directly appointed by the President. The General Staff of the Army (Estado Mayor General del Ejército) includes the Chief of Staff, a Deputy Chief of the General Staff and the heads of the General Staff's six departments (Jefaturas). The current departments of the General Staff (known also by their Roman numerals) are:

• Personnel (Jefatura I - Personal)
• Informations (Jefatura II - Inteligencia)
• Operations (Jefatura III - Operaciones)
• Logistic (Jefatura IV - Material)
• Finance (Jefatura V - Finanzas)
• Welfare (Jefatura VI - Bienestar)

The General Staff also includes the General Inspectorate and the General Secretariat.

There are also a number of Commands and Directorates responsibles for development and implementation of policies within the Army regarding technological and operational areas and handle administrative affairs. As of 2005 these include the following:

• Communications and Computer Command (Comando de Comunicación e Informática)
• Education and Doctrine Command (Comando de Educación y Doctrina)
• Engineers Command (Comando de Ingenieros)
• Remount and Veterinary Command (Comando de Remonta y Veterinaria)
• Health Command (Comando de Sanidad)
• Materiel Logistics Command (Comando Logístico de Material)
• Army Historical Directorate (Dirección de Asuntos Históricos del Ejército)
• Research, Development and Production Directorate (Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo y Producción)
• Planning Directorate (Dirección de Planeamiento)
• Transportation Directorate (Dirección de Transporte)
• General Staff Directorate (Dirección del Estado Mayor General del Ejército)

The current Chief of the General Staff (since September 2008) is General Luis Alberto Pozzi.

Structure

See also: List of Argentine Army Regiments

The Army is structured into three corps, to which are attached varying numbers of brigades of armor, mechanized forces and infantry. Each brigade is in turn composed of several regiments of each combat arm, plus several company-sized support units. Each regiment or artillery group is actually more of a reinforced battalion, and the regimental designator is a legacy of the Argentine War of Independence, during which the Argentine Army fielded traditional regiment-sized units. A major problem of today's Army is that most of its combat units are understrength in manpower due to budgetary limitations; the current Table of Organization and Equipment being established at a time during which the Army could rely on larger budgets and conscripted troops. Current plans call for expansion of combat units until all combat units are again full-strength, as soon as budget constraints allow for the induction of new volunteers.

In the 1960s the Army was reorganised into five Army Corps. This structure replaced the old structure based on divisions following the French model. There was a further reorganisation in 1991, when brigades were assigned to six new divisions, two stationed at Santa Cruz and Mendoza.

Argentine Army 2009

Army forces are distributed throughout the country and are geographically grouped into three Army Corps (roughly equivalent in terms of nominal organization to an U.S. Army division (+)). Each Army Corps has an area of responsibility over a determined region of the country; Second Army Corps covers the northeast of the country, Third Army Corps covers the center and northwest of Argentina and Fifth Army Corps covers the south and Patagonia. Both First and Fourth Army Corps were dissolved in 1984 and 1991 respectively, as part of the country's military reorganization; their dependent units were reassigned to the remaining three Army Corps.

There are no intermediate division level units; each Army Corps is composed by a variable number of Brigades. To date (2009), the Argentine Army has eleven brigades:

• two armored brigades (1st and 2nd),
• three mechanized brigades (9th, 10th and 11th),
• three mountain brigades (5th, 6th and 8th),
• one paratroopers brigade (4th) and
• two jungle brigade (3rd and 12th).

Note: The 7th Infantry Brigade was dissolved in early 1985.

Depending on its type, each brigade includes two to five Cavalry or Infantry Regiments, one or two Artillery Groups, a scout cavalry squadron, one battalion or company-sized engineer unit, one intelligence company, one communications company, one command company and a battalion-sized logistical support unit. The terms "regiment" and "group", found in the official designations of cavalry, infantry and artillery units, are used due to historical reasons, these units being more accurately described as battalions; similar-sized units that do not belong to the above-mentioned services are referred to as "battalions". In addition to their service, Regiments and Groups are also specialized according to their area of operations (Mountain Infantry, Jungle Infantry, Mountain Cavalry), their equipment (Tank Cavalry, Light Cavalry, Mechanized Infantry) or their special training (Paratroopers, Commandos, Air Assault, Mountain Cazadores or Jungle Cazadores). Regiments are made up by four maneuver sub-units (companies in infantry regiments and squadrons in cavalry regiments) and one command and support sub-unit for a total of 350 to 700 troops.

In 2006 a Rapid Deployment Force (FDR) was created based on the 4th Paratroopers Brigade.

In 2008 a Special Operations Forces Group was created based on two Commandos Companies, one Special Forces Company and one PsyOp Company.

Ranks

Insignia for all ranks except Volunteers is worn on shoulder boards. Ranks from Senior Colonel onwards use red-trimmed shoulderboards and the suns denoting rank are gold-braid; the suns on other officers' shoulder boards are metallic. Senior Colonels and Generals also have golden wreath leaves on their coat lapels.

The rank insignia for Volunteers 1st Class, 2nd Class and Brevet 2nd Class is worn on the sleeves. Collar versions of the ranks are used in combat uniforms.

Officers

Non-commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men

Argentinian Rank Translation Teniente General Lieutenant General General de División Divisional General General de Brigada Brigade General Coronel Mayor * Colonel Major Coronel Colonel Teniente Coronel Lieutenant Colonel Mayor Major Capitán Captain Teniente Primero First Lieutenant Teniente Lieutenant Subteniente Sub-lieutenant * honorary rank for long-serving colonels who have not been promoted to Brigade General; the rank is junior to Brigade General but senior to Colonel.

Argentinian Rank Translation Suboficial Mayor Senior Sub-officer Suboficial Principal Master Sub-officer Sargento Ayudante/ Staff Sergeant/ Sargento Primero First Sergeant Sargento Sergeant Cabo Primero First Corporal Cabo Corporal Voluntario Primero First Volunteer Voluntario Segundo Second Volunteer Voluntario Segundo en Comisión Brevet Second Volunteer

Equipment

The following are estimated totals for the weapon systems of the Argentine Army in service as of 2009:

Infantry weapons

Small arms

Name	Type	Caliber	Origin	Notes
FN P35	Semi-automatic pistol	9mm	Belgium
FMK-3	Submachine gun	9mm	Argentina
M16A1	Assault rifle	5.56mm	United States	Being replaced by Steyr AUG.
Steyr AUG	Assault rifle	5.56mm	Austria
FN FAL	Battle rifle	7.62mm	Belgium
FARA 83	Assault rifle	5.56mm	Argentina
FN MAG	General purpose machine gun	7.62mm	Belgium
M2HB	Heavy machine gun	12.7mm	United States

Explosives, rockets, and missile systems

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Notes
GME-FMK2-M0	Hand grenade		Argentina
Mk 19 AGL	Automatic grenade launcher	40mm	United States
M72 LAW	Rocket launcher		United States
AT4	Anti-tank weapon		Sweden
Model 1968	Recoilless rifle		Argentina
Model 1974 FMK-1	Recoilless rifle		Argentina	105mm
Mathogo	Anti-tank guided missile		Argentina
BGM-71 TOW	Anti-tank guided missile		United States
RBS 70	Man-portable air-defense system		Sweden

Artillery and missile systems

Mortars

• 440 x 120 mm mortars
• 1100 x 81 mm mortars
• 214 x 60 mm mortars

Field artillery

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Notes
M-101	105mm Howitzer	60	United States
OTO Melara Mod 56	105mm Howitzer	70	Italy
CITEFA Model 77	155mm Howitzer	109	Argentina
CALA 30	155 mm Howitzer	2	Argentina	Developed to replace the CITEFA Model 77
M-114	155 mm Howitzer	48	United States

Self-propelled artillery

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Notes
VCTM	Self-propelled mortar	50	Germany/Argentina	TAM variant carrying a 120mm AM-50 mortar.
AMX Mk F3	Self-propelled howitzer	24	France	155 mm gun on AMX-13 hull.
VCA Palmaria	Self-propelled howitzer	19	Argentina/Italy	155 mm gun. Palmaria turret mated to a modified TAM hull.
SLAM PAMPERO	Multiple rocket launcher	4	Argentina	105 mm multiple rocket launcher mounted on a Unimog truck.
SLAM SAPBA	Multiple rocket launcher	50	Argentina	127 mm multiple rocket launcher mounted on a FIAT 697 truck.

Anti-aircraft weapons

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Notes
Hispano Suiza HS.831	30 mm anti-aircraft gun	21	France
Bofors L/60	40 mm anti-aircraft gun	250	Sweden
L90 twin cannon	35 mm anti-aircraft gun	100	Switzerland
Roland	Surface-to-air missile system	4	France

Vehicles

Logistics and utility vehicles

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Notes
Lohr Fardier	All terrain vehicle	50	France	For use by Paratrooper Brigade
M151A2 MUTT	Light Utility Vehicle	340	United States
Mercedes-Benz MB 230G	Light Utility Vehicle	919	Germany
Isuzu Trooper	Light Utility Vehicle	147	Japan
HMMWV	Light Utility Vehicle	40	United States	For use in UN peacekeeping missions
Ford F-100	Light utility truck	485	United States
Chevrolet M1008	Light utility truck	70	United States
Mercedes-Benz MB 1112/1113/1114		790	Germany
Mercedes-Benz MB 1720		100	Germany
Mercedes-Benz Unimog U-416/421/431	Light Tactical Wheeled Vehicle	1913	Germany
FIAT 697	Heavy equipment transporter	20	Italy

Armored fighting vehicles

Name	Type	Quantity	Origin	Notes
M113	Armored personnel carrier	520	United States	Including variants (M577,M106,M548,...)
MOWAG Grenadier	Armored personnel carrier	47	Switzerland	4x4 wheeled APC.
Alvis Tactica	Armored personnel carrier	9	United Kingdom	4x4 wheeled APC.
AMX-13 VCPC	Armored personnel carrier	30	France
VCPC	Command vehicle	9	Germany/Argentina	Command post version of the VCTP.
VCTP	Infantry fighting vehicle	216	Germany/Argentina	IFV variant of the TAM. Tank turret replaced with a turret mounted 20mm autocannon
Panhard AML-90	Armored car	50	France
SK-105 Kurassier	Light tank	118	Austria
AMX-13/105	Light tank	56	France	Being phased out in favour of the Patagon.
Patagon	Light tank	40	Argentina	Locally produced light tank. Combines a SK-105 hull with an AMX-13 turret.
TAM	Medium tank	200	Germany/Argentina	Based on the hull from the Marder, and turret from the Leopard 1.

Aircraft

Main article: Argentine Army Aviation

Gallery

• 
  Patagon Tank
• 
  TAM tank

See also

• Argentine ground forces in the Falklands War
• 601 Commando Company
• 602 Commando Company
• 601st Intelligence Battalion

External links

• Template:Es icon Official website
• Template:Es icon Organization and equipment