Cyanohydrin reaction

A Cyanohydrin reaction is an organic chemical reaction by an aldehyde or ketone with a cyanide anion or a nitrile to form a cyanohydrin. This nucleophilic addition is a reversible reaction but with aliphatic carbonyl compounds equilibrium is in favor of the reaction products. The cyanide source can be potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide or trimethylsilyl cyanide. With aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, the benzoin condensation is a competing reaction. The reaction is used in carbohydrate chemistry as a chain extension method for example that of D-xylose.

Examples

Reaction of acetone with sodium cyanide to hydroxyacetonitrile

Reaction of acetone with sodium cyanide to hydroxyacetonitrile

Reaction of acetone with sodium cyanide to hydroxyacetonitrile

Reaction of benzoquinone with trimethylsilylcyanide, catalyst KCN is introduced as a 1:1 complex with the Crown ether 18-crown-6

Reaction of benzoquinone with trimethylsilylcyanide, catalyst KCN is introduced as a 1:1 complex with the Crown ether 18-crown-6

Reaction of benzoquinone with trimethylsilylcyanide in tetrachloromethane, catalyst KCN is introduced as a 1:1 complex with the Crown ether 18-crown-6

chain extension of D-xylose in equilibrium with its hemiacetal with KCN to the cyclic ester

chain extension of D-xylose in equilibrium with its hemiacetal with KCN to the cyclic ester

Reaction mechanism

Asymmetric synthesis

The asymmetric cyanohydrin reaction of benzaldehyde with trimethylsilylcyanide is made possible by employment of (R)-Binol at 1 to 10% catalyst loading. This ligand firsts reacts with a lithium alkoxy compound to form a lithium binaphtholate Complex.

Asymmetric reaction of benzaldehyde with (R)-Binol-lithium(i-propyloxy) gives (S)-cyanohydrin with 98% ee

Asymmetric reaction of benzaldehyde with (R)-Binol-lithium(i-propyloxy) gives (S)-cyanohydrin with 98% ee

The chemist Urech in 1872 was the first to synthesize cyanohydrins from ketones with alkali cyanides and acetic acid and therefore this reaction also goes by the name of Urech cyanohydrin method. With HCN in acidic conditions - i.e the cyanohydrin is the functional group CN-C-OH

External links

• Cyanohydrin reaction of formaldehyde to hydroxyacetonitrile or glycolonitrile with sodium cyanide in Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 2, p.387; Vol. 13, p.56 Article
• Cyanohydrin reaction of formaldehyde with potassium cyanide Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 3, p.436; Vol. 27, p.41Article
• Cyanohydrin reaction of acetophenone with potassium cyanide Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 4, p.58; Vol. 33, p.7 Article
• Cyanohydrin reaction of D-xylose with potassium cyanide Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 4, p.506; Vol. 36, p.38 Article
• Cyanohydrin reaction of acetone with potassium cyanide Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 2, p.7; Vol. 15, p.1 Article
• Cyanohydrin reaction of benzoquinone with trimethylsilylcyanide Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 7, p.517; Vol. 60, p.126 Article