Serbian Air Force and Air Defence: Difference between revisions
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| [[Orbiter UAV]] <ref>[http://www.glas-javnosti.rs/clanak/vesti/glas-javnosti-07-10-2008/pet-miliona-dolara-za-trideset-spijuna]</ref> |
| [[Orbiter UAV]] <ref>[http://www.glas-javnosti.rs/clanak/vesti/glas-javnosti-07-10-2008/pet-miliona-dolara-za-trideset-spijuna]</ref> |
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Revision as of 12:05, 4 June 2010
| Serbian Air Force and Air Defence | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 1912–1918 2006–present |
| Size | 4000 personnel 222 aircraft 210 operational aircraft |
| AF HQ | Zemun, Belgrade |
| Patron | Saint Elijah |
| Motto(s) | Template:Lang-sr "For Freedom and Honour of the Fatherland" |
| Commanders | |
| Commander of AF & AD | Brigadier General Ranko Živak |
| Chief of AF & AD HQ | Brigadier General Sreto Malinović |
| Insignia | |
| Roundel |  File:Roundel of the Serbian Air Force 2006 (low vis).svg |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Attack | J-22, G-4, Mi-24, SA.342 GAMA, |
| Fighter | MiG-29,[1], MiG-21Bis |
| Interceptor | MiG-21Bis |
| Reconnaissance | MiG-21M, IJ-22, INJ-22, SA.341 HERA |
| Trainer | Utva 75, G-4, NJ-22 |
| Transport | An-2, An-26, Do 28, Yak-40, Mi-8, Mi-17 |
The Serbian Air Force and Air Defence (Template:Lang-sr) is the air force of Serbia and the part of Serbian Armed Forces. It consists of an array of combat aircraft, cargo aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, UAV, combat helicopters, cargo/utility helicopters, radars and SAMs.
General information
History
The Serbian Air Force history began with an idea proposed in the General Army Formation Act of 1893. During the rule of Kingdom of Serbia it was decided there was a need for a defensive air force. A group of Serbian officers went to France for training in 1912. The Army bought Blériot XI-2 aircraft by the Act of the Minister of War Marshal Radomir Putnik. Subsequently, the government set up an Air Force Command in Niš.[2] This made the Kingdom of Serbia, one of the first 15 states in the world to have an air force. On 30 September 1915, during World War I, Serbian Air Defence members shot down the first of many enemy airplanes over Kragujevac. This day was, by the Act of king Aleksandar I, proclaimed the Air Defence Artillery Division’s day. Frontline Serbian-French joint escadrilles formed in Thessaloniki, and the government forms first and second Serbian Fighter Escadrilles in 1918. In 1924, on August 2, the army noted Saint Elijah as the patron saint day of Serbian Air Forces, with the Saint Elijah the Lightning Bearer as a patron saint of the military.
Objectives and Tasks
Air Force and Air Defence units’ tasks include:
- Providing control of the airspace.
- Deterring armed threats from the air and preventing sudden attacks.
- Air Defence of the territory and Serbian Air Force.
- Providing aircraft fire support.
- Participation in peacekeeping and international military cooperation.
- Responding to natural disasters, catastrophes and other incidents.
Equipment
Air Force today
_Serbian_AF.jpg)
The Air Force fleet consists of many Russian and indigenous combat aircraft. Today, the Air Force has 32 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s, of which up to ten are operational, and 4 MiG-29s. The Army heavily uses the two MiG-21UM's because two pilots can receive the benefit of the flight. Initially Yugoslavia bought the MiG-29s in 1987, while the country bought the MiG-21Bis aircraft between 1977 and 1983. The Air Force is looking to replace the aging MiGs with a new multirole fighter. The former-Yugoslav Air Force had plans to replace MiG-21s with Novi Avion in the 1990s but the wars stopped all projects. The Army has located all the MiG-29's at the Batajnica Air Base, as part of 101st Fighter Aviation Squadron and the 204th Fighter Aviation Regiment.[3] On 7 July 2009, one of the MiG-29s from the 204th Air Base crashed during a display flight, killing Lieutenant Colonel Rade Randjelovic and a soldier on guard duty on the ground.[4]
The Air Force also has many former-Yugoslav made aircraft. These combat aircraft included the G-4 Super Galeb and the J-22 Orao. Reliable figures about the number of these aircraft still in-service are hard to find but data suggests there are 15 attack J-22 and 7 attack-trainer NJ-22 aircraft and 24 G-4 light attack jet trainers.
The current government equipment numbers have removed hundreds of J-22s, J-21s, G-4s, and G-2s which the Yugoslav government withdrew or destroyed in the 1990s for Yugoslavia to conform to the Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control.
The Army has located most of the J-22 Oraos at the Lađevci Airbase as the main strike fighters of 241st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron. In addition, Batajnica Air Base has a few aircraft used previously by 252nd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron. The government will transferred the aircraft’s to Lađevci AB following overhaul at "Moma Stanojlović" air force Technical and Overhaul Institute located at Batajnica. The Army has transferred two to three G-4 Super Galebs to Lađevci as part of 241st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron. Other G-4 Super Galebsare located at Batajnica in the 252nd Mixed-Aviation Squadron. Serbian airpilots use them for basic and advanced training of new pilots from the Military Academy. There are also 12 Utva 75 basic trainer aircraft used by 252nd Mixed-Aviation Squadron for primary training and selection of new pilots from the Military Academy.[5]
Air Defence
The Serbian Air Force and Air Defence owns a wide variety of ex-Soviet and ex-Yugoslav model surface-to-air missiles. Many are long-range with a moderate amount of short-range weapons that infantry units. The Air Defence units are in the first phase of modernization of the Serbian AF&AD. The government will buy communication equipment from France.
After a reorganization of the Serbian Armed Forces, 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade, located in Novi Sad, Niš, Kragujevac, manages S-125 "Neva-M1T" and 2K12 "Kub-M" surface-to-air missiles. The government is upgrading both types of missiles with a fire and forget SA-17 ability. The government has upgraded"Neva-M" to the "Neva-M1T" standard by Lola systems. The Army has decided to also upgrade the "Kub" missiles.[6]
Each air base has its air defence battalion equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns L/70, Igla MANPADs and GIRAFFE Radars, similar to the land forces brigades air defence battalions.
Mobile track based missile units include the SA-9 and SA-13. The Army also has Russian MANPADS such as SA-7, SA-16, and SA-18. MANPADS are used by the 117th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion and 98th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion. The 117th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion and 98th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion use the Bofors 40 mm gun L/70.
Radars
Used by 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade, 117th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion, 98th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion and 126th Centre for Air Reconnaissance/Intelligence and Guidance
- P-12, P-14, P-40 Observation radars
- Altitude measurement radar PRV - 11
- S-605/654 Observation radars
- S-613 Altitude measurement radar
- TPS-63 Observation radar
- AN/TPS-70 3D radar
- AS-74 and AS-84 automatized systems
- GIRAFFE Radar
Organization
- Air Force and Air Defence Command – Zemun
204th Air Base – Batajnica Air Base
- 101st Fighter Aviation Squadron "Vitezovi"
- 252nd Mixed Aviation Squadron "Kurjaci sa Usca"
- 138th Mixed Transport-Aviation Squadron
- 1st Reconnaissance Aviation Section
- 24th Air Force Technical Battalion
- 17th Air Base Security Battalion
- 117th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion
98th Air Base – Kraljevo-Lađevci Airport
- 241st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron "Tigrovi"
- 714th Anti-Armored Helicopter Squadron "Senke"
- 119th Mixed Helicopter Squadron
- 2nd Reconnaissance Aviation Section
- 24th Air Force Technical Battalion
- 161st Air Base Security Battalion
- 98th Air Base Security Battalion
- 98th Air Force Air Defence Artillery Battalion
250th Air Defence Missile Brigade – HQ Belgrade
- Command Battery – Banjica
- 1st Air Defence Missile Battalion – using S-125 Neva (SA-3)s
- 2nd Air Defence Missile Battalion – using S-125 Neva (SA-3)s
- 230th Air Defence Self-Propelled Missile Battalion – using 2K12 Kub (SA-6)
- 240th Air Defence Self-Propelled Missile Battalion – using 2K12 Kub (SA-6)
- 310th Air Defence Self-Propelled Missile Battalion – using 2K12 Kub (SA-6)
126th Centre for Air Reconnaissance – HQ Belgrade
- Command Company
- 20th Air Reconnaissance Battalion
- 31st Air Reconnaissance Battalion
- Company for air force-technical and technical maintenance and procurement
Aircraft inventory
Template:Standard table
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Aircraft
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Photo
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Origin
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Type
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"| Variants
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Number
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Fighter Aircraft
|-----
| MiG-29
| 
| 
Russia
| Fighter
Trainer – Fighter
| MiG-29B / L-18
MiG-29UB / NL-18
| 4
| 4 (originally 5, 1 was lost in a crash during a training)
|-----
| MiG-21
| 
| 
Soviet Union/ Russia
| Fighter
Trainer – Fighter
Recon – Fighter
| MiG-21bis / L-17
MiG-21UM / NL-16 />MiG-21M
| 32
| To be retired in 2012 and replaced with 24 new fighter aircraft, possible orders(MIG35, Su-30MK, JAS-39 Gripen)
|
|-! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Ground-Attack Aircraft
|-----
| Soko Orao
| 
| 
Yugoslavia/
Serbia
| Ground Attack
Attack – Trainer
Recon
Recon – Trainer
| J-22
NJ-22
IJ-22
INJ-22
| 19
10
8
2
| Total 39, Planned to modernization, 2010 will be bought about more 8 aircraft Soko J22 Orao
|-----
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Transport Aircraft
|-----
| Antonov An-2
| File:An-2 srj.jpg
| 
Poland
| Utility transport/paratroop training
| An-2TD1 / T-71
| 1
| to be replaced with 8 new Transport aircraft, possible orders (C130 Hercules, C27J Spartan, CASA C295)
|-----
| Antonov An-26
| 
| 
Ukraine
| Medium military transport
| An-26B / T-70
| 8
| 2 currently modernized, others grounded
|-----
| Yakovlev Yak-40
| 
| Russia
| VIP Transport/Navaid Calibration
| Yak-40
| 2
| 2 active
|-----
| Dornier Do 28
| 
| 
Germany
| STOL-Utility transport
| Dornier Do 28D-2 Skyservant
| 1
| Used by Military Geographical Institute[7]
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Trainer Aircraft
|-----
| Lasta 95
| 
| Serbia
| Basic/Primary Trainer
| V-54
| 1
| 16 under delivery
|-----
| Utva 75
| 
| Yugoslavia/ Serbia
| Basic/Primary Trainer
| V-53
| 15
| To be replaced with new Lasta 95[8]
|-----
| Soko G-4 Super Galeb
| 
| Yugoslavia/ Serbia
| Armed Advanced Jet Trainer
Unarmed Jet Trainer
Target Puller
Prototype
| G-4 / N-62
G-4Š / N-62Š
G-4T / N-62T
G-4M / N-62M
| 30
| 15 to be modernized to G-4MD standard, 6 delivered from Montenegro, another 12 are expected to be
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Helicopters
|-----
| Soko Gazelle Gama
| 
| Yugoslavia/
France
| Anti-Tank
| HN-42M/45
| 32
| Total of 61 Gazelle Helicopters.[9]
|-----
| Mil Mi-24
| 
| Russia
| Attack Helicopter
| Mi-24V / HN-48
| 2
| To be overhauled and modernized in Russia in 2010.
|-----
| Soko Gazelle
| File:Soko SA-342L HERA.jpg
| Yugoslavia/ France
| Light Utility/Reccon
| HO-42/45
HI-42 Hera
| 29
| Total of 61 Gazelle Helicopters.[9]
|-----
| Mil Mi-8/17
| 
| Russia
| Medium Transport Helicopter
| Mi-8T / HT-40
Mi-17 / HT-47
| 20
2
| Four Mi-8s overhauled recently, two Mi-17's waiting for an overhaul. Plans to acquire 2 Mi-171Sh.
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | UAV's
|-----
| Orbiter UAV [10]
|
| 
Israel
| Reconnaissance UAV
| Orbiter
| 30
| 30 estimated
|-----
| UAV Vrabac
| 
| Serbia
| Reconnaissance UAV
| Vrabac
| 50+
| Over 50 estimated
|-----
|}
Air Defence Systems Serbia is currently the only country in the former Yugoslavia which employs surface to air missile defense systems.
| Model | Type | Origin | Number (Some numbers are approximate) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S-125 Neva (SA-3) | |
Stationary medium range surface-to-air missile system | Soviet Union Serbia |
15 surface-to-air missile system, with 32 rocket launchers (being modernized into the locally developed S-125M1T version)[11] |
| 2K12 Kub (SA-6) | |
Stationary medium range surface-to-air missile system | Soviet Union |
85 Under modernization to reach SA-17 'fire and forget' capability and Doppler based detection and navigation. |
| SA-13 [12] | Vehicle-mounted short range surface-to-air missile system | Serbia[13] |
20 vehicle systems currently upgrading | |
| Bofors 40 mm gun L/70 (guided by GIRAFFE Radar) |  |
Air-defense autocannon 40 mm gun |  Sweden |
150 guns and 30 radars |
| Strela-2M2J Sava |  |
Air defense portable surface-to-air missiles | Serbia[14] |
Estimated to be a large number of units, although actual quantity is unknown |
| 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16) |  |
Air defense surface-to-air portable missiles | Soviet Union |
Estimated to be a large number of units, although actual quantity is unknown |
| Domestically build under license Igla 9K38 (SA-18) |  |
Air defense surface-to-air portable missiles | Soviet Union |
Estimated to be a large number of units, although actual quantity is unknown |
Accidents
- Soko J-22 Orao crashed on 3 June 2010 into Gruža Lake, near Kragujevac. Pilot catapulted himself.[15]
- MiG-29 crashed on 7 July 2009, killing Lieutenant Colonel Rade Randjelovic and a soldier Milan Ulemek on the ground.[16]
- G-4 Super Galeb crashed on September 28, 2008
- Soko J-22 Orao crashed on May 21, 2008
Modernization
Serbian Air Force and Air Defense Modernization
The Commander of Serbian Air Force and Air Defense, Major General Dragan Katanić has said in interview to media agency "Beta" that Air Force is planning to buy two new Mi-17 multirole medium helicopters from Russia and to modernize 20 G-4 Super Galeb trainer and light attack jet aircraft. As Major General Katanić said, the Mi-17 Hip helicopter is ideal for military and civilian needs (it can be used also for fire-fighting duties) and many Serbian helicopter pilots and mechanics have a lot of experience operating older Mi-8 Hip helicopters, so training new recruits how to use them won't be too expensive. Katanjić also said the Serbian Ministry of defense will decide which foreign company will do the modernization and digitalization of G-4 Galeb aircraft. Upgrades include the most modern electronic equipment which will enable the use of Smart bombs and laser guided missiles. The modernized G-4's should stay in-service until 2030, while the other, nonmodernized G-4s will stay in-service until 2015.
Possible Orders
Template:Standard table
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Aircraft
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Photo
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Origin
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Type
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"| Variants
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Number
! style="text-align: left; background: lightsteelblue;"|Notes
|-
|-----
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | New jet fighter aircraft
|-----
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" |
|-----
| JAS 39 Gripen
| .jpg)
| Sweden
| JAS 39 Gripen
| JAS 39C
| 24
| 24 If chosen
|-----
!
|-----
| Sukhoi SU-30MK
| .jpg)
| Russia
| Sukhoi SU-30MK
| SU-30MK
| 24
| 24 If chosen
|-----
!
|-----
| F-16 Fighting Falcon
| 
| 
United States
| F-16C/D
| F-16C/D
| 24
| 24 If chosen
|-----
!
|-----
| Mig 29SMT
| 
| Russia
| Fighter Aircraft
| MiG-29SMT
| 24
| 24 If chosen
|-----
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | 25 New helicopters
|-----
| SA 330 Puma
| 
| France
| Transport and utility helicopter
| SA 330 Puma
| 25
| 25 if chosen
|-----
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | or
|-----
| Mil Mi-38
| 
| Russia
| cargo helicopter
| Mil Mi-38
| 25
| 25 if chosen
|-----
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | 8 new transport aircraft
|-----
| C-130 Hercules
| 
| United States
| Military transport aircraft
| C-130J
| 8
| 8 if chosen
|-----
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | or
|-----
| C-27J Spartan
| _edit1.jpg)
| 
Italy
| Military transport aircraft
| C-27J
| 8
| 8 if chosen
|-----
|}
Mobile Equipment
Replacing obsolete equipment is a dominant part of the reform protocol. Much of the existing arsenal and equipment are composed from the Yugoslav era.
The Air Force was until recently the most neglected branch of the armed forces. Injecting capital has helped strengthen the youngest branch in the army. Serbia will buy new multirole fighter aircraft to replace the aging MiG-21 squadron which is due to be withdrawn from service in 2010. A tender for the replacement will be announced in 2011 and completed by 2014.[17] The air force has modernized MiG-29s. The air force will also modernize 20 G-4 Super Galeb's toG-4MD standard. Tenders for new transport helicopters and aircraft will be announced before 2011. The transport helicopters are to be used for medical transportation for peacekeeping missions.
Serbia has a long history of domestic aerospace development and is developing laser guided missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles for both domestic use and export.
Serbia has acquired Israeli made UAV's to meet current needs.
Acquisition of trainer aircraft
Lasta 95 is the new trainer aircraft used for teaching new military pilots the fundamentals of airplane flying.[18] This new model of the plane, Lasta 95, is symbolic because it will be the first airplane fully produced in Serbia in more than a decade. The airplane is equipped with modern equipment including GPS navigation. It is able to carrying air-to-air and air to surface rockets, cannons and bombs, that are used for training. This makes a transition to advanced military airplanes such as G-4 Super Galeb, Mig 29's easier for military pilots. Also, Lasta 95 provides cheaper cost of flying hours. The plane is also inexpensive if it's damaged or destroyed.
G-4M Super Galeb
The air force will modernize 15 G-4 Super Galebs to domestically produced G-4MD standard. G-4 is a trainer and fighter aircraft. There was a tactical study done on the airplane, and it was found the airplane is competent in modern. The tactical study results with previous modernization plans were combined in a single modernization guide. Right now the Ministry of Defense is looking for a strategic partnership that will realize the proposals found in the scheme. The work is expected to last a couple of years and will mainly focus on the modernization of the cockpit. The upgrades will include improvements in maneuvering, control of weaponry, laser guided weapons, and addition of virtual radars. In the world is normal for the pilots to spend 60% of training hours flying the airplane that they will use in combat. The other 40% of the training is done on the top-of-the-line airplanes which are expensive to fly. After the modernization G-4 will be a new airplane, fully digitalized and modernized, with specifications that allow for training and possible military engagements. The modernization will allow the G-4 to be used until 2030 according to Gen.Kantanic.[19]
Antiaircraft
The antiaircraft are well maintained and are "100% operational", as quoted by Gen.Kantanic. In the long-term the entire system will be replaced with modern medium altitude equipment. The current system relies on past generations technology which relies on terminal imaging. It proved effective in certain tasks during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Serbia was a part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Therefore the system will be "lightly modernized" which will not cost a lot, yet will provide other defense abilities.[19]
Radars
Northrop Grumman Corporation has been selected to modernize air ground radio communications throughout Serbia. This project was carried out to increase the numbers of commercial and military flights that could be monitored in Serbia's airspace. The project began in December 2008.[20]
Aircraft markings
The Serbian Air Force roundel was officially adopted in 2006. The roundel is an adapted version of the former Royal Yugoslav Air Force roundel which ceased to exist in 1943. It is composed of a blue trim on the outside rim followed inward by the Serbian national colours red, blue, and white, with a white cross in the centre with blue trim.
The Air Force also uses a low visibility roundel of the same design only replacing the traditional roundel colours of red,blue and white with two gray colour variations of light and dark for contrast, these roundels have most recently been placed on refurbished MiG-29's. Most other aircraft continue to use the standard coloured roundel.
Ranks and insignia
| Generals | Officers | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| |
| Ranks in Serbian | Генерал General |
Генерал-Потпуковник General-Potpukovnik |
Генерал-Мајор General-Major |
Бригадни Генерал Brigadni General |
Пуковник Pukovnik |
Потпуковник Potpukovnik |
Мајор Major |
Капетан Kapetan |
Поручник Poručnik |
Потпоручник Potporučnik |
| Ranks | General | Lieutenant General | Major General | Brigadier General | Colonel | Lieutenant Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Sub-Lieutenant |
| NCOs | Soldiers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Ranks in Serbian | Заставник I класе Zastavnik I klase |
Заставник Zastavnik |
Старији Водник I класе Stariji Vodnik I klase |
Старији Водник Stariji Vodnik |
Водник Vodnik |
Млађи водник Mlađi vodnik |
Десетар Desetar |
Разводник Razvodnik |
| Ranks | Warrant Officer, 1st class | Warrant Officer | Senior Sergeant 1st class | Senior Sergeant | Sergeant | Junior Sergeant | Corporal | Private 1st class |
See also
- Serbian Air Force history
- Museum of Aviation in Belgrade
- Air Force of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro
- SFR Yugoslav Air Force
- Yugoslav Royal Air Force
- Republika Srpska Air Force
References
- ^ News (2007). "Serbian AF restructures". Aircraft Illustrated. 40 (1): 16.
{{cite journal}}:|last=has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|quotes=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ http://news.webshots.com/photo/1276190535061271690VsIcIN
- ^ http://www.vs.rs/index.php?content=781f64a8-f737-102b-bdc2-a0672172d7df
- ^ Serbian Fulcrum Crash Kills Display Pilot, Air Forces Monthly magazine, September 2009 issue, p. 80.
- ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/7371884/SRV-1
- ^ http://jmr.janes.com/public/jmr/surface_to_air.shtml
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/serbia/78647.html
- ^ a b Gazelle
- ^ [2]
- ^ http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2009/Serbia-fields-improved-S-125-missile-units.html
- ^ Strela-10
- ^ http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jmr/jmr090501_1_n.shtml
- ^ http://www.wonderland.org.nz/SamsTheFuture.htm
- ^ Serbian: http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Hronika/192267/Srusio-se-vojni-avion-pilot-se-katapultirao
- ^ MIG-29 Crashes In Serbia, Pilot Dies
- ^ Serbian air force targets fleet modernisation
- ^ http://www.odbrana.mod.gov.rs/arsenal/arsenal024/arsenal-02-06.pdf
- ^ a b 10-13:08-11.qxd.qxd
- ^ Northrop Grumman Park Air Systems to Provide Air Traffic Communications Systems in the Balkans
- Air Forces Monthly Magazine, Aeroflight
- Vazduhoplovstvo Srbije na Solunskom frontu 1916-1918, Vladeta D. Vojinovic, 2000
- Srpska Avijatika 1912-1918; MJV, Sky, EUROSINI; 1992
- Inventory of Air Force http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/yugo/serbaf_current_inventory.htm
- http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/yugo/jkrv/yugo-af1-home.htm
External links
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