Jump to content

Extended Duration Orbiter: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
SmackBot (talk | contribs)
3,734,324 edits
m remove deprecated parameter from cite template
Line 2: Line 2:
The '''Extended Duration Orbiter''' program was a project by [[NASA]] to prepare for long-term (months) [[Micro-g environment|microgravity]] research aboard [[Space Station Freedom]], which later evolved into the [[International Space Station]]. Scientists and NASA needed practical experience in managing progressively longer times for their experiments. The original [[space shuttle]] configuration usually provided a week to ten days of [[spaceflight]]. Several research projects and hardware components were part of the project, of which the EDO-pallet was one of the most visible, contracted by [[Rockwell International]].<ref name="Jenkins">{{cite book |author=Jenkins, Dennis R. |title=Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System|location=Cape Canaveral, Fla |year=2001 |pages=Pages 393, 437, 438|isbn=0-9633974-5-1}}</ref>
The '''Extended Duration Orbiter''' program was a project by [[NASA]] to prepare for long-term (months) [[Micro-g environment|microgravity]] research aboard [[Space Station Freedom]], which later evolved into the [[International Space Station]]. Scientists and NASA needed practical experience in managing progressively longer times for their experiments. The original [[space shuttle]] configuration usually provided a week to ten days of [[spaceflight]]. Several research projects and hardware components were part of the project, of which the EDO-pallet was one of the most visible, contracted by [[Rockwell International]].<ref name="Jenkins">{{cite book |author=Jenkins, Dennis R. |title=Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System|location=Cape Canaveral, Fla |year=2001 |pages=Pages 393, 437, 438|isbn=0-9633974-5-1}}</ref>


The first orbiter outfitted with the EDO hardware configuration was ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'', during its construction, and its last EDO flight was [[STS-67]], in 1995.<ref name="Jenkins" /><ref name="list">{{Cite web|url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/factoids/extnddur.htm|title=List of Extended Duration Missions|accessdate=November 16 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=NASA|year=2007|author=NASA PAO}}</ref> ''Endeavour's'' EDO modifications were removed in 1996 as part of routine maintenance, to reduce the orbiter's weight prior to [[STS-89]].<ref name="Jenkins" /> [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] was outfitted for EDO flight during its maintenance period from August 10, 1991, through February 9, 1992, prior to [[STS-50]], which was the first EDO flight.<ref name="list" /><ref name="sts50">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-50.html|title=STS-50|accessdate=November 16 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|year=1992|author=NASA}}</ref> From 1992, through 1994, [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']] went through a maintenance period, during which ''Atlantis'' was modified to have the provisions needed for EDO capability, but NASA chose not to proceed with the final modifications, and ''Atlantis'' does not have EDO capability.<ref name="Jenkins" /> The EDO-pallet used in these orbiter configurations was destroyed in the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' accident]].
The first orbiter outfitted with the EDO hardware configuration was ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'', during its construction, and its last EDO flight was [[STS-67]], in 1995.<ref name="Jenkins" /><ref name="list">{{Cite web|url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/factoids/extnddur.htm|title=List of Extended Duration Missions|accessdate=November 16, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2007|author=NASA PAO}}</ref> ''Endeavour's'' EDO modifications were removed in 1996 as part of routine maintenance, to reduce the orbiter's weight prior to [[STS-89]].<ref name="Jenkins" /> [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] was outfitted for EDO flight during its maintenance period from August 10, 1991, through February 9, 1992, prior to [[STS-50]], which was the first EDO flight.<ref name="list" /><ref name="sts50">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-50.html|title=STS-50|accessdate=November 16, 2007|publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|year=1992|author=NASA}}</ref> From 1992, through 1994, [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']] went through a maintenance period, during which ''Atlantis'' was modified to have the provisions needed for EDO capability, but NASA chose not to proceed with the final modifications, and ''Atlantis'' does not have EDO capability.<ref name="Jenkins" /> The EDO-pallet used in these orbiter configurations was destroyed in the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' accident]].


==EDO pallet==
==EDO pallet==
[[Image:EDO pallet.jpg|thumb|right|The EDO pallet mounted in the back of ''Columbia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s payload bay.]]
[[Image:EDO pallet.jpg|thumb|right|The EDO pallet mounted in the back of ''Columbia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s payload bay.]]
The Extended Duration Orbiter Cryogenic kit (EDO-pallet or CRYO) is a 15 foot diameter assembly of equipment which attached vertically to the payload bay rear bulkhead of an [[Space Shuttle Orbiter|orbiter]], and allowed the orbiter to support a flight of up to 16 days duration.<ref name="Jenkins" /> The equipment includes cryogenic tanks, associated control panels, and avionics equipment. Although ''Atlantis'' was partially upgraded to accommodate the EDO, only ''Columbia'' and ''Endeavour'' actually flew with the pallet. The pallet made its debut on [[STS-50]], and was lost on mission [[STS-107]], the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.<ref name="edo-on-107">{{cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-107/docs/sts-107-overview.pdf |title=Overview of STS–107 Mission and Key Research - FS-2002-06-107-MSFC |accessdate=2007-11-16|author=NASA|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
The Extended Duration Orbiter Cryogenic kit (EDO-pallet or CRYO) is a 15 foot diameter assembly of equipment which attached vertically to the payload bay rear bulkhead of an [[Space Shuttle Orbiter|orbiter]], and allowed the orbiter to support a flight of up to 16 days duration.<ref name="Jenkins" /> The equipment includes cryogenic tanks, associated control panels, and avionics equipment. Although ''Atlantis'' was partially upgraded to accommodate the EDO, only ''Columbia'' and ''Endeavour'' actually flew with the pallet. The pallet made its debut on [[STS-50]], and was lost on mission [[STS-107]], the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.<ref name="edo-on-107">{{cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-107/docs/sts-107-overview.pdf |title=Overview of STS–107 Mission and Key Research - FS-2002-06-107-MSFC |accessdate=2007-11-16|author=NASA|publisher=NASA}}</ref>


Initially, NASA considered adding a second EDO pallet to ''Endeavour'', placed in front of the first, for a total of thirteen tank sets, that would have allowed an orbiter to remain in space for 28 days, but managers decided against it when the International Space Station assembly began, and instead removed the EDO capability from the orbiter, to reduce its weight and allow it to carry more cargo to the ISS.<ref name="Jenkins" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nix.ksc.nasa.gov/info;jsessionid=4bot1jt6n53s3?id=S92-29594&orgid=8| title=Artist concept cutaway view of OV-105 docked with Space Station Freedom (SSF)|date=1992-03-03|accessdate=2007-11-16|author=NASA|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
Initially, NASA considered adding a second EDO pallet to ''Endeavour'', placed in front of the first, for a total of thirteen tank sets, that would have allowed an orbiter to remain in space for 28 days, but managers decided against it when the International Space Station assembly began, and instead removed the EDO capability from the orbiter, to reduce its weight and allow it to carry more cargo to the ISS.<ref name="Jenkins" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nix.ksc.nasa.gov/info;jsessionid=4bot1jt6n53s3?id=S92-29594&orgid=8| title=Artist concept cutaway view of OV-105 docked with Space Station Freedom (SSF)|date=1992-03-03|accessdate=2007-11-16|author=NASA|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
Line 13: Line 13:


=== Specifications ===
=== Specifications ===
The EDO tanks stored 368 pounds (167 kg) of [[liquid hydrogen]] at -418 degrees [[Fahrenheit]] (-250 °C), and 3,124 pounds (1,417 kg) of [[liquid oxygen]] at -285 degrees Fahrenheit (-176 °C). Total empty weight of the system was 3,571 pounds (1,620 kg). When filled with cryogens, the system weight was approximately 7,000 pounds (3.2 [[Metric ton|t]]).<ref name="Jenkins" /><ref name="sts87">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-87/mission-sts-87.html|title=STS-87|accessdate=November 16 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=NASA|year=2007|author=NASA}}</ref>
The EDO tanks stored 368 pounds (167&nbsp;kg) of [[liquid hydrogen]] at -418 degrees [[Fahrenheit]] (-250 °C), and 3,124 pounds (1,417&nbsp;kg) of [[liquid oxygen]] at -285 degrees Fahrenheit (-176 °C). Total empty weight of the system was 3,571 pounds (1,620&nbsp;kg). When filled with cryogens, the system weight was approximately 7,000 pounds (3.2 [[Metric ton|t]]).<ref name="Jenkins" /><ref name="sts87">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-87/mission-sts-87.html|title=STS-87|accessdate=November 16, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2007|author=NASA}}</ref>


=== Use ===
=== Use ===
Line 98: Line 98:
|April 4, 1997
|April 4, 1997
|3 days, 23 hours, 13 minutes, 38 seconds
|3 days, 23 hours, 13 minutes, 38 seconds
|Microgravity Science Laboratory-1 <br>(Mission ended early due to a problem with one of ''Columbia'''s fuel cells.<ref name="sts83">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-83/mission-sts-83.html|title=STS-83|accessdate=December 8 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=NASA|year=2001|author=NASA}}</ref>)
|Microgravity Science Laboratory-1 <br>(Mission ended early due to a problem with one of ''Columbia'''s fuel cells.<ref name="sts83">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-83/mission-sts-83.html|title=STS-83|accessdate=December 8, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=2001|author=NASA}}</ref>)
|-
|-
|11
|11
Line 134: Line 134:


==Other EDO projects and studies==
==Other EDO projects and studies==
* ''Manual Apparel Cleaning System'' - A system for laundering selected items of clothing.<ref name="clean">{{Cite web|url=http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/SBIR/abstracts/92/sbir/phase1/SBIR-92-1-12.10-8152.html|title=Manual Apparel Cleaning System for Extended- Duration-Orbiter Shuttle Missions|accessdate=November 16 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=NASA|author=NASA}}</ref>
* ''Manual Apparel Cleaning System'' - A system for laundering selected items of clothing.<ref name="clean">{{Cite web|url=http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/SBIR/abstracts/92/sbir/phase1/SBIR-92-1-12.10-8152.html|title=Manual Apparel Cleaning System for Extended- Duration-Orbiter Shuttle Missions|accessdate=November 16, 2007|publisher=NASA|author=NASA}}</ref>
* An automated ''Fault Detection, Isolation, and Reconfiguration''-system (FDIR) that would support the shuttles for up to 28 days.<ref name="Harvard">{{Cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992aiaa.meetZ....R|title=28-day extended-duration orbiter automated fault detection, isolation, and recovery concept definition and proof-of-concept development|accessdate=November 16 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|year=1992|author=Rejai, B.; Zeilingold, D.; Rehagen, S.}}</ref>
* An automated ''Fault Detection, Isolation, and Reconfiguration''-system (FDIR) that would support the shuttles for up to 28 days.<ref name="Harvard">{{Cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992aiaa.meetZ....R|title=28-day extended-duration orbiter automated fault detection, isolation, and recovery concept definition and proof-of-concept development|accessdate=November 16, 2007|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|year=1992|author=Rejai, B.; Zeilingold, D.; Rehagen, S.}}</ref>
* ''Extended Duration Orbiter Waste Collection System''.<ref name="osu">{{Cite web|url=http://oregonstate.edu/~atwaterj/merc.htm|title=Life Support Systems: Mercury to Shuttle|accessdate=November 16 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=[[Oregon State University]]|year=1996|author=[[James E. Atwater|James E. Atwater]]}}</ref> A similar system was later added to ISS as the ISS Waste Collector Subsystem.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Space Station Waste Collector Subsystem Refurbishment DTO 692|url=http://www.shuttlepresskit.com/sts-104/dto137.htm|accessdate=2007-11-17 |author=NASA POA|date=June 22, 2001}}</ref>
* ''Extended Duration Orbiter Waste Collection System''.<ref name="osu">{{Cite web|url=http://oregonstate.edu/~atwaterj/merc.htm|title=Life Support Systems: Mercury to Shuttle|accessdate=November 16, 2007|publisher=[[Oregon State University]]|year=1996|author=[[James E. Atwater]]}}</ref> A similar system was later added to ISS as the ISS Waste Collector Subsystem.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Space Station Waste Collector Subsystem Refurbishment DTO 692|url=http://www.shuttlepresskit.com/sts-104/dto137.htm|accessdate=2007-11-17 |author=NASA POA|date=June 22, 2001}}</ref>
* ''Extended Duration Orbiter Regenerable CO<sub>2</sub> Removal System''.<ref name="osu" />
* ''Extended Duration Orbiter Regenerable CO<sub>2</sub> Removal System''.<ref name="osu" />
* ''Medical Extended Medical Enterprise (MEME)''.<ref name="MEME">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/news/contracts/NAS902078/rfp/rfp9bl23203p_z_appa_exampletaskorders.doc|title=Bioastronautics Contract: Example Task Orders|format=.doc|accessdate=November 16 2007|dateformat=mdy|publisher=NASA|author=NASA}}</ref>
* ''Medical Extended Medical Enterprise (MEME)''.<ref name="MEME">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/news/contracts/NAS902078/rfp/rfp9bl23203p_z_appa_exampletaskorders.doc|title=Bioastronautics Contract: Example Task Orders|format=.doc|accessdate=November 16, 2007|publisher=NASA|author=NASA}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 144: Line 144:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 16:46, 14 June 2010

The insignia for Extended Duration Orbiter missions.

The Extended Duration Orbiter program was a project by NASA to prepare for long-term (months) microgravity research aboard Space Station Freedom, which later evolved into the International Space Station. Scientists and NASA needed practical experience in managing progressively longer times for their experiments. The original space shuttle configuration usually provided a week to ten days of spaceflight. Several research projects and hardware components were part of the project, of which the EDO-pallet was one of the most visible, contracted by Rockwell International.[1]

The first orbiter outfitted with the EDO hardware configuration was Endeavour, during its construction, and its last EDO flight was STS-67, in 1995.[1][2] Endeavour's EDO modifications were removed in 1996 as part of routine maintenance, to reduce the orbiter's weight prior to STS-89.[1] Space Shuttle Columbia was outfitted for EDO flight during its maintenance period from August 10, 1991, through February 9, 1992, prior to STS-50, which was the first EDO flight.[2][3] From 1992, through 1994, Atlantis went through a maintenance period, during which Atlantis was modified to have the provisions needed for EDO capability, but NASA chose not to proceed with the final modifications, and Atlantis does not have EDO capability.[1] The EDO-pallet used in these orbiter configurations was destroyed in the Columbia accident.

EDO pallet

The EDO pallet mounted in the back of Columbia's payload bay.

The Extended Duration Orbiter Cryogenic kit (EDO-pallet or CRYO) is a 15 foot diameter assembly of equipment which attached vertically to the payload bay rear bulkhead of an orbiter, and allowed the orbiter to support a flight of up to 16 days duration.[1] The equipment includes cryogenic tanks, associated control panels, and avionics equipment. Although Atlantis was partially upgraded to accommodate the EDO, only Columbia and Endeavour actually flew with the pallet. The pallet made its debut on STS-50, and was lost on mission STS-107, the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[4]

Initially, NASA considered adding a second EDO pallet to Endeavour, placed in front of the first, for a total of thirteen tank sets, that would have allowed an orbiter to remain in space for 28 days, but managers decided against it when the International Space Station assembly began, and instead removed the EDO capability from the orbiter, to reduce its weight and allow it to carry more cargo to the ISS.[1][5]

No replacement for the pallet is planned, since the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System now provides much of the same abilities, and the planned 2010 retirement of the shuttle fleet would make it redundant.

Specifications

The EDO tanks stored 368 pounds (167 kg) of liquid hydrogen at -418 degrees Fahrenheit (-250 °C), and 3,124 pounds (1,417 kg) of liquid oxygen at -285 degrees Fahrenheit (-176 °C). Total empty weight of the system was 3,571 pounds (1,620 kg). When filled with cryogens, the system weight was approximately 7,000 pounds (3.2 t).[1][6]

Use

Oxygen and hydrogen were supplied to the orbiter's three electrical power generating fuel cells, where they were converted into sufficient electrical energy to support the average 4 family-member house for approximately 6 months. About 3,000 pounds of pure drinking water was also produced by the fuel cells.

Missions with the EDO pallet conducted research on microgravity, Life Sciences, Earth and celestial observations, and human adaptation to the low gravity environment.

The following missions used the EDO pallet:

EDO Flight Shuttle Mission Launch Date Duration Primary Payload(s)
1 Columbia STS-50 June 25, 1992 13 days, 19 hours, 30 minutes, 4 seconds United States Microgravity Laboratory-1
2 Columbia STS-58 October 18, 1993 14 days, 0 hours, 12 minutes, 32 seconds Spacelab Life Sciences-2
3 Columbia STS-62 March 4, 1994 13 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes, 41 seconds United States Microgravity Payload-2
4 Columbia STS-65 July 8, 1994 14 days, 17 hours, 55 minutes, 1 second International Microgravity Laboratory-2
5 Endeavour STS-67 March 2, 1995 16 days, 15 hours, 8 minutes, 48 seconds ASTRO-2
6 Columbia STS-73 October 20, 1995 15 days, 21 hours, 53 minutes, 16 seconds United States Microgravity Laboratory-2
7 Columbia STS-75 February 22, 1996 15 days, 17 hours, 40 minutes, 22 seconds Tethered Satellite System-1R (reflight of Tethered Satellite System-1 on STS-46)
United States Microgravity Payload-3
8 Columbia STS-78 June 20, 1996 16 days, 21 hours, 48 minutes, 30 seconds Life and Microgravity Spacelab
9 Columbia STS-80 November 19, 1996 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes, 18 seconds Wake Shield Facility
ORFEUS-SPAS II
10 Columbia STS-83 April 4, 1997 3 days, 23 hours, 13 minutes, 38 seconds Microgravity Science Laboratory-1
(Mission ended early due to a problem with one of Columbia's fuel cells.[7])
11 Columbia STS-94 July 1, 1997 15 days, 16 hours, 45 minutes, 29 seconds Microgravity Science Laboratory-1 (reflight of STS-83)
12 Columbia STS-87 November 19, 1997 15 days, 16 hours, 35 minutes, 1 second United States Microgravity Payload-4
SPARTAN-201
13 Columbia STS-90 April 17, 1998 15 days, 21 hours, 50 minutes, 58 seconds Neurolab
14 Columbia STS-107 January 16, 2003 15 days, 22 hours, 20 minutes, 32 seconds SPACEHAB Research Double Module
FREESTAR

EDO medical project

Prior to the EDO project, no shuttle had flown a mission longer than 10 days. Since space travelers may faint when they stand up (orthostatic intolerance) after returning to normal gravity even after short flights, and muscle strength may be reduced, the EDOMP project focused on ensuring that the crew could land the orbiter, and exit from it without help after a 16-day flight. Astronauts on 40 shuttle flights (STS-32 through STS-72) participated in 36 EDOMP investigations. The results of these investigations were used to make rules and recommendations for 16-day flights. Several types of exercise devices (i.e. a treadmill, a cycle ergometer, and a rower) were among the devices and procedures developed to prevent the de-conditioning of the body that occurs during space flight. The crew transport vehicles, in which astronauts are now transported after landing, were built to enhance medical capabilities at the landing site, as well as crew comfort and safety. A database of 125 formal publications, and 299 abstracts, technical papers, and presentations, also resulted from the EDOMP.[8] The project saw its successor in the ISS Medical Project.[9]

Other EDO projects and studies

  • Manual Apparel Cleaning System - A system for laundering selected items of clothing.[10]
  • An automated Fault Detection, Isolation, and Reconfiguration-system (FDIR) that would support the shuttles for up to 28 days.[11]
  • Extended Duration Orbiter Waste Collection System.[12] A similar system was later added to ISS as the ISS Waste Collector Subsystem.[13]
  • Extended Duration Orbiter Regenerable CO2 Removal System.[12]
  • Medical Extended Medical Enterprise (MEME).[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Jenkins, Dennis R. (2001). Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System. Cape Canaveral, Fla. pp. Pages 393, 437, 438. ISBN 0-9633974-5-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b NASA PAO (2007). "List of Extended Duration Missions". NASA. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  3. ^ NASA (1992). "STS-50". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  4. ^ NASA. "Overview of STS–107 Mission and Key Research - FS-2002-06-107-MSFC" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  5. ^ NASA (1992-03-03). "Artist concept cutaway view of OV-105 docked with Space Station Freedom (SSF)". NASA. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  6. ^ NASA (2007). "STS-87". NASA. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  7. ^ NASA (2001). "STS-83". NASA. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  8. ^ Johnson Space Center, NASA. "Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project (EDOMP)". NASA. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  9. ^ NASA (July 17, 2007). "ISS Medical Project". NASA. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  10. ^ NASA. "Manual Apparel Cleaning System for Extended- Duration-Orbiter Shuttle Missions". NASA. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  11. ^ Rejai, B.; Zeilingold, D.; Rehagen, S. (1992). "28-day extended-duration orbiter automated fault detection, isolation, and recovery concept definition and proof-of-concept development". Harvard University. Retrieved November 16, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b James E. Atwater (1996). "Life Support Systems: Mercury to Shuttle". Oregon State University. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  13. ^ NASA POA (June 22, 2001). "International Space Station Waste Collector Subsystem Refurbishment DTO 692". Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  14. ^ NASA. "Bioastronautics Contract: Example Task Orders" (.doc). NASA. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Extended_Duration_Orbiter&oldid=367998117"