User:Eagleeye0077/practice

Taijin Kyofusho

Taijin-Kyofusho syndrome(TKS) is a fear of interpersonal relationships. TKS became a legitimate mental health disorder in 1994. This is the year that the DSM-IV first included TKS. TKS is widely thought to be a culture bound form of anxiety. This theory has been called into question as cases are now being reported and published in Europe and America. For the most part though, TKS is mainly found in Japan and Korea. The earliest reported cases of TKS were reported in Japan and Korea. The first reported case was in Kasahara, Korea in 1991. The next diagnosis of TKS took place in Kinmacer, Japan in 1998.

TKS is closely related to Social Phobia. The DSM-IV lists the offensive form of TKS. TKS is thought to be a cultural bound syndrome due to the lack of reported cases in other parts of the world. The DSM-IV defines TKS as "a culturally distinctive phobia in Japan, in some ways resembling Social Phobia in DSM-IV. This syndrome refers to an individual intense fear that his or her body, its parts or its functions, displeases, embarasses or are offensive to other people in appearance, odor, facial expression, or movements. This syndrome is included in the official Japanese diagnostic system for mental disorders."

Taijin-Kyofusho syndrome has two subtypes underneath the heading of TKS. The two subtypes are GeNeral(simple) and OffensiVe or delusional. The two share the same features with the only difference being that the offensive or delusional has additional features. General TKS is characterized by blushing, stiff facial expressions, fear of being negatively judged by other individuals, and frequent avoidance behaviors. TKS Offensive or Delusional adds the following features: a delusional belief that he or she has a defect in body odor or a specific body part such as a hand, a delusional belief that someone may be harmed by their physical traits, a delusional belief of embarrassing or offending other individuals, a delusional fear that individuals try to avoid them, and a delusional fear of facial expressions and movements. and a delusional fear of facial expression and movement.

There have been studies conducted on TKS. One study WITH 133 participants. Ninety-four of the participants met the criteria for Social Phobia according the DSM-IV. The remaining participants had no symptoms for any mental health disorder. All participants resided in Australia and were born in the Western states. The findings indicated that the level of offensive worry rose in participants who had Social Phobia. These same participants also showed a decrease in offensive worry after treatment for Social Phobia. This study indicated that there is indeed a close relationship between TKS and Social Phobia. Though the two mental health disorders are similar, they appear to have different constructs.

There are some medications currently on the market that are indicating some promising results. Milnaipran and Paroxentine are two pharmaceutical drugs that have indicated to decrease the symptoms for TKS Offensive and general social fears in Japan. There has been some promising results using Cognitive Behavioral therapy in Korea. This therapy has produced positive results in decreasing the symptoms for TKS. In the Korean study, it was noted that the therapy produced better results than the pharmaceutical drugs. These findings have been used to reinforce the idea of culture playing a part int the treatment of TKS.

=====================================================================Reference============================================================================================================================================================================

1) Iwaso, M., Nakao, K., Takaishi, J., Yorifuji, K., Ikezawa, K., & Takeda, M. (2000). An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54(1), 67-76. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00639.x

2) American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

3) Iwaso, M., Nakao, K., Takaishi, J., Yorifuji, K., Ikezawa, K., & Takeda, M. (2000). An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54(1), 67-76. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00639.x

4) American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

5) Iwaso, M., Nakao, K., Takaishi, J., Yorifuji, K., Ikezawa, K., & Takeda, M. (2000). An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54(1), 67-76. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00639.x

6) American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

7) American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

8) Iwaso, M., Nakao, K., Takaishi, J., Yorifuji, K., Ikezawa, K., & Takeda, M. (2000). An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54(1), 67-76. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00639.x

9) Iwaso, M., Nakao, K., Takaishi, J., Yorifuji, K., Ikezawa, K., & Takeda, M. (2000). An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54(1), 67-76. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00639.x

Kim, J., Rapee, R., & Gaston, J. (2008). Symptoms of offensive type Taijin-Kyomsho among Australian social phobics. Depression and Anxiety, 25(7), 601-608. doi:10.1002/da.20345.

Nagata, T., van Vliet, I., Yamada, H., Kataoka, K., Iketani, T., & Kiriike, N. (2006). An Open Trial of Paroxetine for the 'Offensive Subtype' of Taijin Kyofusho and Social Anxiety Disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 23(3), 168-174. doi:10.1002/da.20153.

Nagata, T., Wada, A., Yamada, H., Iketani, T., & Kiriike, O. (2005). Effect of milnacipran on insight and stress coping strategy in patients with Taijin Kyofusho. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(3), 193-198. doi:10.1080/13651500510029228.

Nuckolls, C. (2006). Ambivalence and Anxiety in the Psychiatric Systems of the United States and Japan. Anthropology & Medicine, 13(2), 173-186. doi:10.1080/13648470600738492.