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'''Essex''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|ɛ|s|ɨ|k|s}}) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan [[Counties of England|county]] in the [[East of England]] region of the [[United Kingdom]], and one of the [[home counties]]. It is located to the northeast of [[Greater London]] and is one of the most populous counties in England. [[Essex County Council]] is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The [[county town]] is [[Chelmsford]]. The southern Essex boroughs of [[Thurrock]] and [[Southend-on-Sea]] are governed separately by [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]]. It was [[Historic counties of England|established in antiquity]] and formed the eastern portion of the [[Kingdom of Essex]]. Sections of the county closer to London are part of the [[Green belt (UK)|metropolitan green belt]], which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]] and [[London Stansted Airport]]; and the [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new town]]s of [[Basildon]] and [[Harlow]].
'''Essex''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|ɛ|s|ɨ|k|s}}) is a [[Ceremonial_counties_of_England|ceremonial]] and non-metropolitan [[Counties of England|county]] in the [[East of England]] region of the [[United Kingdom]], and one of the [[home counties]]. It is located to the northeast of [[Greater London]] and is one of the most populous counties in England. [[Essex County Council]] is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The [[county town]] is [[Chelmsford]]. The southern Essex boroughs of [[Thurrock]] and [[Southend-on-Sea]] are governed separately by [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]]. It was [[Historic counties of England|established in antiquity]] and formed the eastern portion of the [[Kingdom of Essex]]. Sections of the county closer to London are part of the [[Green belt (UK)|metropolitan green belt]], which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]] and [[London Stansted Airport]]; and the [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new town]]s of [[Basildon]] and [[Harlow]].


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 09:42, 26 June 2010

For other uses, see Essex (disambiguation).
Essex
Ceremonial county
Map
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionEast of England
OriginHistoric
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Ceremonial county
Area[convert: needs a number]
 • Rank of 48
 • Rank of 48
Density[convert: needs a number]
Ethnicity
96.8% White
1.2% S. Asian

Essex (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈɛs[invalid input: 'ɨ']ks/) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East of England region of the United Kingdom, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London and is one of the most populous counties in England. Essex County Council is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The county town is Chelmsford. The southern Essex boroughs of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea are governed separately by unitary authorities. It was established in antiquity and formed the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Essex. Sections of the county closer to London are part of the metropolitan green belt, which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant Lakeside Shopping Centre and London Stansted Airport; and the new towns of Basildon and Harlow.

History

Main article: History of Essex

Toponomy

The name Essex originates in the Anglo-Saxon period of the Early Middle Ages and has its root in the Old English Ēastseaxe (i.e. the "East Saxons"), the eastern kingdom of the Saxons.

Ancient origins

In pre-Roman Britain the territories of Suffolk and Essex were home to the Trinovantes tribe, which had grown wealthy through intensive trade with the Roman Empire, contemporary to the decline of Atlantic sea trade as roads and better in-land trade-routes were established in Romanized Gaul. Catuvellaunian and Trinovantian territory was the first to be annexed by the Roman Emperor Claudius in AD 43 when he began his invasion of Britain (Cunliffe, 2001). Colchester was the capital of the province of Britannia, but was attacked and destroyed during Boudica's rebellion in AD 61. Sometime after the destruction, London became the capital of the province of Britannia.

The East Saxon lands bordered those of the Angle peoples of East Anglia (the latter comprising Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire). The Kingdom of Essex was traditionally founded by Aescwine in 527 AD, occupying territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating much of what would later become Middlesex and Hertfordshire, though its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lee.[1] Colchester in the north east of the county is Britain's oldest recorded town, dating back to before the Roman conquest, when it was known as Camulodunum, and was sufficiently well-developed to have its own mint. Subsequently the Kingdom of Essex was subsumed into the Kingdom of England and Essex eventually became a county.

The parish of Great Pardnon was created in ancient times, on the western side of what is now Harlow town, with a recorded population of 18 people in 1086, rising to 41 by 1524-25. In 1622, there were 71 houses between the two parishes of Great and Little Pardnon, with most names attributed to Great Pardnon, given that Little Pardnon was small and sparsely populated. The population of Great Pardnon rose slowly from 300 in 1801 to 534 in 1891, reaching 576 in 1921, falling to 504 in 1931, then rising to 684 in 1951, by which time the building of Harlow town had begun. The civil parish of Great Pardnon was abolished in 1955. It was mostly incorporated in the new parish and urban district of Harlow, while small areas in the south-east and south-west were transferred to Roydon, Epping Uplandd, and North Weald Bassett.[2]

Modern period

Essex County Council was formed in 1889. However, the County Borough of West Ham, and from 1915 the County Borough of East Ham, formed part of the county but were not under county council control.[3] A few parishes were transferred to other counties at this time; parts of Haverhill, Kedington, and Ballingdon-with-Brundon went to Suffolk, and Great & Little Chishill and Heydon to Cambridgeshire. Southend-on-Sea also formed a county borough from 1914 to 1974.[4]

The boundary with Greater London was established in 1965 when East Ham and West Ham county boroughs and the Barking, Chingford, Dagenham, Hornchurch, Ilford, Leyton, Romford, Walthamstow and Wanstead and Woodford districts[3] were transferred to form the London boroughs of Barking, Havering, Newham, Redbridge and Waltham Forest. Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. In 1998, the districts of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were separated from the shire county of Essex becoming unitary districts.

Governance

The county of Essex is divided into a number of local government districts. They are Harlow, Epping Forest, Brentwood, Basildon, Castle Point, Rochford, Maldon, Chelmsford, Uttlesford, Braintree, Colchester, Tendring, Thurrock, and Southend-on-Sea.[5] The last two boroughs are unitary authorities which form part of the county but are not administered by the county council.[6] Essex Police also covers the two unitary authorities.[7]

County council

The county council was formed in 1889, and it meets at the County Hall, in Chelmsford. Before 1938, it regularly met in London near Moorgate, which had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors. Before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The County Hall, which dates largely from the mid-1930s, and is decorated with fine artworks of that period, mostly the gift of the family who owned the textile firm, Courtaulds, was made a listed building in 2007. The Essex County Council is currently controlled by the Conservative Party. The chairman of the county council 2006-08 was Gerard McEwen of Norton Mandeville near Ongar, and since May 2008, Elizabeth ("Bonnie") Hart, of Hockley.

In November 2008, the council advertised in the European Journal for a private sector "delivery partner" to provide a wide range (and potentially all) of its services.[8] The value of such a contract could amount to £5.4 billion. The arguments advanced in favour of such a step include better service quality and greater efficiency. However, critics including the council's opposition leader have complained of zero consultation before launching this procurement. The council nevertheless hopes to choose a partner before the elections scheduled for June 2009.

The county council has until recently had a partnership with the British Telecom company which has generated a debate locally about the effectiveness of such arrangements. In January 2009, the council's cabinet decided to terminate this contract early. The trade union Unison has questioned the council's competence in managing major private sector contracts. Press reports indicate that BT are considering taking legal action against the council. Unison estimate that the cost to the taxpayer of early termination could be as much as £50m.[9]

The political composition of the county council is as follows.

Year Conservatives Labour Liberal Democrats Residents' association Independent
2009 60 1 11 1 1

Geography

See also: List of places in Essex
The plaza of the new town of Basildon

The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, which reaches 482 feet (147 m). The ceremonial county of Essex is bounded to the south by the River Thames and its estuary (a boundary shared with Kent County); to the southwest by Greater London; to the west by Hertfordshire with the boundary largely defined by the River Lee and the Stort; to the northwest by Cambridgeshire; to the north by Suffolk County, a boundary mainly defined by the River Stour; and to the east by the North Sea.

The pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. The London Green Belt has effectively prevented the further sprawl of London into the county, although it contains the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, originally developed to resettle Londoners following the destruction of London housing in World War II but since much expanded. Epping Forest also acts as a protected barrier to the further spread of London. Because of its proximity to London and the economic magnetism which that city exerts, many of Essex's settlements, particularly those on or within driving distance of railway stations, function as dormitory towns or villages where London workers raise their families.

The village of Finchingfield in north Essex

Part of the south east of the county, already containing the major population centres of Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway and designated for further development. Parts of the south west of the county such as Buckhurst Hill and Chigwell are contiguous with Greater London and are included in the Greater London Urban Area. A small part of the south west of the county (Sewardstone), is the only settlement outside Greater London to be covered by a postcode district of the London post town (E4). To the north of the Green Belt, with the exception of major towns such as Colchester and Chelmsford, the county is rural, with many small towns, villages and hamlets largely built in the traditional materials of timber and brick, with clay tile or thatched roofs.


Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Essex at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of Pounds Sterling.

Year Regional Gross Value Added[10] Agriculture[11] Industry[12] Services[13]
1995 11,422 282 3,424 7,716
2000 14,998 205 4,335 10,458
2003 18,588 258 5,158 13,172

The Lakeside Shopping Centre at Thurrock was one of England's first out-of-town shopping centres, and remains popular despite congestion on the nearby M25 motorway and direct competition from Bluewater Shopping Centre.

Industry is largely limited to the south of the county, with the majority of the land elsewhere being given over to agriculture. Harlow is a centre for electronics, science and pharmaceutical companies, while Chelmsford is the home of Marconi (now called telent plc and owned by Ericsson of Sweden since 2005), and Brentwood home to the Ford Motor Company's European HQ. Loughton is home to a production facility for British and foreign banknotes. Chelmsford has been an important location for electronics companies since the industry was born, and is also the location for a number of insurance and financial services organisations, and is the home of the soft drinks producer Britvic. Other businesses in the county are dominated by light engineering and the service sector. Colchester is a garrison town, and the local economy is helped by the Army's personnel living there.

Transport

London Stansted Airport at Stansted Mountfitchet, in the north west of the county

The main airport in Essex is London Stansted Airport, serving destinations in Europe and North America. The Lib-Con coalition government formed in May 2010 has agreed to resist an additional runway at Stansted, so curtailing the operator's ambitions for expansion. Southend Airport, once one of Britain's busiest airports, is undergoing rebuilding, and offers limited passenger flights each summer to the Channel Islands; a new railway station is nearly complete on the airport's eastern boundary and a runway extension will then be built in a south-westerly direction. There are several smaller airfields, some of which owe their origins to military bases built during World War I or World War II. These are popular for pleasure flights or flying lessons; examples include Clacton Airfield, Earls Colne Airfield, and Stapleford Aerodrome.

The Port of Tilbury is one of Britain's three major ports, while the port of Harwich links the county to the Hook of Holland and Esbjerg. A service to Cuxhaven closed in December 2005. Plans have been approved to build the UK's largest container terminal at Shell Haven in Thurrock and although opposed by the local authority and environmental and wildlife organisations now seem increasingly likely to be developed.[14][15][16]

Queen Elizabeth II Bridge spanning the Thames from West Thurrock, Essex, to Dartford, Kent

Despite the existence of the Dartford Road Crossing to Dartford, Kent, across the Thames River, a ferry for pedestrians to Gravesend, Kent, still operates from Tilbury during limited daily hours, and ferries for pedestrians operate across some of Essex's rivers and estuaries during spring and summer. The M25 motorway and M11 motorway both cross the county in the extreme east linking east Essex with Kent Hertfordshire and Cambridge. The A127 and A13 trunk roads are important radial routes connecting London and the M25 to the south of Essex. The A12 runs across the county from the south west to the north east and not only carries traffic within Essex but also traffic between London and Suffolk, east Norfolk and the ports of Felixstowe and Harwich.

There is an extensive public transport network. The main railway routes in Essex include two lines from the City of London to Southend-on-Sea, operated by c2c from Fenchurch Street railway station (including a route via Tilbury) and by National Express East Anglia from Liverpool Street station; the Great Eastern Main Line from Liverpool Street connecting to Harwich and onwards into Suffolk and Norfolk; and the West Anglia Main Line from Liverpool Street linking to Stansted and onwards into Cambridgeshire. The Epping Forest district is served by the London Underground Central Line. The routes operated by National Express East Anglia (formerly known as "One") and c2c, are both owned by National Express. There are also a number of branch lines including the Sunshine Coast Line linking Colchester to the seaside resorts of Clacton-on-Sea and Walton-on-the-Naze by way of towns and villages such as Wivenhoe and Great Bentley. The Crouch Valley Line, another branch line, links Wickford to a number of riverside communities via South Woodham Ferrers and Burnham-on-Crouch to Southminster.

South Essex Rapid Transit is a proposed public transport scheme which would provide a fast, reliable public transport service in, and between, Thurrock, Basildon and Southend.[17]

Education

Further information: List of schools in Essex, List of schools in Southend-on-Sea, List of schools in Thurrock, and List of primary schools in Essex

Education in Essex is substantially provided by three authorities being Essex County Council and the two unitary authorities, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock. In all there are some 90 state secondary schools provided by these authorities, the majority of which are comprehensive, although one in Uttlesford, two in Chelmsford, two in Colchester and four in Southend-on-Sea are selective. There are also various Independent Schools providing education in Essex.[18][19]

Culture

Depiction of the first king of the East Saxons, Æscwine, his shield showing the three seaxes emblem attributed to him (from John Speed's 1611 Saxon Heptarchy).

The County's coat of arms comprises three Saxon seax knives (although looking rather more like scimitars) arranged on a red background; the three-seax device is also used as the official logo of Essex County Council having been granted as such in 1932.[20] The emblem was attributed to Anglo-Saxon Essex in Early Modern historiography. The earliest reference the arms of the East Saxon kings was by Richard Verstegan, the author of A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence (Antwerp, 1605), claiming that "Erkenwyne king of the East-Saxons did beare for his armes, three [seaxes] argent, in a field gules". There is no earlier evidence substantiating Verstegan's claim, which is an anachronism for the Anglo-Saxon period seeing that heraldry only evolved in the 12th century, well after the Norman conquest. John Speed in his Historie of Great Britaine (1611) follows Verstegan in his descriptions of the arms of Erkenwyne, but he qualifies the statement by adding "as some or our heralds have emblazed".[20]

The traditional county flower of Essex is the cowslip (Primula veris), locally known as the paigle or peggle, and frequently mentioned in the writings of Essex bucolic authors such as Samuel Bensusan and C. H. Warren. In 2002, the Common Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) was named the county wildflower after a poll of residents (which excluded the cowslip) by the plant conservation charity Plantlife.[21] Samuel Bensusan and others have suggested that if Essex had a county bird, it would be the lapwing (known locally as the peewit) whose lonely cry characterises the Essex marshes known as saltings.

Essex is also home to the Dunmow Flitch Trials a traditional ceremony that takes place every four years and consists of a test of a married couples devotion to one another. A common claim of the origin of the Dunmow Flitch dates back to 1104 and the Augustinian Priory of Little Dunmow, founded by Lady Juga Baynard. Lord of the Manor Reginald Fitzwalter and his wife dressed themselves as humble folk and begged blessing of the Prior a year and a day after marriage. The Prior, impressed by their devotion bestowed upon them a Flitch of Bacon. Upon revealing his true identity, Fitzwalter gave his land to the Priory on the condition a Flitch should be awarded to any couple who could claim they were similarly devoted. By the 14th century, the Dunmow Flitch Trials had achieved far-reaching notoriety. The author William Langland, who lived on the Welsh borders, mentions it in his 1362 book 'The Vision of Piers Plowman' in a manner that implies general knowledge of the custom among his readers.[22]

Most English counties have nicknames for people from that county, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire and a Yellowbelly from Lincolnshire; the traditional nickname for a person from Essex is an Essex Calf, so named because the county was famous for rearing beef cattle for sale in London meat markets; calves from the county were famed for their large size and known as 'Essex lions'.[23] Essex is known for being the origin of the political term Essex man, and of the Essex girl joke.[24]

Notable musicians such as Alison Moyet, Fugative and the electronic dance music group The Prodigy hail from Essex, whilst the county is also home to three Football League Clubs Colchester United, Southend United, and Dagenham and Redbridge. Non-league football clubs Chelmsford City, Braintree Town and Thurrock who compete in the conference south are also based in Essex.

Cultural references

"Essex Dogs" was the title of a 1997 Blur song.[25] Essex Boys was the title of a 2000 film starring Sean Bean about the demise of a group of Essex gangsters.[26]

Essex Wives was an 2002 LWT reality TV series starring Jodie Marsh.[27]

The satirical puppet show Spitting Image once produced a song titled "Essex is Crap", claiming it was the only UK county with no redeeming features, and describing it as "a boil on the bum of the nation" and "where page 3 girls buy their mum a bungalow".

Landmarks

Over 14,000 buildings have listed status in the county, and around 1000 of those are recognised as of Grade I or II* importance.[28] The buildings range from the 7th century Saxon church of St Peter-on-the-Wall, to the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club which was the United Kingdom's entry in the "International Exhibition of Modern Architecture" held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932.

Places of interest

Key
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
Accessible open space Accessible open space
Amusement/Theme Park
Castle
Country Park Country Park
English Heritage
Forestry Commission
Heritage railway Heritage railway
Historic house Historic House
Places of Worship Places of Worship
Museum (free)
Museum		 Museum (free/not free)
National Trust National Trust
Theatre
Zoo

Notable persons

Sister counties and regions

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Vision of Britain - Essex ancient county boundaries map
  2. ^ Powell, W.R. (Editor) (1983), "Parishes: Great Pardnon", A History of the County of Essex, vol. 8, British History Online, pp. 213–223, retrieved 13 June 2010 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  3. ^ a b Vision of Britain - Essex admin county (historic map)
  4. ^ Vision of Britain - Southend-on-Sea MB/CB
  5. ^ Essex County Council - District or Borough Councils
  6. ^ OPSI - The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996
  7. ^ OPSI - The Essex (Police Area and Authority) Order 1997
  8. ^ https://essex.bravosolution.com/esop/toolkit/notice/public/tender.do?caller=0&tenderId=tender_22113
  9. ^ Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  10. ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
  11. ^ includes hunting and forestry
  12. ^ includes energy and construction
  13. ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
  14. ^ Portswatch: Current Port Proposals: London Gateway (Shell Haven). Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  15. ^ Thurrock Council. (2003-02-26). Shell Haven public inquiry opens. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  16. ^ Dredging News Online. (2008-05-18). Harbour Development, Shell Haven, UK. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  17. ^ "FAQ".
  18. ^ Essex County Council. (2006). Secondary School Information. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  19. ^ Independent Schools Directory. (2009). Independent Schools in Essex. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  20. ^ a b Robert Young. (2009). Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. Essex. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  21. ^ Essex Life. (2009-04). County Set of Essex flowers. (p.13). Archant Life Limited.
  22. ^ Dunmow Flitch Trials website. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  23. ^ Grose, Francis and Egan, Pierce. (1823). Grose's Classical dictionary of th vulgar tongue, revised and corrected, with the addition of numerous slang phrases, collected from tried authorites. London: Printed for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  24. ^ Elliott, Michael (2007-07-19). "Smitten with Britain". TIME. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  25. ^ "Blur - Essex Dogs Lyrics". Artists.letssingit.com. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  26. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0191996/
  27. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0486529/
  28. ^ Bettley, James. (2008). Essex Explored: Essex Architecture. Essex County Council. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  29. ^ "Colchester Castle Museum-Index". Colchestermuseums.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
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