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A Deobandi (Template:Lang-ur) is an individual, who follows the methodology of the Deoband Islamic movement. The movement began at Darul Uloom Deoband (a madrasah) in Deoband, India, where its' foundation was laid on 30 May 1866.^[1] Its' six notable founders were Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi, Shah Rafi al-Din, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Zulfiqar Ali, Fadhl al-Rahman 'Usmani and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi^[2]. The Deobandi movement gained significant traction in the early 1900s mainly due to the activities of its graduates. They, in many instances, played a key role in establishing similar institutions in other parts of the Indian subcontinent.^{[citation needed]}

Deobandis are considered to be within the confines of Sunni Islam (Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘ah).^[3] They follow the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of aqidah (creed). In fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) they primarily follow the Hanafi school of law while they accept the validity of the remaining three schools of Sunni Islam, namely the Shafi`i, Maliki and the Hanbali schools. In the spiritual science of Tasawwuf (Sufism) they follow the Chishti, Naqshbandi, Qadiri and Suhrawardi orders.^[4]^[5]

Since the 1920s the Deobandi apolitical stance has taken shape in the transnational movement Tablighi Jamaat, but Islamist trends such as those of Pakistan's Jamiatul Ulama-i Islam and Afghanistan's Taliban have also emerged from the ranks of the Deobandis. ^[6]

The Deobandi thought, which originated in a north Indian town, has eventually reached many countries, such as Pakistan^[7], Afghanistan,^[8] South Africa and the United Kingdom.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

History

Gradually, through organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat, their influence began to spread, and hundreds of schools and Darul ulooms affiliated with Deobandi sprouted.^{[citation needed]} Notable Deobandi seminaries include:

Darul 'Uloom Karachi, Karachi
Jamia Uloom ul Islamia, Banori Town, Karachi
Jamia Binoria, Karachi
Jamia Ashrafia, Lahore, Pakistan

Early Deobandi scholars include Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi, Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Husain Ahmed Madani, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi, Ubaidullah Sindhi, Hakeem Mian Ghulam Jilani and Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi.

Other prominent adherents of the past include Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Waheed uz-Zaman.

Notable Deobandi movements

Education

Darul Uloom Deoband
Jamia Uloom ul Islamia, Banori Town, Karachi
Jamia Binoria
Jamia Ashrafia
Darul 'Uloom Karachi
Darul Uloom Haqqania, Akora Khattak
[[ Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Movement Hong Kong.

Political

Present

Prominent scholars

Muhammad Taqi Usmani
Muhammad Rafi Usmani
Mufti Mahmud
Tariq Jamil
Haji Abdul Wahab
[[Maulana Abdul Majeed Nadeem shah.
[[Qari Muhammad Tayaib Qasmi (Hong Kong).

In the United Kingdom

According to The Times, about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,400 mosques are run by Deobandi affiliated scholars, and 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow Deobandi teachings, producing 80% of all domestically trained Muslim clerics.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Criticism

Deoband has always invited criticism for the failure to reconcile Islam with modern values, attempts for which are being made especially by Muslim scholars who don’t owe allegiance to any clerical order. Also muslim women have voiced their concerns in some cases. ^[16]^[17]

Cash for fatwas scandal

Following a sting operation, StarTV Channel showed clerics belonging to Darul Uloom Deoband demanding and receiving cash for fatwas. The fatwas issued allegedly mandated that Muslims are not allowed to use credit cards, double beds or camera-equipped cell phones; that Muslims should not act in films, donate their organs or teach their children English; and that Muslim girls should not wear jeans.^[18]

The seminary's vice chancellor, Marghoobur Rehman, said cleric Mufti Habibur Rehman was suspended from the fatwa department on Sunday after the television report, according to a Press Trust of India news agency report. He has been re-instated as the matter cooled down, with full powers. The vice chancellor said a committee would investigate the matter and, if found guilty, the cleric would be sacked.^[19]

References

^ Brief Introduction to Deoband
^ The Six Great Ones at Darul Uloom Deoband
^ Metcalf, Barabara - "Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs "These orientations --"Deobandi," "Barelvi" or "Ahl-i Hadith" -- would come to define sectarian divisions among Sunni Muslims of South Asian background to the present."
^ Sunni Razvi - The Renewal Movements "... became disciples of Hajji Imdad Ullah Makki (1817-99) in the Chishti order (and secondarily in the Qadiri, Naqshbandi, and other orders).Their common commitment to the reform of customary ritual practice, and to an emphasis on hadis scholarship in the Shah Wali Ullah tradition, further cemented the relationship."
^ Biography of Sufi Saint Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki "The greatest of them is Shaykh Qasim (al-Nanotwi), Shaykh Rashid Ahmad (al-Gangohi), Mawlana Ya’qub (al-Nanautwi), Molwi Ahmad Hasan (al-Amrohi), Molwi Muhammad Husayn and Molwi Ashraf ‘Ali (al-Thanawi). All of them became shaykhs and many people benefited from them."
^ http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e522?_hi=20&_pos=1
^ Our followers ‘must live in peace until strong enough to wage jihad’
^ Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban
^ Muslim group behind ‘mega-mosque’ seeks to convert all Britain
^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article5792445.ece How Britain's mosques foster extremism]
^ Hardline takeover of British mosques
^ Forked Tongues
^ The Times. London http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2402973.eceHardline. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Bunglawala, Inayat (2007-09-07). "A toxic mix of fact and nonsense". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
^ "Few people realise the extent to which the Deobandis have infiltrated mosques, schools and Muslim neighbourhoods across the country. The ultra-conservative movement, with modern roots in Pakistan's madrassas, now controls more than 600 mosques. It runs 17 of Britain’s 26 Islamic seminaries, and they produce 80 per cent of home-trained Muslim clerics." Times Online September 7, 2007
^ Young Muslim women fume at Deoband diktat
^ Women in polls a religious issue: Deoband V-C
^ Cash for fatwas scandal
^ School in fatwas-for-cash sting: World: News: News24

Bibliography

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691096805.

External links

[1] Brief Introduction to Deoband

[2] The Six Great Ones at Darul Uloom Deoband

[3] Metcalf, Barabara - "Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs "These orientations --"Deobandi," "Barelvi" or "Ahl-i Hadith" -- would come to define sectarian divisions among Sunni Muslims of South Asian background to the present."

[4] Sunni Razvi - The Renewal Movements "... became disciples of Hajji Imdad Ullah Makki (1817-99) in the Chishti order (and secondarily in the Qadiri, Naqshbandi, and other orders).Their common commitment to the reform of customary ritual practice, and to an emphasis on hadis scholarship in the Shah Wali Ullah tradition, further cemented the relationship."

[5] Biography of Sufi Saint Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki "The greatest of them is Shaykh Qasim (al-Nanotwi), Shaykh Rashid Ahmad (al-Gangohi), Mawlana Ya’qub (al-Nanautwi), Molwi Ahmad Hasan (al-Amrohi), Molwi Muhammad Husayn and Molwi Ashraf ‘Ali (al-Thanawi). All of them became shaykhs and many people benefited from them."

[6] ttp://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e522?_hi=20&_pos=1

[7] Our followers ‘must live in peace until strong enough to wage jihad’

[8] Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban

[9] Muslim group behind ‘mega-mosque’ seeks to convert all Britain

[10] ttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article5792445.ece How Britain's mosques foster extremism]

[11] Hardline takeover of British mosques

[12] Forked Tongues

[autogenerated1-13] The Times. London http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2402973.eceHardline. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[autogenerated2-14] Bunglawala, Inayat (2007-09-07). "A toxic mix of fact and nonsense". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-01.

[15] "Few people realise the extent to which the Deobandis have infiltrated mosques, schools and Muslim neighbourhoods across the country. The ultra-conservative movement, with modern roots in Pakistan's madrassas, now controls more than 600 mosques. It runs 17 of Britain’s 26 Islamic seminaries, and they produce 80 per cent of home-trained Muslim clerics." Times Online September 7, 2007

[16] Young Muslim women fume at Deoband diktat

[17] Women in polls a religious issue: Deoband V-C

[18] Cash for fatwas scandal

[19] School in fatwas-for-cash sting: World: News: News24

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 * [[Darul 'Uloom Karachi]]
 * [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]], Akora Khattak
+* [[ Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Movement Hong Kong.
 ===Political===