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== Addiction ==
== Addiction ==


At least one case of psychological dependence has been reported. The user consumed JWH-018 daily for eight months. Withdrawal symptoms were similar to those experienced as a result of psychological [[cannabis dependence]].<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719097/?tool=pubmed | title = Withdrawal Phenomena and Dependence Syndrome After the Consumption of "Spice Gold" | pmc = 2719097 | journal = Dtsch Arztebl Int | year = 2009 | volume = 106 | issue = 27 | pages = 464–467 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0464 | pmid = 19652769 | last1 = Zimmermann | first1 = US | last2 = Winkelmann | first2 = PR | last3 = Pilhatsch | first3 = M | last4 = Nees | first4 = JA | last5 = Spanagel | first5 = R | last6 = Schulz | first6 = K}}</ref> JWH-018 has been shown to cause profound changes in CB1 receptor density following administration, causing desensitization to its effects more rapidly than related cannabinoids.<ref>B.K. Atwood ''et. al.,'' "JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist." ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', Vol. 160, No. 3. 585-593. '''2010'''.[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123251380/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0]</ref>
At least one case of psychological dependence (as distinct from physical addiction) has been reported. The user consumed JWH-018 daily for eight months. Withdrawal symptoms were similar to those experienced as a result of psychological [[cannabis dependence]].<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719097/?tool=pubmed | title = Withdrawal Phenomena and Dependence Syndrome After the Consumption of "Spice Gold" | pmc = 2719097 | journal = Dtsch Arztebl Int | year = 2009 | volume = 106 | issue = 27 | pages = 464–467 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0464 | pmid = 19652769 | last1 = Zimmermann | first1 = US | last2 = Winkelmann | first2 = PR | last3 = Pilhatsch | first3 = M | last4 = Nees | first4 = JA | last5 = Spanagel | first5 = R | last6 = Schulz | first6 = K}}</ref> JWH-018 has been shown to cause profound changes in CB1 receptor density following administration, causing desensitization to its effects more rapidly than related cannabinoids.<ref>B.K. Atwood ''et. al.,'' "JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist." ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', Vol. 160, No. 3. 585-593. '''2010'''.[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123251380/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0]</ref>


== Toxicity ==
== Toxicity ==

Revision as of 12:44, 11 July 2010

JWH-018
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • Naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone
CAS Number
PubChem CID
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.163.574 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC24H23NO
Molar mass341.45 g/mol g·mol−1
Solubility in waterhydrophobic, n/a mg/mL (20 °C)

JWH-018 (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family, which acts as a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some selectivity for CB2.[1][2][3][4] It produces effects in animals very similar to those of THC.

History

Dr. John W. Huffman, an organic chemist at Clemson University, synthesizes analogues and metabolites of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal active component of marijuana. JWH-018 is one of these analogues, with studies showing an affinity for the cannabinoid brain (CB1) receptor five times greater than that of THC. Cannabinoid receptors are found in mammalian brain and spleen tissue; however, the structural details of the active sites are currently unknown.[5][6]

On December 15, 2008, it was reported by the German pharmaceutical company THC Pharm, that JWH-018 was found as one of the active components in at least three versions of the herbal blend Spice, which has been sold as an incense, in a number of countries around the world since 2002.[7][8][9] An analysis of samples acquired four weeks after the German prohibition of JWH-018 took place found that the compound had been replaced with JWH-073.[10]

Common Dosage

The usual dosage for individual consumption (orally) varies greatly per individual but is typically between 3 and 20 milligrams.[citation needed] When smoked (as opposed to consumed orally) the amount needed may be lower, however the observed effects have a shorter duration.

Metabolism

Metabolism: For JWH-018, the indole-N-dealkyl metabolite could be detected as well as the hydroxylated metabolite. The highest signals could be observed for the hydroxylated N-desalkyl metabolites. Hydroxylation took place in the side chain and in both aromatic systems, the naphthalene and the indol part, which could be shown by mass shift of the corresponding fragments and by MS3 experiments.[11]

Addiction

At least one case of psychological dependence (as distinct from physical addiction) has been reported. The user consumed JWH-018 daily for eight months. Withdrawal symptoms were similar to those experienced as a result of psychological cannabis dependence.[12] JWH-018 has been shown to cause profound changes in CB1 receptor density following administration, causing desensitization to its effects more rapidly than related cannabinoids.[13]

Toxicity

Compared to THC, which is a partial agonist at CB1 receptors, JWH-018 (and many of its analogues) are full agonists. This means that users may experience far more intense effects compared to smoking cannabis. THC has been shown to inhibit GABA neurotransmission in the brain via several pathways.[14][15] JWH-018 may cause intense anxiety, agitation, and even seizures or convulsions by inhibiting GABA neurotransmission more efficiently than THC. Cannabinoid receptor full agonists may present serious dangers to the user when overdosed.[16]

A study published March 2010 in the "Journal Of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology" have shown that JWH-018 has similar negative health effects of those found with standard Cannabis consumption because inhalation of smoke from burned organic materials can cause various health problems. JWH-018 depending on method of consumption has very similar effects. One of the researchers involved in the new study is Dr. Anthony Scalzo, a toxicologist at Saint Louis University. He told The Associated Press that he has seen more than 30 cases of Missouri teenagers having hallucinations, agitation, elevated heart rates, vomiting and other health effects not normally associated with Cannabis consumption but he noted that these are all seen only in extremely high dosages.

Usage

JWH-018 produces effects very similar to cannabis. The drug does not show up in drug test results and is considerably more potent than similar amounts of cannabis. It's usage by professional athletes has grown tremendously despite the illegality of cannabis in the United States. John W. Huffman has opined that JWH-018 has no medical use, stating, "It's like LSD, the only thing it is good for is getting you high."[17]

JWH-018 powder as it is commonly sold online

Several countries have placed legal restrictions on the compound.

Country Date of Ban Notes
Austria 18 December 2008 The Austrian Ministry of Health announced on 18 December 2008 that Spice would be controlled under Paragraph 78 of their drug law on the grounds that it contains an active substance which affects the functions of the body, and the legality of JWH-018 is under review.
Belarus 1 January 2010
Canada June 3 2010 The Chemical JWH-018 is not controlled in Canada. Also note the Most current CDSA can be found here[18]
France [19]
Germany 22 January 2009 [20]
Ireland 11 May 2010 An immediate ban was announced on 11 May 2010 by Minister for Health Mary Harney.[21]
Italy 2 July 2010 [22]
Latvia 28 November 2009
Poland [19]
South Korea 1 July 2009 [23]
Sweden 30 July 2009 The bill was accepted on 30 July 2009 and was in effect on 15 September 2009.[24]
Estonia 24 July 2009
Romania 15 February 2010
Russia 22 January 2010
United Kingdom 23 December 2009 [25]

United States

JWH-018 is currently not federally controlled in the U.S., but the Drug Enforcement Administration labeled it a "drug and chemical of concern" in 2009. March 2009: DEA Microgram Bulletin "INTELLIGENCE ALERT".[26]

While remaining legal under federal law, several states have passed or proposed legislative action against spice and some cannabinoids:

State Status Notes
Alabama Illegal On April 22, 2010, HB 697[27] passed the Alabama legislature, banning the possession of the following substances:

1) Trade name HU-210

2) Trade name JWH-018

3) Trade name JWH-073

4) Salvia divinorum or salvinorum A. That is, all parts of the plant presently classified botanically as salvia divinorum, whether growing or not, the seeds thereof, any extract from any part of such plant, and every compound, manufacture, salts, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds or extracts.

After passing the legislature, HB 697 was delivered to Governor Bob Riley for his signature at 3:20pm on April 22, 2010.[28] It was signed by Governor Bob Riley and will become effective July 1, 2010.

These substances will remain legal in Alabama through June 30, 2010. The House Bill becomes law on the first day of the third month after being signed into law by Governor Bob Riley, which will be July 1st, 2010.

Violation of this law shall be subject to the same penalties as a violation of Sections 13A-12-213[29] and 13A-12-214[30], Code of Alabama 1975.[31]

Alaska Unregulated
American Samoa Unregulated
Arizona Unregulated
Arkansas Illegal On July 2, 2010, the sale of (but not possession of) K2-like products containing JWH-018 and JWH-073 were banned during an emergency meeting of the Arkansas State Board of Health, citing concerns regarding the safety of these products. Twenty-six suspected medical incidents involving the use of synthetic marijuana products have been reported to Arkansas' Poison Control Center.[32] By comparison, there were 40,000 emergency room incidents involving alcohol. The temporary ban is only in effect for 120 days until a permanent law can be passed during the 2011 legislative session, so the products may once again be sold before a permanent ban is in place.[33] Possession of these products is still illegal in certain cities and counties which have enacted local bans that pre-date the statewide ban.
California Unregulated
Colorado Unregulated
Connecticut Unregulated
Delaware Unregulated
District of Columbia Unregulated
Florida Legislation Proposed
Georgia Illegal As of March 21, 2010 Georgia has a bill (House Bill 1309) proposing the ban of K2 Spice. The bill has passed the house and has been signed. K2 Spice is now illegal in Georgia. JWH-018 will become illegal on July 1 2010. [34]

[35]

Guam Unregulated
Hawaii Unregulated
Idaho Unregulated
Illinois Legislation Proposed As of March 18, 2010, House Bill 4578, approved 112-0, now moves to the Senate.[36]
Indiana Unregulated [37]
Iowa Unregulated
Kansas Illegal In February 2010, two Kansas stores selling an herbal blend containing the product were raided by the FDA, who confiscated all of their JWH-018 stock.[38]

A new law in Kansas has passed that will ban designer cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073, HU-210 along with stimulant BZP and TFMPP.

Kentucky Illegal In a vote taken on April 1, 2010, 79-10 voted to ban synthetic marijuana, making it a class A misdemeanor to manufacture or traffic. Governor Steve Bashear signed HB265 into law on April 13, 2010.[39]
Louisiana Legislation Passed, Impending Enaction Date: August 15, 2010 As of June 18, 2010, Louisiana passed bill HB 173 [40]banning JWH-018, JWH-073, and CP 47,497 as well as most of the herbal ingredients found in incense blends. The Legislature also passed HB 121 [41]and SB 37[42], which include synthetic cannabinoids. According to the Louisiana State Constitution, "All laws enacted during a regular session of the legislature shall take effect on August fifteenth of the calendar year in which the regular session is held... However, any bill may specify an earlier or later effective date."[43] None of the bills specify a different date.
Maine Unregulated
Maryland Unregulated
Massachusetts Unregulated
Michigan Legislation Proposed A bill to make the product illegal was introduced to the Michigan Legislature in April by Rep. Rick Jones, R-Grand Ledge [44]
Minnesota Unregulated
Mississippi Unregulated
Missouri Legislation Proposed As of March 28, 2010, The Missouri House approved its version of a bill, by a 142-10 vote, that would outlaw synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of marijuana.[45]

As of April 4, 2010, the bill is awaiting Senate approval.

The bill passed final approval and has been sent to the governor. If signed it will take effect on Aug 28th, 2010.[46]

Montana Unregulated
Nebraska Unregulated
Nevada Unregulated
New Hampshire Unregulated
New Jersey Unregulated
New Mexico Unregulated
New York Legislation Proposed
North Carolina Unregulated
North Dakota Illegal As of February 25, 2010, the North Dakota Board of Pharmacy issued an emergency order banning the substance. That emergency order was made permanent at an April meeting.[47]
Northern Marianas Islands Unregulated
Ohio Unregulated
Oklahoma Unregulated
Oregon Unregulated
Pennsylvania Unregulated
Puerto Rico Unregulated
Rhode Island Unregulated
South Carolina Unregulated
South Dakota Unregulated
Tennessee Illegal The governor signed bills (SB2982 and HB2968) on 05/26/2010 banning JWH-018 and several other substances. The substances became illegal on July 1, 2010 per law.[48]
Texas Unregulated
Utah Legislation Proposed As of March 28, 2010, A bill creating a state drug advisory panel that could recommend the outlawing of spice is awaiting Gov. Gary Herbert's signature.[49] On May 12, 2010, Salt Lake City police officers conducted a city-wide crackdown asking local shopkeepers to voluntarily remove it from their shelves.[50]
Vermont Unregulated
Virginia Unregulated
Virgin Islands Unregulated
Washington Unregulated
West Virginia Unregulated
Wisconsin Unregulated
Wyoming Unregulated

See also

References

  1. ^ Aung, M. M. (2000). "Influence of the N-1 alkyl chain length of cannabimimetic indoles upon CB1 and CB2 receptor binding". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 60 (2): 133–140. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00152-0. PMID 10940540. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ US patent 6900236, Alexandros Makriyannis, Hongfeng Deng, "Cannabimimetic indole derivatives", issued 2005-05-31 
  3. ^ US patent 7241799, Alexandros Makriyannis, Hongfeng Deng, "Cannabimimetic indole derivatives", issued 2007-07-10 
  4. ^ B.K. Atwood et. al., "JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist." British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 160, No. 3. 585-593. 2010.[1]
  5. ^ http://www.clemson.edu/chemistry/people/huffman.html
  6. ^ http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?s=118de94c4da38df748848101980625d4&t=71910
  7. ^ Gefährlicher Kick mit Spice Template:De icon
  8. ^ Erstmals Bestandteile der Modedroge „Spice“ nachgewiesen Template:De icon
  9. ^ Spice enthält chemischen Wirkstoff Template:De icon
  10. ^ Lindigkeit, Rainer (30 October 2009), Spice: A never ending story?, vol. 191, Forensic Science International, pp. 58–63, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.008
  11. ^ Studies on the metabolism of JWH-018 and of a homologue of CP 47,497, pharmacologically active ingredients of different misused incense (“Spice”) using GC-MS and LC-MSn techniques - T. Kraemer, K.Y. Rust, M.R. Meyer, D.K. Wissenbach, D. Bregel, M. Hopf, H.H. Maurer, J. Wilske (Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
  12. ^ Zimmermann, US; Winkelmann, PR; Pilhatsch, M; Nees, JA; Spanagel, R; Schulz, K (2009). "Withdrawal Phenomena and Dependence Syndrome After the Consumption of "Spice Gold"". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 106 (27): 464–467. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0464. PMC 2719097. PMID 19652769.
  13. ^ B.K. Atwood et. al., "JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist." British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 160, No. 3. 585-593. 2010.[2]
  14. ^ Nora Laaris et. al., "Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is a full agonist at CB1 receptors on GABA neuron axon terminals in the hippocampus." Neuropharmacology, Vol. 59, No. 1-2, 121-127. 2010.[3]
  15. ^ A. Hoffman, "Mechanisms of Cannabinoid Inhibition of GABA-A Synaptic Transmission in the Hippocampus." J. Neurosci., 20(7):2470-2479. 2000.[4]
  16. ^ European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. "Understanding the Spice Phenomenon." 2009. ISBN 978-92-9168-411-3.[5]
  17. ^ Synthetic Cannabis Mimic Found in Herbal Incense, High Times, Jan 28, 2009
  18. ^ http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-38.8/
  19. ^ a b http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/synthetic-cannabinoids#control
  20. ^ BGBl I Nr. 3 vom 21.01.2009, 22. BtMÄndV vom 19. Januar 2009, S. 49–50.
  21. ^ Many head shop products banned - Irish Times.
  22. ^ http://www.politicheantidroga.it/comunicazione/comunicati/2010/luglio/spice,-n-joy-e-mefedrone-da-oggi-stupefacenti.aspx Template:It icon
  23. ^ 최연희 (2 July 2009). "1일부터 '5-메오-밉트' 등 향정신성의약품 지정". 헬스코리아뉴스. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  24. ^ http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/12102/a/130038 Template:Sv icon
  25. ^ Ford, Richard (2009-12-23). "Three legal highs banned after deaths linked to the drugs". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  26. ^ http://www.justice.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0309/mg0309.html
  27. ^ http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACTIONViewFrame.asp?TYPE=Instrument&INST=HB697&DOCPATH=searchableinstruments/2010RS/Printfiles/&PHYDOCPATH=//alisondb/acas/searchableinstruments/2010RS/PrintFiles/&DOCNAMES=HB697-int.pdf,HB697-eng.pdf
  28. ^ http://e-lobbyist.com/gaits/AL/HB697
  29. ^ http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/1975/13A-12-213.htm
  30. ^ http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/1975/13A-12-214.htm
  31. ^ http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACTIONViewFrame.asp?TYPE=Instrument&INST=HB697&DOCPATH=searchableinstruments/2010RS/Printfiles/&PHYDOCPATH=//alisondb/acas/searchableinstruments/2010RS/PrintFiles/&DOCNAMES=HB697-int.pdf,HB697-eng.pdf
  32. ^ "Rules Pertaining to Synthetic Marijuana Products" (PDF). Arkansas Department of Health. July 2, 2010. Retrieved July 10,2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  33. ^ Associated Press (July 3, 2010). "Arkansas enacts ban on synthetic marijuana products". Texarkana Gazette. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  34. ^ http://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2009_10/fulltext/hb1309.htm
  35. ^ http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2010/mar/21/lawmakers-hope-to-snuff-out-fake-pot
  36. ^ http://www.sj-r.com/news/x645470428/House-OKs-ban-on-synthetic-marijuana
  37. ^ http://www.indystar.com/article/20100427/NEWS02/4270328/Indiana-seeks-to-ban-sale-of-synthetic-pot
  38. ^ http://www.pitch.com/2010-02-18/news/kansas-legislature-bans-k2-synthetic-marijuana/
  39. ^ http://lrc.ky.gov/record/10RS/HB265.htm
  40. ^ http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/byinst.asp?sessionid=10RS&billid=HB173
  41. ^ http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/byinst.asp?sessionid=10RS&billid=HB121
  42. ^ http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/byinst.asp?sessionid=10RS&billid=SB37
  43. ^ http://www.legis.state.la.us/lss/lss.asp?doc=206415
  44. ^ http://statenews.com/index.php/article/2010/05/legislation_not_the_answer_to_k2
  45. ^ http://k2spice.blogspot.com/2010/04/missouri-close-to-ban-of-k2-incense.html
  46. ^ http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2010/05/14/mo-lawmakers-approve-synthetic-marijuana-ban/
  47. ^ http://www.nodakpharmacy.com/pdfs/FEBRUARY2010SUMMARY.pdf
  48. ^ http://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/Default.aspx?BillNumber=SB2982
  49. ^ http://news.hjnews.com/news/article_76514f64-3aaf-11df-afe1-001cc4c002e0.html
  50. ^ http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=10747946
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