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'''Munírih <u>Kh</u>ánum''' (1847-April 28, 1938<ref name="ud">{{cite book | title = The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community | first = Shoghi | last = Effendi | authorlink = Shoghi Effendi | id = ISBN 9780900125430 | publisher = Baha'i Publishing Trust | year = 1981 | pages = pg. 119 | location = London | url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/UD/}}</ref>)
''Táhirih''' ({{lang-ar|طاهره}} "The Pure One") or '''Qurratu'l-`Ayn''' ({{lang-ar|قرة العين}} "Solace/Consolation of the Eyes") are both [[Persian names|titles]] of '''Fátimih Baraghání''' (1814/1817&nbsp;– 1852), an influential poet and theologian of the [[Bábís|Bábí]] faith in [[Iran]].<ref name="holy">{{citation | title = Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia | editor-first = Phyllis G. | editor-last = Jestice | year = 2004 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | id = ISBN 1576073556 | first = Moojan | last=Momen | first2=B. Todd | last2=Lawson | chapter = Tahirih | location = Santa Barbara, CA}}</ref><ref name="PSmith">{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= Táhirih |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |id= ISBN 1-85168-184-1 |pages= 332–333}}</ref> As a prominent Bábí (she was the seventeenth disciple or "[[Letters of the Living|Letter of the Living]]" of the Báb) she is highly regarded by [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]] and [[Azali]]s, and often mentioned in [[Bahá'í literature]] as an example of courage in the struggle for women's rights. Her date of birth is uncertain, as birth records were destroyed at her execution. Many sources agree that her birth date was in 1817.<ref name="vaw">{{cite book|last = Milani |first = Farzaneh |authorlink = |year = 1992|title = Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers|publisher = Syracuse University Press |location = |isbn = 1931847266|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Ia1tCQK7yXEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Veils+and+Words:+The+Emerging+Voices+of+Iranian+Women+Writers&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |pages= 77–100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first = Shoghi |last = Effendi |authorlink = Shoghi Effendi |year = 1944 |title = God Passes By |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0877430209 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/ |pages= 72}}</ref><ref name="nn">{{cite web | title = The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl’s Narrative of the Early Days of the Bahá’í Revelation | url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/db-45.html.utf8?query=1817&action=highlight#fr37| publisher = US Bahá’í Publishing Trust | accessdate=2008-07-05}}</ref>
({{lang-fa|منیره خانم}}‎&lrm;) was the wife of [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]], the son of the founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], [[Bahá'u'lláh]]. She was entitled '''the Holy Mother'''. Her memoirs, first published in 1924, are regarded as one of the first published memoirs by a Persian woman in the 20th century.


==Childhood==
Táhirih (Arabic: طاهره‎ "The Pure One") or Qurratu'l-`Ayn (Arabic: قرة العين‎ "Solace/Consolation of the Eyes") are both titles of Fátimih Baraghání (1814 or 1817 – 1852), an influential poet and theologian of the Bábí faith in Iran. Her life, influence and execution made her a key figure of the Bábí faith in Iran. The daughter of Muhammad-Salih Baraghani, she was born into one of the most prominent families of her time.
Munírih Khánum was born '''Fáṭimih Nahrí''', the eldest child of Muhammad `Alí Nahrí and his wife, Zahrá <u>Kh</u>ánum of Isfahán in [[Isfahan]].<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref> The '''Nahrí''' family were a prominent family in the city,<ref>{{Harvnb|Esslemont|1980|p=54}}</ref> and her family were one of the first [[Bábís]] of Isfahan who later became eminent Bahá'ís of Persia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Taherzadeh |1977|p=202}}</ref> The family were also highly connected with high-ranking nobles and clerics of the city.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bayluzi|2000|p=342}}</ref> Her mother herself from a notable Persian family of Babís.<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref> Her maternal uncle was killed at the age of fourteen in Persia because of his religion. According to her later memoirs her father died shortly after her eleventh birthday and she was left to the care of both her maternal and paternal extended families.<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref>


==Young womanhood==
As a young girl she was educated privately by her father – a phenomenon of a girl at the time – and showed herself a proficient writer. Whilst in her teens she married the son of her uncle with whom she had a difficult marriage with. In the early 1840s she became familiar with the teachings of [[Shaykh Ahmad]] and began a secret correspondence with him. Táhirih travelled to the [[Shiah]] holy city of [[Karbala]] to meet Shaykh Ahmad, but he died a number of days before her arrival. In 1844 she became acquainted with the teachings of the [[Báb]] and accepted his religious claims. She soon won renown and infamy for her zealous teachings of his faith and "fearless devotion". Subsequently exiled back to Iran, Táhirih taught her faith at almost every opportunity. The Persian clergy grew resentful of her and endeavoured to have her imprisoned and stopped. She battled with her family throughout her life who wanted her to return back to the traditional beliefs of her family. Táhirih was accused of immorality throughout her life, but it is generally believed that these allegations were unconvincing and made to undermine her position.
As a young woman, Munírih was regarded as a suitable match for marriage to Bahá’í families throughout Persia.<ref name="mml">{{Harvnb|Khanum|1987|p=18}}</ref> Some time after the death of her father, her family thought she had come of age for a marriage.<ref name="bkog">{{Harvnb|Bayluzi|2000|p=343}}</ref> They arranged that be wedded to the young Mírzá Kázim, the youngest brother of [[Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn|King and Beloved of Martyrs]].<ref name="bkog">{{Harvnb|Bayluzi|2000|p=343}}</ref> Protocol demanded that Munírih consent to the marriage, however she rejected.<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref> Finally she consented to the marriage – due to familiar pressure – despite her misgivings.<ref name="mml">{{Harvnb|Khanum|1987|p=18}}</ref> The two were married in a extravagant wedding with the crescendo being the young couple lead to the bedchamber.<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref> However, Mírzá Kázim fell ill during the wedding ceremony and avoided his bride.<ref name="ltoae">{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|pp=85-94}}</ref> The same night he left the house to the horror and consternation of his family.<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref><ref name="bkog">{{Harvnb|Bayluzi|2000|p=343}}</ref> After six months his maid found him dead in the home of the young couple.<ref name="mml">{{Harvnb|Khanum|1987|p=18}}</ref><ref name="ltoae">{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|pp=85-94}}</ref> Munírih was humiliated and overwhelmed.<ref name="ltoae">{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|pp=85-94}}</ref> Perplexed, she resolved she would never marry again, instead she spent her days in prayer and meditation.<ref name="mml">{{Harvnb|Khanum|1987|p=18}}</ref><ref name="bkog">{{Harvnb|Bayluzi|2000|p=343}}</ref><ref name="ltoae">{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|pp=85-94}}</ref>


==Marriage==
Táhirih was probably best remembered for unveiling herself in an assemblage of men during the [[Conference at Badasht]]. The unveiling caused a great deal of controversy and the Báb named her Táhirih (meaning Pure One) to show his support for her. She was soon arrested and placed under house arrest in [[Tehran]]. A few years later in mid-1852 she was executed in secret on account of her Bábí faith. Since her death Bábí and Bahá’í literature venerated her to the stage of martyr for their respective causes and was described as "the first woman suffrage martyr". As a prominent Bábí (she was the seventeenth disciple or "Letter of the Living" of the Báb) she is highly regarded by Bahá'ís and Azalis, and often mentioned in Bahá'í literature as an example of courage in the struggle for women's rights. Her date of birth is uncertain, as birth records were destroyed at her execution.
[[File:Abbaseffendi1868.jpg|right|thumb|190px|`Abdu'l-Bahá as a young man]]
In 1871, [[Bahá'u'lláh]] and [[Navváb]] expressed interest in Munírih to become the wife of [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Esslemont|1980|p=55}}</ref> and she made a wearisome journey to [[Acre, Israel]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|2000|p=255}}</ref> The sister of `Abdu'l-Bahá says that her parents wanted Munírih because she was "''very beautiful and amiable, and in every way a suitable match''".<ref>{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|p=110}}</ref> She arrived in mid 1872 and lived in the house of [[Mírzá Músá]] for the time of the betrothal. Munírih later reminisced how she fell instantly in love with the young `Abdu'l-Bahá when they met one another.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gail|1987|p=281}}</ref> `Abdu'l-Bahá had showed little inclination of marriage until he met twenty-four year old Munírih Khánum in 1872.<ref>{{Harvnb|Esslemont|1980|p=54}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Phelps|1912|p=111}}</ref> After five months betrothal the couple were finally married.<ref>{{Harvnb|Taherzadeh |1977|p=206}}</ref> Bahá'u'lláh entitled Fáṭimih with the name ''Munírih'' (Illumined). The couple married on March 8, 1873 in the [[house of `Abbúd]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|2000|p=255}}</ref> Munírih <u>Kh</u>ánum was twenty-five, `Abdu'l-Bahá was twenty-eight. The marriage was a a happy union.<ref>{{Harvnb|Esslemont|1980|p=54}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1998|p=157}}</ref>


They had nine children: Ḥusayn Effendi (d. 1305/1887, aged five)<ref>{{Harvnb|Gail|1987|p=260}}</ref>, Mihdí (died aged two-and-a-half), Ṭúbá (died sometime in Akka), Fu'ádíyyih (died in infancy), and Ruḥangíz (died in 1893, she was the favorite grandchild of Bahá'u'lláh)<ref>{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=203}}</ref> "''five of my children died in the poisonous climate of 'Akká''" she later bitterly reflected.<ref>{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=90}}</ref> Four children survived adulthood all daughters; Ḍiyá'iyyih <u>Kh</u>ánum (mother of [[Shoghi Effendi]]) (d. 1951) Túbá <u>Kh</u>ánum (1880-1959) Rúḥá <u>Kh</u>ánum and Munavvar <u>Kh</u>ánum (d. 1971).<ref>Family tree of Mirza Buzurg Nuri</ref> Munírih Khánum was very emotionally attached to her children and devoted to her husband.<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref>
== As a Bábí (1844–1848) ==
It was in the home of her cousin that Táhirih first became acquainted with and started correspondence with leaders of the [[Shaykhism|Shaykhi]] movement,<ref name="root" /> including [[Siyyid Kazim]], which flourished in the Shi`ah shrine cities in [[Iraq]]. It was Siyyid Kazim who gave her the title "Qurratu'l-`Ayn".<ref name="PSmith"/><ref name="memorials">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink = `Abdu'l-Bahá |origyear = 1915 |year = 1997 |title = Memorials of the Faithful |edition = Softcover |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0877432422 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/MF/}}</ref> She eventually become a supporter of the Shaykhi teachings even though her family was enemies of the movement.<ref name="holy"/> The differences in religious beliefs in the family caused tensions between Táhirih and her husband, and in 1843 at the age of about 26,<ref name="root" /> she separated from her husband and travelled to [[Karbala]] with her sister to visit Siyyid Kazim.<ref name="PSmith"/> However, by the time she had arrived, Siyyid Kazim had died.<ref name="holy"/>


The oldest of these was Ḍiyá'iyyih, who married Mírzá Hádí Shírází (1864-1955) in 1895;<ref>{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=360}}</ref> their children were [[Shoghi Effendi]], Rúḥangíz, Mihrangíz, Ḥusayn, and Riyáḍ, who all took the surname Rabbání.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|2000|p=262}}</ref> The second daughter, Ṭúbá Khánum , married Mírzá Muḥsin Afnán (1863-1927); their children were Rúḥí (1899-1971), Thurayyá, Suhayl, and Fu'ád (d. 1943), who all took the surname [[Afnán]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Taherzadeh|2000|p=358}}</ref> The third daughter of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Rúḥá, married Mírzá Jalál, the son of Mírzá Muḥammad Ḥasan, [[Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn|King of Martyrs]]; their children were Maryam (d.1933), Muníb, Zahrá and Ḥasan, who all took the surname Shahíd.<ref>{{Harvnb|Taherzadeh|2000|p=358}}</ref> The fourth daughter, Munavvar , married Mírzá Aḥmad, the son of Mírzá 'Abdu'r-Raḥím Yazdí; they were childless.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=362}}</ref>
⚫
== Notes ==

In the 1930s and 1940s a series of marriages linked the sons of Sayyid 'Alí Afnán and [[Bahá'u'lláh's family#Furughiyyih|Furúghíyyih]], who had been supporters of [[Mírzá Muhammad `Alí]], with the grandchildren of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. As a result of these marriages, other inappropriate marriages, or refusal to break ties with [[Covenant-breakers]] in the family, Shoghi Effendi, in the 1940s and early 1950s, reluctantly declared all the surviving grandchildren of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (except himself) Covenant-breakers.<ref name="lotdt">{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=309-360}}</ref>

==Life after marriage==
She was very close to [[Bahiyyih Khánum]] and other members of the household. Often remembered for her active efforts in promoting [[Bahá'í Faith and gender equality|the equality of the sexes]] and the education of women. Highly educated she had an excellent command of Persian and literature spending much of her time composing poetry and writing letters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ma'ani|2008|p=356}}</ref> [[Lady Blomfield]] described Munírih <u>Kh</u>ánum as "''she is a majestic woman, stately yet simple, with an innate dignity and strength of character''".<ref>{{Harvnb|Blomfield|1975|p=72}}</ref> Putting much of her energy towards women she worked to try and open schools for women and encouraged the Bahá'ís of Persia to include women in Bahá'í activities. In one letter she writes: "''thus the education of girls is a matter of the greatest importance and is regarded as an obligatory law. Hence, the friends of the All-Merciful, and the beloved maidservants of the Lord, in all cities and countries must take action and endeavor to their utmost capacity to carry out this weighty injunction''." <ref>{{Harvnb|Khanum|1987|p=77}}</ref> She stood faithful to the [[Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh]] over years of infighting within Bahá'u'lláh's family that led to the expelling of many of them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1998|p=159}}</ref>

==Death==
Munírih <u>Kh</u>ánum died in April of 1938 aged 91 and is buried near the vicinity of the [[Shrine of the Báb]] in the [[Monument Gardens]] at the [[Bahá'í World Centre]].<ref name="cob">{{cite book |last = Taherzadeh |first = A. |authorlink = Adib Taherzadeh |year = 1972 |title = The Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher = George Ronald |location = Oxford, UK |id = ISBN 0853983445 | pages = p. 357}}</ref>

⚫
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |first=Hasan |last=Balyuzi|authorlink = Hasan Balyuzi |year=2000 |title=Bahá'u'lláh, King of Glory |edition=Palang-faack |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0853983283}}
*{{cite book |last = Blomfield | first = Lady Sara Louisa | authorlink = Lady Blomfield | pages = |origyear = 1940 |year = 1975 |title = The Chosen Highway |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = London, UK |id = ISBN 0877430152 |url =http://arthursclassicnovels.com/arthurs/bahai/choshw10.html }}
*{{cite book |author= Esslemont, J.E. |authorlink = John Esslemont |year= 1980 |title= Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era |edition= 5th ed. |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn= 0-87743-160-4 |url= http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/ }}
*{{cite book|last = Gail|first = Marzieh |authorlink = |year = 1987|title = Summon Up Remembrance |publisher = George Ronald|location = Oxford, UK|isbn = 978-0-85398-258-6|url =}}
*{{Cite book |author = Khan, J.A. |coauthors = & Khan, P. |year = 2003 |title = Advancement of Women: A Bahá'í Perspective |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 1931847037 |url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IL7Wge7igZIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false }}
*{{cite book | last = Khanum | first = Munirih | editor = Sammireh Anwar Smith (translator) | title = Memoirs and Letters | publisher = Kalimat Press | date = 1987 | location = Los Angeles, USA | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IYh_fXZ8ZjUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 | isbn = 0933770510}}
*{{cite book|last = Ma'ani|first = Baharieh Rouhani |authorlink = |year = 2008|title = Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees |publisher = George Ronald|location = Oxford, UK|isbn = 0853985332|url =}}
*{{cite book | last = Phelps | first = Myron Henry | title = Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi | publisher = GP Putman's Sons | year = 1912 | location = New York | pages = xliii, 78, 90 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=T3JAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR43 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
*{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Peter | year = 2000 | title = A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith | publisher = Oneworld Publications | place = Oxford | id = ISBN 1-85168-184-1 }}
*{{cite book|last = Taherzadeh |first = Adib |authorlink = Adib Taherzadeh|year = 2000 |title = The Covenant of Baha'u'llah |publisher = George Ronald |location = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0853983445|url =}}
*{{cite book |last = Taherzadeh |first = A. |author-link = Adib Taherzadeh |year = 1977|title = The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 2: Adrianople 1863-68 |publisher = George Ronald |place = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0853980713 |url = http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V2/Cover.html}}

==External links==
*[http://www.littlepond.org/page0012.htm A play about Munirih Khanum, includes her picture on this page]
*[http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/K-O/M/Moneereh/ELMK.htm ''Episodes in the Life of Moneerah Khanum''] (1924, reprinted 2004)

{{Bahá'í-2}}

[[Category:Bahá'í holy family]]

[[Category:Burials in Haifa, Israel]]
[[Category:People from Acre, Israel]]
[[Category:Iranian prisoners and detainees]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanum, Munirih}}

[[it:Munírih Khánum]]

Revision as of 23:18, 17 July 2010

Munírih Khánum (1847-April 28, 1938[1]) (Template:Lang-fa‎‎) was the wife of `Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh. She was entitled the Holy Mother. Her memoirs, first published in 1924, are regarded as one of the first published memoirs by a Persian woman in the 20th century.

Childhood

Munírih Khánum was born Fáṭimih Nahrí, the eldest child of Muhammad `Alí Nahrí and his wife, Zahrá Khánum of Isfahán in Isfahan.[2] The Nahrí family were a prominent family in the city,[3] and her family were one of the first Bábís of Isfahan who later became eminent Bahá'ís of Persia.[4] The family were also highly connected with high-ranking nobles and clerics of the city.[5] Her mother herself from a notable Persian family of Babís.[2] Her maternal uncle was killed at the age of fourteen in Persia because of his religion. According to her later memoirs her father died shortly after her eleventh birthday and she was left to the care of both her maternal and paternal extended families.[2]

Young womanhood

As a young woman, Munírih was regarded as a suitable match for marriage to Bahá’í families throughout Persia.[6] Some time after the death of her father, her family thought she had come of age for a marriage.[7] They arranged that be wedded to the young Mírzá Kázim, the youngest brother of King and Beloved of Martyrs.[7] Protocol demanded that Munírih consent to the marriage, however she rejected.[2] Finally she consented to the marriage – due to familiar pressure – despite her misgivings.[6] The two were married in a extravagant wedding with the crescendo being the young couple lead to the bedchamber.[2] However, Mírzá Kázim fell ill during the wedding ceremony and avoided his bride.[8] The same night he left the house to the horror and consternation of his family.[2][7] After six months his maid found him dead in the home of the young couple.[6][8] Munírih was humiliated and overwhelmed.[8] Perplexed, she resolved she would never marry again, instead she spent her days in prayer and meditation.[6][7][8]

Marriage

`Abdu'l-Bahá as a young man

In 1871, Bahá'u'lláh and Navváb expressed interest in Munírih to become the wife of `Abdu'l-Bahá[9] and she made a wearisome journey to Acre, Israel.[10] The sister of `Abdu'l-Bahá says that her parents wanted Munírih because she was "very beautiful and amiable, and in every way a suitable match".[11] She arrived in mid 1872 and lived in the house of Mírzá Músá for the time of the betrothal. Munírih later reminisced how she fell instantly in love with the young `Abdu'l-Bahá when they met one another.[12] `Abdu'l-Bahá had showed little inclination of marriage until he met twenty-four year old Munírih Khánum in 1872.[13][14] After five months betrothal the couple were finally married.[15] Bahá'u'lláh entitled Fáṭimih with the name Munírih (Illumined). The couple married on March 8, 1873 in the house of `Abbúd.[16] Munírih Khánum was twenty-five, `Abdu'l-Bahá was twenty-eight. The marriage was a a happy union.[17][18]

They had nine children: Ḥusayn Effendi (d. 1305/1887, aged five)[19], Mihdí (died aged two-and-a-half), Ṭúbá (died sometime in Akka), Fu'ádíyyih (died in infancy), and Ruḥangíz (died in 1893, she was the favorite grandchild of Bahá'u'lláh)[20] "five of my children died in the poisonous climate of 'Akká" she later bitterly reflected.[21] Four children survived adulthood all daughters; Ḍiyá'iyyih Khánum (mother of Shoghi Effendi) (d. 1951) Túbá Khánum (1880-1959) Rúḥá Khánum and Munavvar Khánum (d. 1971).[22] Munírih Khánum was very emotionally attached to her children and devoted to her husband.[2]

The oldest of these was Ḍiyá'iyyih, who married Mírzá Hádí Shírází (1864-1955) in 1895;[23] their children were Shoghi Effendi, Rúḥangíz, Mihrangíz, Ḥusayn, and Riyáḍ, who all took the surname Rabbání.[24] The second daughter, Ṭúbá Khánum , married Mírzá Muḥsin Afnán (1863-1927); their children were Rúḥí (1899-1971), Thurayyá, Suhayl, and Fu'ád (d. 1943), who all took the surname Afnán.[25] The third daughter of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Rúḥá, married Mírzá Jalál, the son of Mírzá Muḥammad Ḥasan, King of Martyrs; their children were Maryam (d.1933), Muníb, Zahrá and Ḥasan, who all took the surname Shahíd.[26] The fourth daughter, Munavvar , married Mírzá Aḥmad, the son of Mírzá 'Abdu'r-Raḥím Yazdí; they were childless.[27]

In the 1930s and 1940s a series of marriages linked the sons of Sayyid 'Alí Afnán and Furúghíyyih, who had been supporters of Mírzá Muhammad `Alí, with the grandchildren of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. As a result of these marriages, other inappropriate marriages, or refusal to break ties with Covenant-breakers in the family, Shoghi Effendi, in the 1940s and early 1950s, reluctantly declared all the surviving grandchildren of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (except himself) Covenant-breakers.[2]

Life after marriage

She was very close to Bahiyyih Khánum and other members of the household. Often remembered for her active efforts in promoting the equality of the sexes and the education of women. Highly educated she had an excellent command of Persian and literature spending much of her time composing poetry and writing letters.[28] Lady Blomfield described Munírih Khánum as "she is a majestic woman, stately yet simple, with an innate dignity and strength of character".[29] Putting much of her energy towards women she worked to try and open schools for women and encouraged the Bahá'ís of Persia to include women in Bahá'í activities. In one letter she writes: "thus the education of girls is a matter of the greatest importance and is regarded as an obligatory law. Hence, the friends of the All-Merciful, and the beloved maidservants of the Lord, in all cities and countries must take action and endeavor to their utmost capacity to carry out this weighty injunction." [30] She stood faithful to the Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh over years of infighting within Bahá'u'lláh's family that led to the expelling of many of them.[31]

Death

Munírih Khánum died in April of 1938 aged 91 and is buried near the vicinity of the Shrine of the Báb in the Monument Gardens at the Bahá'í World Centre.[32]

Notes

  1. ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1981). The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community. London: Baha'i Publishing Trust. pp. pg. 119. ISBN 9780900125430. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Ma'ani 2008, p. 309-360
  3. ^ Esslemont 1980, p. 54
  4. ^ Taherzadeh 1977, p. 202
  5. ^ Bayluzi 2000, p. 342
  6. ^ a b c d Khanum 1987, p. 18
  7. ^ a b c d Bayluzi 2000, p. 343
  8. ^ a b c d Phelps 1912, pp. 85–94
  9. ^ Esslemont 1980, p. 55
  10. ^ Smith 2000, p. 255
  11. ^ Phelps 1912, p. 110
  12. ^ Gail 1987, p. 281
  13. ^ Esslemont 1980, p. 54
  14. ^ Phelps 1912, p. 111
  15. ^ Taherzadeh 1977, p. 206
  16. ^ Smith 2000, p. 255
  17. ^ Esslemont 1980, p. 54
  18. ^ Khan 1998, p. 157
  19. ^ Gail 1987, p. 260
  20. ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 203
  21. ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 90
  22. ^ Family tree of Mirza Buzurg Nuri
  23. ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 360
  24. ^ Smith 2000, p. 262
  25. ^ Taherzadeh 2000, p. 358
  26. ^ Taherzadeh 2000, p. 358
  27. ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 362
  28. ^ Ma'ani 2008, p. 356
  29. ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 72
  30. ^ Khanum 1987, p. 77
  31. ^ Khan 1998, p. 159
  32. ^ Taherzadeh, A. (1972). The Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. p. 357. ISBN 0853983445. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

References

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