Candide

Note: For the operetta based on the book, please see Candide (operetta).

Candide, ou l'Optimisme, (English: Candide, or Optimism) (1759) is a picaresque novel by the Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire. Voltaire never openly admitted to having written the controversial Candide. The work is signed with a pseudonym: "Monsieur le docteur Ralph," literally "Mr. Dr. Ralph."

Sardonic in outlook, it follows the naïve protagonist Candide from his first exposure to the precept that "all is for the best in this, the best of all possible worlds," and on through a series of adventures that dramatically disprove that precept even as the protagonist clings to it.

The novel satirizes the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz and is a showcase of the horrors of the 18th century world. In Candide, Leibniz is represented by the philosopher Pangloss, the tutor of the title character. Despite a series of misfortunes and misadventures, Pangloss continually asserts that tout est au mieux ("everything is for the best") and that he lives in le meilleur des mondes possibles ("the best of all possible worlds").

Memorable passages from Candide

• In Great Britain at least, the best known passage is where it refers to the execution of the British Admiral John Byng: Dans ce pays-ci, il est bon de tuer de temps en temps un amiral pour encourager les autres. ("In this country, it is wise to kill an admiral from time to time to encourage the others.")

• The Venetian senator Pococurante's summing up for his visitors his views of the authors whose works comprise his library.
  
  « Les sots admirent tout dans un auteur estimé. Je ne lis que pour moi ; je n'aime que ce qui est à mon usage. » Candide, qui avait été élevé à ne jamais juger de rien par lui-même, était fort étonné de ce qu'il entendait ; et Martin trouvait la façon de penser de Pococuranté assez raisonnable.
  
  English translation:
  
  "Fools admire everything in an author of reputation. For my part, I read only to please myself. I like only that which serves my purpose." Candide, having been educated never to judge for himself, was much surprised at what he heard. Martin found there was a good deal of reason in Pococurante's remarks.

• Candide has just arrived in Holland, broke and starving, and is trying to beg from an anti-Catholic speaker for a few guilders to get a meal.
  (English only) "My friend," said the orator to him, "do you believe the Pope to be Anti-christ?" "I have not heard it," answered Candide, "but whether he be, or whether he be not, I want bread." "Thou dost not deserve to eat," said the other. "Begone, rogue; begone, wretch; do not come near me again." The orator's wife, putting her head out of the window, and spying a man that doubted whether the Pope was Anti-christ, poured over him a full... Oh, heavens! to what excess does religious zeal carry the ladies.

• The priests of Portugal decide to burn a few people at the stake after the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.
  After the earthquake had destroyed three-fourths of Lisbon, the sages of that country could think of no means more effectual to prevent utter ruin than to give the people a beautiful auto-da-fe; for it had been decided by the University of Coimbra, that the burning of a few people alive by a slow fire, and with great ceremony, is an infallible secret to hinder the earth from quaking. (later on, after the executions) The same day the earth sustained a most violent concussion.

• The Old Woman describes the violent state of affairs in Morocco during her time of enslavement there.
  The slaves, my companions, those who had taken them, soldiers, sailors, blacks, whites, mulattoes, and at last my captain, all were killed, and I remained dying on a heap of dead. Such scenes as these were transacted on a daily basis throughout an extent of three hundred leagues, and yet they never missed the five prayers a day ordained by Muhammad.

• The Dervish and an unnamed old man dispense their laissez faire views of human relations to the nearly enlightened Candide.
  In the neighborhood there lived a very famous Dervish who was esteemed the best philosopher in all Turkey, and they went to consult him. Pangloss was the speaker. "Master," said he, "we come to beg you to tell why so strange an animal as man was made." "With what meddlest thou?" said the Dervish; "is it thy business?" "But, reverend father," said Candide, "there is horrible evil in this world." "What signifies it," said the Dervish, "whether there be evil or good? When his highness sends a ship to Egypt, does he trouble his head whether the mice on board are at their ease or not?" "What, then, must we do?" said Pangloss. "Hold your tongue," answered the Dervish. "I was in hopes," said Pangloss, "that I should reason with you a little about causes and effects, about the best of possible worlds, the origin of evil, the nature of the soul, and the preestablished harmony." At these words, the Dervish shut the door in their faces.
  During this conversation, the news was spread that two Viziers and the Mufti had been strangled at Constantinople, and that several of their friends had been impaled. This catastrophe made a great noise for some hours. Pangloss, Candide and Martin, returning to the little farm, saw a good old man taking the fresh air at his door under an orange bower. Pangloss, who was as inquisitive as he was argumentative, asked the old man what was the name of the strangled Mufti. "I do not know," answered the worthy man, "and I have not known the name of any Mufti, nor of any Vizier. I am entirely ignorant of the event you mention; I presume in general that they who meddle with the administration of public affairs die sometimes miserably, and that they deserve it; but I never trouble my head about what is transacting at Constantinople; I content myself with sending there for sale the fruits of the garden I cultivate."
  (The men go back to the old man's house and have a wonderful meal.)
  "You must have a vast and magnificent estate," said Candide to the Turk. "I have only twenty acres [81,000 m²]," replied the old man; "I and my children cultivate them; our labor preserves us from three great evils - weariness, vice, and want."

• Candide is with Pococurante (literally 'small care') in the Venetian study. "Oh, here is a copy of Cicero", said Candide. "Now this great man I suppose you're never tired of reading." "I never read him at all", replied the Venetian. "I might like his philosophical works better, but when I saw that he had doubts about everything, I concluded that I knew as much as he did, and that I needed no help to be ignorant." (Cicero was a Roman lawyer, elocutionist, politician and philosopher of the first century B.C.. Since the sixthteenth century "advanced" opinion dismissed him as a windbag, so Pococurante dismisses him.)

• Candide reaches a sort of enlightenment and concurs with Martin.
  "Let us work," said Martin, "without disputing; it is the only way to render life tolerable." (Whenever Pangloss starts prattling on about some quatsch, Candide's response is:) "All that is very well," answered Candide, "but let us cultivate our garden."

Characters

• Candide, the protagonist
• Cunégonde, Candide's love interest
• Dr. Pangloss, Candide's tutor
• Cacambo, Candide's valet
• Martin, Candide's travelling companion
• Paquette, maid for Cunegonde's family
• Cunegonde's brother
• The old woman

Trivia

Candide makes a passing reference to the fictional Pope Urban X as the father of a character. According to an endnote which first appears in a 1829 edition, Voltaire used "extreme discretion" in ascribing an illegitimate daughter to a fictional Pope instead of a real one. The last pontiff to bear the name Urban was Pope Urban VIII.

Voltaire knew everyone who was known at the time and quite possible knew Adam Smith author of The Wealth of Nations. If not, Voltaire anticipates him (by 17 years)with the observation of the usefulness of the production of pins, which is the centerpiece example of Adam Smith's great book. See (XXV) Pococurante's reply to Martin regarding the value "of four score volumes of the Academy of Science". He says:"...if only one of those rakers of rubish had shown how to make pins...". The Industrial Revolution is usually pegged at beginning 1750, which is arbitrary but useful. Candide, 1759. The Wealth of Nations, 1776. Did Voltaire get the idea from Adam Smith or did he see for himself the usefulness of industry. The difference in living standard between the Continent and England was observable by travelers like Voltaire; England at this time was way ahead.

See also

• panglossianism
• dystopia
• Leonard Bernstein based an operetta (1956) on Voltaire's story; see Candide (operetta).

External links

• Online Text
  • French text from University of Virginia: [1]
  • English translation at the Voltaire Foundation, University of Oxford
  • Candide by Voltaire - electronic text
• Other Information
  • A letter written by Voltaire to the Journal encyclopédique in which the author denies being the author of Candide: [2]
  • Bibliography of electronic and illustrated editions as well as of parodies and imitations: [3]
  • Links to analysis and Plot overview (in French)