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Maharishi Mahesh Yogi died on 5 February 2008<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7229597.stm BBC News FEb 6 2008]</ref> and the leadership of the global Transcendental Meditation movement passed to [[Tony Nader|Maharaja Adhiraj Rajaraam]], who is also head of the Global Country of World Peace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forget the F-16s, Israel needs more Yogic Flyers to beat Hizbullah. 30-strong TM group, sole guests at Nof Ginnosar Hotel, say they need another 235 colleagues to make the country safe|first=AMIR|last=MIZROCH|work=Jerusalem Post|date=July 23, 2006|page=04|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1153291974316&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull}}</ref>
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi died on 5 February 2008<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7229597.stm BBC News FEb 6 2008]</ref> and the leadership of the global Transcendental Meditation movement passed to [[Tony Nader|Maharaja Adhiraj Rajaraam]], who is also head of the Global Country of World Peace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forget the F-16s, Israel needs more Yogic Flyers to beat Hizbullah. 30-strong TM group, sole guests at Nof Ginnosar Hotel, say they need another 235 colleagues to make the country safe|first=AMIR|last=MIZROCH|work=Jerusalem Post|date=July 23, 2006|page=04|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1153291974316&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull}}</ref>


In July 2008, Brahmachari Girish Verma, a nephew of the Maharishi, announced the formation of the Maharishi World Peace Movement in [[Jabalpur]] to accomplish the Maharishi's plan for India and to achieve world peace. Verma serves as chairman. The movement's principles include practicing the Maharishi's Vedic Health Rituals, daily practice of yoga, and the construction of [[Vastu]]-style homes. Verma also announced the creation of a media news source and portal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharishi World Peace Movement aims to establish world peace|date=July 17 2008|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080717/1002874.html|author=[[United News of India]]|accessdate=June 3, 2010|publisher=news.webindia123.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maharishi World Peace Movement|url=http://www.peace-movement.net/index.jsp|publisher=peace-movement.net|accessdate=June 3, 2010}}</ref>
In July 2008, Brahmachari Girish Varma, a nephew of the Maharishi, announced the formation of the Maharishi World Peace Movement in [[Jabalpur]] to accomplish the Maharishi's plan for India and to achieve world peace. Varma serves as chairman. The movement's principles include practicing the Maharishi's Vedic Health Rituals, daily practice of yoga, and the construction of [[Vastu]]-style homes. Varma also announced the creation of a media news source and portal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharishi World Peace Movement aims to establish world peace|date=July 17 2008|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080717/1002874.html|author=[[United News of India]]|accessdate=June 3, 2010|publisher=news.webindia123.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maharishi World Peace Movement|url=http://www.peace-movement.net/index.jsp|publisher=peace-movement.net|accessdate=June 3, 2010}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:45, 6 August 2010

The history of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program and the Transcendental Meditation movement began when Maharishi Mahesh Yogi first taught the technique in the late 1950s, and continues beyond his death (2008). Although he had initiated thousands of people, the Maharishi began a program to create more teachers of the technique as a way to accelerate the rate of creating new meditators. The Maharishi began a series of world tours which promoted the technique, and this, the celebrities who practiced the technique, and later scientific research endorsing the technique helped to popularize the technique in the 1960s and '70s. As well, in the 1970s advanced meditative techniques were introduced. The movement has grown to encompass schools and universities that teach the practice, and includes many associated programs offering health and well-being based on the Maharishi's interpretation of the Vedic traditions. By the late 2000s, TM had been taught to millions of individuals and the Maharishi was overseeing a large multinational movement.

Despite organizational changes and while additional techniques were added, the Transcendental Meditation technique itself remained relatively unchanged.

Among the first organizations to promote TM were the Spiritual Regeneration Movement and the International Meditation Society. In the U.S., major organizations included Student International Meditation Society, World Peace Executive Council, Maharishi Vedic Education Corporation, and Global Country of World Peace. The successor to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and head of the Global Country of World Peace, is Maharaja Adhiraj Rajaraam.

Overview

In 1984, Roy Wallis expanded on three categories originally identified by Eric Woodrum in 1977, to four phases of development in the Transcendental Meditation Movement.

  • 1. "Spiritual-Mystical Period", from 1959 to 1965, identified Transcendental Meditation as the primary component of a holistic approach to spiritual evolution, detachment from the material world and the achievement of nirvana.
  • 2. "Voguish, Self-Sufficiency Period", from 1966 to 1969, saw a rapid expansion of the Movement through identification with the counter-culture, and a significant modification of the prior Hindu understanding of the goals and effects of Transcendental Meditation.
  • 3. From 1970 through 1977, the "Secularized, Popular Religious Phase", the Movement identified practical, material and social benefits of TM, with virtually no references to non-worldly considerations. Wallis writes that this de-emphasis of religious rhetoric and style, except among its inner core of followers, was acknowledged by former TM Movement official Robert McCutcheon.
  • 4. Since the late 1970s, however, the Movement has reversed course, introducing programs such as TM-Sidhi, which are claimed to enable its practitioners to exercise occult powers.[1]

Similarly, in Gurus in America, Cynthia Humes characterizes the Movement as meandering from a "plastic export Hinduism" to a non-devotional meditation method marketed as a "scientific technique", and then back to a "multinational, capitalist, Vedantic Export Religion" zig-zagging back and forth, depending on the receptivity of the target audience.[2]

Origins

According to religious scholar and relational evangelist Kenneth Boa, in his book, Cults, World Religions and the Occult, the Transcendental Meditation technique is rooted in the "Vedantic Hinduism", and that view is "repeatedly confirmed" by the Maharishi's books such as the Science of Being and the Art of Living and his Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita.[3] George Chryssides similarly says that the Maharishi and Guru Dev were from the Shankara tradition of advaita Vedanta.[4] Boa writes that Maharishi Mahesh Yogi "makes it clear" that Transcendental Meditation was delivered to man about 5,000 years ago by the Hindu god Krishna. The technique was then lost, but restored for a time by Buddha. It was lost again, but rediscovered in the 9th Century AD by the Hindu philosopher Shankara. Finally, it was revived by Brahmananda Saraswati (Guru Dev) and passed on to the Maharishi.[5] Russell states that the Maharishi believed that since the time of the Vedas, this knowledge was lost and found many times, recurring principally in the Bhagavad-Gita, and in the teachings of Buddha and Shankara, a cycle discussed in the introduction to his commentaries on the Bhagavad-Gita.[6] Chryssides notes that, in addition to the revivals of the Transcendental Meditiaton technique by Krishna, the Buddha and Shankara, the Maharishi also drew from the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.[4] Patel also says that it is derived from Patanjali's Yoga.[7]

1950s

File:Brahmananda Saraswati GuruDev.jpg
Brahmananda Saraswati

Mahesh Varma was born in central India, the son of a tax collector. He received a degree in physics in 1942, and served as a close disciple and secretary to Swami Brahmananda Saraswati from 1941, until the swami's death in 1953.[8] In 1955, he began teaching a meditation technique that he said was derived from the Vedic tradition,[9] and which later came to be called Transcendental Meditation.

In 1958, Varma, now called Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, began a number of tours worldwide promoting and disseminating the TM technique.[10] The first tour began in Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar). The Maharishi remained in the Far East for about six months teaching Transcendental Meditation.[11]

In 1959, the Maharishi taught the Transcendental Meditation technique in Hawaii,[11] San Francisco, and Los Angeles, and stayed at the home of Roland and Helena Olson. He became a regular guest there for the next few years. Their daughter later described and published their experiences. He founded the Spiritual Regeneration Movement, an early organization of the TM movement, in Los Angeles, in 1959.[12]

1960s

In 1960, the Maharishi founded the International Meditation Society (IMS) and trained his first TM teacher, Henry Nyburg of England.[11][13][14]

The first international Teacher Training Course (TTC) was held near Rishikesh, India, in 1961, to train teachers of Transcendental Meditation. Over 60 meditators from India, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Britain, Malaya, Norway, the United States, Australia, Greece, Italy and the West Indies attended the course.[15] Teachers continued to be trained as time progressed.[16] The Maharishi appeared on BBC television and gave a lecture to 5,000 people at the Royal Albert Hall in London.[17]

Meditation chambers in decay at the former ashram of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh, now owned by the Indian Government.[18]

According to a history written by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 21 members of the Indian Parliament issued a public statement endorsing TM in 1963.[19] He writes that news articles on the technique appeared in Canadian newspapers such as the Daily Colonist, Calgary Herald and The Albertan.[20]

In 1965, the Students International Meditation Society (SIMS) was incorporated and continues to function in some countries including the U.S.A.[4][21] Another organization created to teach the Transcendental Meditation technique was the American Foundation for the Science of Creative Intelligence (AFSCI), which catered to businessmen.[22] TM courses at AT&T, General Foods, Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., Blue Cross/Blue Shield in Chicago, and the Crocker National Bank of San Francisco were sponsored by AFSCI.[22]

The brief association of the Maharishi with The Beatles in 1967 to 1968 was of tremendous consequence for the movement. Following the Beatles, celebrities rushed to be associated with the Maharishi.

In 1968, Maharishi announced that he would withdraw from public activity and began training meditators at his global headquarters in Seelisberg, Switzerland, who would take over the teaching of the technique.[citation needed]

1970s

In the 1970s, Maharishi began TM’s shift from religious to scientific. This movement was called the World Plan.[citation needed] The plan was to build a TM teaching center for every one million people and to improve the lives of the people of the world. Maharishi trained 2,000 teachers to help launch his plan. He went full force at executing his plan by building 2,000 World Plan centers around the world and creating multiple organizations to help spread the word.[citation needed]

In 1970, the first scientific study on the Transcendental Meditation technique was published in the journal Science. In the early 1970s, courses on the Science of Creative Intelligence, Maharishi's unified theory of life,[23] were offered at universities such as Stanford University, Yale, the University of Colorado, the University of Wisconsin, and Oregon State University.[24]

In 1972 in Mallorca, Spain, the Maharishi announced his World Plan to establish one Transcendental Meditation teaching center for each million of the world's population.[25]

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the TM movement began to shed its identity as part of the hippie counterculture, making incursions into the US American cultural mainstream. From the mid-1970s, the Maharishi began to target business professionals, adapting his message to promise "increased creativity and flexibility, increased productivity, improved job satisfaction, improved relations with supervisors and co-workers". His TM movement came to be increasingly structured along the lines of a multinational corporation.[citation needed] The foundation of the Maharishi International University in 1974 falls into this period.

In 1975, TM practitioner Merv Griffin invited the Maharishi to appear on his talk show, thereby aiding Transcendental Meditation in becoming a "full blown craze" during that era (according to Time Magazine) and eventually becoming a global phenomenon with centers in some 130 countries.[22][26][27][28] In that same year, Transcendental Meditation received favorable testimony in the Congressional Record and was advocated by Major-General Franklin M. Davis Jr. of the US Army.[29] Maharishi appeared on the Merv Griffin Show again in 1977.

In 1975, the Maharishi began teaching advanced mental techniques, called the TM-Sidhi Program, that included a technique for the development of what he termed Yogic Flying.[8] It included the Maharishi Effect, based on studies which reported that in cities in the USA where 1% of the population meditated, the crime rate dropped.[30] As early as 1968, the Maharishi had stated that 30 minutes of TM morning and evening by 1% of the population would "dispel the clouds of war for thousands of years."[31]

A Gallup Poll conducted in August 1976 said that four percent (4%) of those Americans questioned had engaged in TM.[32] The average number of people learning TM fell from a peak of approximately 40,000 a month in 1975 to approximately 3,000 in November 1977.[33][34][35] Bainbridge wrote that, as of 1977, "Most of the million who had been initiated either ceased meditating or did so informally and irregularly without continuing connections to the TM Movement."[33] The official TM web site reports that more than 6 million people worldwide have learned the Transcendental Meditation technique since its introduction in 1958.[36]

The Maharishi's efforts to achieve mainstream acceptance of his techniques as science and to establish Transcendental Meditation through public schools, prisons and the workplace with government funding were severely impacted by the decision of the US court in 1977 declaring the movement to be religious, and the teaching of TM in the New Jersey schools in breach of the First Amendment separation of church and state.[citation needed]

At the same time, the movement directed itself inward, offering additional products and practices to its committed practitioners and requiring numerous commitments beyond Transcendental Meditation alone to continue on the path to enlightenment.[2] After new-member recruitment collapsed, the movement increasingly emphasized unusual supernatural compensators, and tensions within the movement increased rather than membership, because most dedicated movement members were TM teachers, whose financial and social status depended on a flow of new students, which had stopped.[33] During this period, the Movement began making increasingly outlandish claims about the powers of TM, including the reduction of crime by the practice of "Yogic flying". Many, including Charlie Lutz, former President of the Spiritual Regeneration Movement, saw the introduction of TM-Sidhi and other "advanced techniques" as a financial ploy to increase income in the wake of declining public interest in TM.[37]

The success of the TM movement following its association with the Beatles resulted in immense personal wealth for the Maharishi, who made a number of fortunate property investments with the funds he amassed. In England, he bought Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire, Roydon Hall in Maidstone, Swythamley Park in the Peak District and a Georgian rectory in Suffolk, and his income was reported at six million GBP per year.2024[38]

1980s

In 1984, about 1,200 members of the movement moved into Manila at the invitation of Ferdinand Marcos, the President of the Philippines. They named him the president and founding father of the Unified Field Based Civilization. Marcos praised Maharishi's plan to use the Philippines as the base for "this new kingdom of enlightenment" and, in a public ceremony, rang the "Maharishi bell".[39] Imelda Marcos was given the "crown of consciousness of the royal order of the age of enlightenment".[40] The members rented an entire floor of Manila's finest hotel, along with hundreds of rooms in other hotels. They bought a large but financially troubled university, the University of the East, for $1 million, leading to a boycott by students and attacks on the Maharishi as an imperialist.[41] A government cabinet member reported an investigation found that the movement members had deposited millions of dollars in Philippine bank accounts and were negotiating to buy several more colleges and universities in the area, plus hotels and other buildings. Posters promoting the benefits of Transcendental Meditation were posted across the city and the members spread out across the city to promote the technique, leading to a response from Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin. The movement took responsibility for the lack of violence at a large anti-government rally protesting the assassination of Benigno Aquino, but not for violent attacks by the military on rioters, two typhoons, or an eruption of Mount Mayon, which also occurred during their stay.[42] The University of the East was purchased back by its stakeholders, and the movement characterized the entire transaction as a $250,000 loan.[43]

During the 1980s, the movement came under increased scrutiny due to accusations of fraud and pseudo-scientific deception.[38]

1990s

In 1990, a delegation of Transcendental Meditation teachers from Maharishi International University traveled to the former Soviet Union to provide instruction in Transcendental Meditation. The trip, initially scheduled to last ten days, was extended to six months and resulted in the training of 35,000 people in the technique.[44]

In 1990, the Maharishi moved his headquarters to a wooded area outside of Vlodrop, Netherlands, near the German border. The 65-acre grounds of a former monastery became the capital of his Global Country of World Peace (GCWP).[45]

The late dictator of Romania, Nicolae Ceausescu, tried to purge all practitioners of transcendental meditation from the government.[46]

In 1993, the Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation (MVED), a non-profit corporation, was formed to oversee the teaching of Transcendental Meditation and related courses in the United States.[25][47] The terms "Transcendental Meditation" and "TM" are servicemarks owned by Maharishi Foundation Ltd., a UK non-profit organization[48] and licensed to the MVED.[49][50]

In 1995, the Maharishi changed the name of Maharishi International University in Fairfield, Iowa to Maharishi University of Management.[51] The Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools (MVMS), an educational system established in 16 Indian states and affiliated with the New Delhi Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), was founded the same year.[52][53] Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools has 148 branches in 118 cities with 90,000 to 100,000 students and 5,500 teaching and support staff.[54]

In 1996, the Superior Court for the District of Columbia ruled in Hendel v World Plan Executive Council that the practice of Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program is a religion and that trial of fraud and other claims for damages by a former TM and TM-Sidhi practitioner against the World Plan Executive Council and Maharishi International University would involve the Court in excessive entanglement into matters of religious belief contrary to the First Amendment.[55]

By 1998, the global TM organization had an estimated four million disciples, 1,000 teaching centers and property assets valued at $3.5 billion.[56]

2000s

In 2004, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi directed Transcendental Meditation practitioners at the Maharishi village at Skelmersdale, Lancashire in England to beam peace loving thoughts to the British electorate with the aim of overturning the Labour government. The Maharishi said: "The good effects of transcendental meditation — increased creativity and long life — should not be given to a dangerous country that is constantly busy destroying the world." After Tony Blair's Labour Party won reelection in May 2005, the Maharishi withdrew all instruction in Transcendental Meditation in the UK.[57][58] The ban was lifted about the same time Tony Blair left office as Prime Minister.[59]

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi died on 5 February 2008[60] and the leadership of the global Transcendental Meditation movement passed to Maharaja Adhiraj Rajaraam, who is also head of the Global Country of World Peace.[61]

In July 2008, Brahmachari Girish Varma, a nephew of the Maharishi, announced the formation of the Maharishi World Peace Movement in Jabalpur to accomplish the Maharishi's plan for India and to achieve world peace. Varma serves as chairman. The movement's principles include practicing the Maharishi's Vedic Health Rituals, daily practice of yoga, and the construction of Vastu-style homes. Varma also announced the creation of a media news source and portal.[62][63]

References

  1. ^ Wallis, Ray, The Elementary Forms of the New Religious Life", Taylor & Francis, 1984 ISBN 0-7100-9890-1, 9780710098900, p. 90
  2. ^ a b Humes, Cynthia Ann (2005). Thomas A., Forsthoefel (ed.). Gurus in Americ. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 55–80. ISBN 978-0-7914-6573-8.
  3. ^ Boa cites Meditations of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita, and The Science of Being and Art of Living.
  4. ^ a b c Chryssides, George D. (1999). Exploring new religions. London: Cassell. pp. 293–296. ISBN 978-0-8264-5959-6.
  5. ^ Boa, Kenneth (1990). Cults, world religions, and the occul. Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-89693-823-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |http://books.google.com/books?id= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Russell, p. 134
  7. ^ Patel, Vimal (1998). "Understanding the Integration of Alternative Modalities into an Emerging Healthcare Model in the United States". in Humber, James M.; Almeder, Robert F.. Alternative medicine and ethics. Humana Press. pp. 55-56. ISBN 0-89603-440-2, 9780896034402. [1]
  8. ^ a b Shear, J. (Jonathan) (2006). The experience of meditation : experts introduce the major tradition. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House. pp. 23, 30–32, 43–44. ISBN 978-1-55778-857-3.
  9. ^ Ryan, Leyland, "Transcendental Meditation hits hard times", The Colombia Missourian (January 8, 1978) p.B3
  10. ^ Olson, Helena; Olson, Roland. His Holiness Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: A Living Saint for the New Millennium : Stories of His First Visit to the USA. Samhita Productions. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-929297-21-4.
  11. ^ a b c Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Thirty Years Around the World, Volume One, 1957-1964. MVU Press. p. 302. ISBN 90-71750-02-7.[need quotation to verify]
  12. ^ Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1997). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults. New York Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 357–340. ISBN 9780823925865.
  13. ^ Russell, p 26
  14. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (1992). Encyclopedic handbook of cults in Americ. New York: Garland Pub. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-8153-1140-9.
  15. ^ Thirty Years Around the World, pp. 318-344[need quotation to verify]
  16. ^ http://www.tm.org/learn/course/index.html [dead link‍]
  17. ^ Thirty Years Around the World, p. 199[need quotation to verify]
  18. ^ Wax, Emily, "A magical idyll's mystery future: Beatles decaying ashram in India could become a home for street children", Washington Post (December 19, 2007)
  19. ^ Thirty Years Around the World, pp. 504-507[need quotation to verify]
  20. ^ Thirty Years Around the World, pp. 530-536[need quotation to verify]
  21. ^ SIMS New Zealand [2][dead link‍]
  22. ^ a b c "Behavior: THE TM CRAZE: 40 Minutes to Bliss". Time. 1975-10-13. ISSN 0040-718X. Retrieved 2009-11-15. {{cite news}}: Check |issn= value (help)
  23. ^ New York Times
  24. ^ T. K. Irwin, "What's New in Science: Transcendental Meditation: Medical Miracle or 'Another Kooky Fad,'" Sarasota Herald Tribune Family Weekly, October 8, 1972, pp. 8-9.
  25. ^ a b Hunt, Stephen (2003). Alternative religions : a sociological introductio. Aldershot, Hampshire, England ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. pp. 197–198. ISBN 978-0-7546-3410-2.
  26. ^ Woo, Elaine (2008-02-06). "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; founded Transcendental Meditation movement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  27. ^ Corder, Mike (2008-01-29). "Maharishi retreats into silence". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  28. ^ Corder, Mike (2008-02-06). "Beatles guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi dies". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  29. ^ Phelan, Michael (1979). "Transcendental Meditation. A Revitalization of the American Civil Religion". Archives des sciences sociales des religions. 48 (48–1): 5–20.
  30. ^ Celebrating the Dawn, Oates, Putnam's, 1975, P. 226
  31. ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - 24 Jan 1968
  32. ^ York, Michael (1995). The emerging network : a sociology of the New Age and neo-pagan movement. Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8476-8001-6.
  33. ^ a b c Bainbridge, William Sims (1997). The sociology of religious movements. New York: Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 0-415-91202-4.
  34. ^ Ryan, Leyland, "Transcendental Meditation hits hard times", The Colombia Missourian (January 8, 1978) p.B3 [dead link‍]
  35. ^ "Behavior: Seer of Flying". Time. 1977-08-08. ISSN 0040-718X. Retrieved 2009-11-15. {{cite news}}: Check |issn= value (help)
  36. ^ http://tm.org
  37. ^ Williamson, Lola, Transcendent in America: Hindu-Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion", NYU Press, 2010 ISBN 0-8147-9450-5, 9780814794500, p. 97
  38. ^ a b Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Guru of transcendental meditation who used his association with the Beatles to create a hugely profitable global movement, The Times, 7 February 2008
  39. ^ Spaeth, Anthony (October 30, 1984). "Post Script: Culture Clash: Meditating Mystics Miff Many Manilans". Wall Street Journal. p. 1.
  40. ^ Secter, Bob (April 16, 1990). "In cornfield country, good vibes by the bushel". Los Angeles Times. p. 5.
  41. ^ Fineman, Mark (October 10, 1984). "MAHARISHI PURCHASE PROTESTED". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A.3.
  42. ^ Fineman, Mark (October 8, 1984). "MAHARISHI IN MANILA TRIGGERS CONTROVERSY". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A.1.
  43. ^ "MAHARISHI WON'T RUN UNIVERSITY". Philadelphia Inquirer. October 16, 1984. p. A.16.
  44. ^ "Soviets Learn To Meditate". Omaha World-Herald. 1990-06-01. p. 23.
  45. ^ Koppel, Lily (2006-10-08). "Outer Peace". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  46. ^ All Gov Jan 25, 2010
  47. ^ "Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Corp.sec.state.ma.us. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  48. ^ "Service Mark - Transcedental Meditation". Tess2.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  49. ^ "Conditions of Use - Maharishi University of Management". Mum.edu. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  50. ^ "Transcendental Meditation." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrnscdMed.html
  51. ^ [3] Bloomberg, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Jay Shankar, Feb 6 2005
  52. ^ Sulekha web site
  53. ^ K-12 Education web site the-lower-school
  54. ^ Ekikrat.in web site
  55. ^ Hendel v World Plan Executive Council, 124 WLR 957 (January 2, 1996); affd 705 A.2d 656, 667 (DC, 1997)
  56. ^ The Times London, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Feb 7 2008, pg 62
  57. ^ Honigsbaum, Mark (2005-08-15). "All you need is love and peace - but not in destructive Britain, so maharishi pulls out". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  58. ^ "The Maharishi Maheshi Yogi". The Telegraph. London. 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  59. ^ "The mystic who inspired The Beatles: The town that lost its guru". The Independent. London. February 7, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  60. ^ BBC News FEb 6 2008
  61. ^ MIZROCH, AMIR (July 23, 2006). "Forget the F-16s, Israel needs more Yogic Flyers to beat Hizbullah. 30-strong TM group, sole guests at Nof Ginnosar Hotel, say they need another 235 colleagues to make the country safe". Jerusalem Post. p. 04.
  62. ^ United News of India (July 17 2008). "Maharishi World Peace Movement aims to establish world peace". news.webindia123.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ^ "Maharishi World Peace Movement". peace-movement.net. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
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