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Coordinates: 34°15′45″N 118°25′34″W / 34.2625°N 118.42611°W / 34.2625; -118.42611
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High schools:
High schools:
* [[John F. Kennedy High School]] (in [[Granada hills, Los Angeles, California|Granada Hills]])(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_High_School_(Los_Angeles,_California)
* [[Arleta High School]] (in [[Arleta, Los Angeles, California|Arleta]])
* [[Arleta High School]] (in [[Arleta, Los Angeles, California|Arleta]])
* [[San Fernando High School]] (in the [[San Fernando, California|City of San Fernando]])
* [[San Fernando High School]] (in the [[San Fernando, California|City of San Fernando]])

Revision as of 11:42, 7 August 2010

Pacoima ("rushing waters"[1]) is a district in the San Fernando Valley region of the City of Los Angeles, California.

It is bordered by the Los Angeles districts of Mission Hills on the west, Arleta on the south, Sun Valley on the southeast, Lake View Terrace on the northeast, and by the city of San Fernando on the north. Major thoroughfares include San Fernando Road, Van Nuys Boulevard, and Laurel Canyon Boulevard. The Golden State and Ronald Reagan freeways run through the district.

History

Pacoima's first inhabitants were the semi-nomadic Tongva and Tataviam Native American tribes; the name Pacoima comes from the Tataviam (or Fernandeño) language. In 1797, Spanish colonists built the nearby Mission San Fernando Rey, but the Pacoima area remained without permanent settlement until 1887. In that year, former Republican California State Assemblyman and California State Senator Charles Maclay purchased 56,000 acres (227 km2) in the area with a loan of $117,500 from a friend, U.S. Senator and industrialist Leland Stanford (president of the Southern Pacific Railroad, former Governor of California, and founder of Stanford University). MacLay proceeded to subdivide the tract into agricultural parcels, most of which were used for the production of Southern California staples such as citrus, nuts, beans, wheat, and vegetables. As was the case in most of the San Fernando Valley, the lure of plentiful, cheap water from the Los Angeles Aqueduct proved irresistible to Pacoima's farmers.[citation needed] Los Angeles annexed the land including Pacoima as part of ordinance 32192 N.S. on May 22, 1915.[2]

During World War II, the desperate need for worker housing at Lockheed's main plant in neighboring Burbank led to the construction of the San Fernando Gardens housing project. By the 1950s, the rapid suburbanization of the San Fernando Valley arrived in Pacoima, and the area changed almost overnight from a dusty farming area to a bedroom community for the fast-growing industries in Los Angeles and nearby Burbank and Glendale, with transportation to and from Pacoima provided by the Golden State Freeway.[citation needed]

Throughout its history, Pacoima was a place where Southern Californians escaping poverty in rural areas settled. In the post-World War II era many African-Americans settled in Pacoima, because they were excluded from other neighborhoods due to racially discriminatory covenants. By 1960 almost all of the 10,000 African-Americans in the San Fernando Valley lived in Pacoima and Arleta. Timothy Williams of the Los Angeles Times said that Pacoima "became the center of African-American life in the Valley."[3]

On January 31, 1957, a Douglas DC-7 operated by Douglas Aircraft Company was involved in a mid-air collision and crashed into the schoolyard of Pacoima Junior High School in Pacoima.[4][5] By February 1 7 people had died and about 74 had been injured due to the incident.[6] A 12-year old boy died from multiple injuries from the incident on February 2.[7] On June 10, 1957, a light aircraft hit a house in Pacoima; the four passengers on board died and eight people in the house sustained injuries.[8]

In 1966 Los Angeles city planners wrote a 48 page report criticizing Pacoima for lacking a coherent structure in the development of businesses in the Pacoima central business district, lacking civic pride, and having poor house maintenance.[9]

By the late 1960s immigrants from rural Mexico began to move to Pacoima due to the low housing costs and Pacoima's proximity to manufacturing jobs. African-Americans who could afford to move began to move out, and the previous African-American population was replaced by a poorer immigrant population.[3] 75% of Pacoima's residents were African-American in the 1970s. According to the 1990 U.S. Census, 71% of Pacoima's population was of Hispanic and Latino descent while 10% was African-American. In addition to Mexican immigrants, Guatemalans and Salvadorans settled in Pacoima.[10]

The closing of factories in the area around Pacoima in the early 1990s caused Pacoima residents to lose jobs and economically depressed Pacoima, and many residents left Pacoima as a result.[11] By 1994 Pacoima was the poorest area in the San Fernando Valley. One in three Pacoima residents lived in public housing. The poverty rate hovered between 25% and 40%. In 1994 Williams said that Pacoima, "one of the worst off" neighborhoods in Los Angeles, "nevertheless hides its poverty well." Williams cited the lack of homeless people on Pacoima's streets, the fact that no vacancies existed in Pacoima's major shopping center, and the presence of "neat" houses and "well-tended" yards. Williams added that in Pacoima "holding a job is no guarantee against being poor." In 1994 Howard Berman, the U.S. Congress representative of an area including Pacoima, and Los Angeles City Council member Richard Alarcon advocated including a 2 square miles (5.2 km2) area in the City of Los Angeles's bid for a federal empowerment zone. The proposed area, with 13,000 residents in 1994, included central Pacoima and a southern section of Lake View Terrace.[12]

However, the district has received a great deal of attention from the Los Angeles Police Department since the arrival of Chief William J. Bratton in 2001: according to LAPD statistics, Pacoima has seen the largest decrease in crime during that period of any of LAPD's patrol areas.[citation needed]

Economy

Around 1955 Pacoima residents worked in construction, factories, fields, and railroad gangs.[3] Around 1994 many Pacoima residents were employed at area factories. Since 1990 and by 1994, Lockheed had cut over 8,000 jobs at its Burbank, California plant. General Motors closed its Van Nuys plant in 1992, causing the loss of 2,600 jobs. Timothy Williams of the Los Angeles Times said in 1994 that "For years, those relatively high-paying jobs had provided families with a springboard out of the San Fernando Gardens and Van Nuys Pierce Park Apartments public housing complexes." After the jobs were lost, many longtime Pacoima residents left Pacoima.[11] In the 1990 U.S. Census the unemployment rate in Pacoima was almost 14%, while the City of Los Angeles had an overall 8.4% overall unemployment rate. Many Pacoima residents who worked made less than $14,000 annually, then the U.S. government's poverty line for a family of four. Most residents owned their houses.[3]

Natural Balance Pet Foods has its headquarters in Pacoima.[13] Juicy Couture, an apparel company, was founded in Pacoima.[14]

Cityscape

Ed Meagher of the Los Angeles Times said in 1955 that the 110 block area on the north side of San Fernando Road in Pacoima consisted of what he described as a "smear of sagging, leaning shacks and backhouses framed by disintegrating fences and clutter of tin cans, old lumber, stripped automobiles, bottles, rusted water heaters and other bric-a-brac of the back alleys." In 1955 Pacoima lacked curbings, paved sidewalks, and paved streets. Pacoima had what Meagher described as "dusty footpaths and rutted dirt roads that in hard rains become beds for angry streams." Meagher added that the 450 houses in the area, with 2,000 inhabitants, "squatted" "within this clutch of residential blight." Meagher described most of the houses as "substandard." Around 1955 the price of residential property increased in value, as lots that sold years prior for $100 sold for $800 in 1955. Between 1950 and 1955 property values on Van Nuys Boulevard increased six times. In late 1952 the Los Angeles City Council allowed the Building and Safety Department to begin a slum clearance project to try to force homeowners who have houses deemed substandard to repair, demolish, or vacate those said houses. In early 1955 the city began a $500,000 project to add 9 miles (14 km) of curbs, sidewalks, and streets. Meagher said that the "neatness and cleanness" [sic] of the new infrastructure were "a challenge to homeowners grown apathetic to thoroughfares ankle deep in mud or dust." Some area businessmen established the San Fernando Valley Commercial & Savings Bank in November 1953 to finance area rehabilitation projects after other banks persistently refused to give loans to those projects.[1]

In late 1966 a 48 page city planning report criticized the central business district of Pacoima along Van Nuys Boulevard for being "a rambling, shallow strip pattern of commercial uses... varying from banks to hamburger stands, including an unusual number of small business and service shops." A Los Angeles Times article stated that the physical image of the area was "somewhat depressing." The council recommended the establishment of smaller community shopping centers. The article stated that the Pacoima Chamber of Commerce was expected to oppose the recommendation, and that the chamber favored deepening of the existing commercial zones along Laurel Canyon Boulevard and Van Nuys Boulevard. along The council criticized the lack of parking spaces and storefronts that appeared in disrepair or vacant. The report also recommended establishing shopping centers in areas outside of the Laurel Canyon-Van Nuys commercial axis. The article stated that some sections of Laurel Canyon were "in a poor state of repair" and that there were "conspicuously minimal" curbs and sidewalks. The report recommended continued efforts to to improve sidewalks and trees. The report also advocated the establishment of a community center to, in the words of the article, "give Pacoima a degree of unity." Most of the residences in Pacoima were, in the words of the article, "of an older vintage." The article said most of the houses and yards, especially in the R-2 duplex zoned, exhibited "sign of neglect." The report said that the range of types of houses was "unusually narrow for a community of this size." The report said that the fact had a negative effect on the community that was reflected by a lack of purchasing power. The report added "Substandard home maintenance is widespread and borders on total neglect in some sectors." The report recommended establishing additional apartments in central Pacoima; the Los Angeles Times report said that the recommendation was "clouded" by the presence of "enough apartment-zoned land to last 28 years" in the San Fernando Valley.[9]

In 1994, according to Timothy Williams of the Los Angeles Times, there were few boarded-up storefronts along Pacoima's main commercial strip along Van Nuys Boulevard,[15] and no vacancies existed in Pacoima's main shopping center.[12] Williams added that many of the retail outlets in Pacoima consisted of check cashing outlets, storefront churches, pawn shops, and automobile repair shops. Williams added that the nearest bank to the commercial strip was "several blocks away." In 1994 almost one third of Pacoima's residents lived in public housing complexes. Williams said that the complexes had relatively little graffiti. Many families who were on waiting lists to enter public housing complexes lived in garages and converted tool sheds, which often lacked electricity, heat, and/or running water. Williams said that they lived "out of sight."[15]

Demographics

The poverty rate in a potential empowerment zone proposed by area politicians in the 1990s covering sections of Pacoima had, in 1994, a poverty rate that was twice the poverty rate of the rest of Los Angeles. Timothy Williams of The Los Angeles Times said "even though indications of entrenched poverty are not obvious, hints are everywhere."[15] According to the 1990 U.S. Census, most of the residents living in the two tracts of land making up the proposed empowerment zone lived in crowded housing, and almost 40% of Pacoima's residents were under 18 years of age. According to the census data, more than 40% of Pacoima's residents were born outside of the United States and almost two of three people spoke the Spanish language at home.[3]

In 2009, the Los Angeles Times's "Mapping L.A." project supplied these Pacoima neighborhood statistics: population: 75,014; median household income: $49,066.[16]

Government and infrastructure

Local government

The Los Angeles Police Department operates the Foothill Community Police Station in Pacoima, serving Pacoima.[17] The Los Angeles Fire Department operates Fire Station 98 in Pacoima,[18] serving Pacoima.[19]

County and federal representation

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pacoima Health Center along Van Nuys Boulevard in Pacoima.[20]

The United States Postal Service Pacoima Post Office is located along Van Nuys Boulevard.[21]

Transportation

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA) operates bus services in Pacoima.[22] Whiteman Airport, a general aviation airport owned by the county, is located in Pacoima.

Crime

Crime increased in Pacoima in the 1980s. One dead end street in the San Fernando Gardens housing projects was nicknamed "Sherm Alley" since drug dealers located in the alley dealt sherm sticks (Nat Sherman cigarettes dipped in phencyclidine (PCP)). Timothy Williams of the Los Angeles Times said that "unprecedented wave of activism" countered the crime surge. Residents lead by social institutions such as churches, schools, and social service agencies held marches and rallies. Schools remained open on weekends and in evenings to offer recreational and tutoring programs. Residents circulated petitions to try to stop the establishment of liquor stores. Residents began holding weekly meetings with a gang that, according to Williams, "had long been a neighborhood scourge." Area police officers said, in Williams's words, "although crime in Pacoima remains a major problem," particularly in the area within the empowerment zone proposed by area politicians in the 1990s, "the situation is far improved from the 1980s."[11] Officer Minor Jimenez, who was the senior lead police officer in the Pacoima area in 1994 and had been for a 3 1/2 year period leading up to 1994, said that the community involvement was the main reason for the decrease in crime because the residents cooperated with the police and "the bad guys know it." After the activism in the area occurred, major crime was reduced by 6%. Residents reached an agreement with liquor store owners; the owners decided to erase graffiti on their properties within 24 hours of reaching the agreement. The owners also stopped the sale of individual cold containers of beer to discourage public consumption of alcohol. Williams said "The activism appears to have paid off." The resident meetings with Latino gang members resulted in a 143 day consecutive period of no drive by shootings.[15]

Culture

In 1955 Ed Meagher of the Los Angeles Times said that the "hard-working" low income families of Pacoima were not "indignents [sic] or transients," but they "belong to the community and have a stake in it." In 1955 P.M. Gomez, the owner of a grocery store in Pacoima, said in a Los Angeles Times article that most of the homeowners in Pacoima were not interested in moving to the then-under-development San Fernando Gardens complex, since most of the residents wanted to remain homeowners.[3] A 1966 city planning report criticized Pacoima for lacking civic pride, and that the community had no "vital community image, with no apparent nucleus or focal point."[9] In 1994 Timothy Williams of Los Angeles Times said that the fact that Pacoima was "free of the overt blight found in other low-income neighborhoods is no accident." Cecila Costas, who was the principal of Maclay Middle School during that year, said that Pacoima was "a very poor community, but there's a tremendous amount of pride here. You can be poor, but that doesn't mean you have to grovel or look like you are poor."[15] Williams said that the African-American and Hispanic populations of Pacoima did not always have cordial relations. He added that by 1994 "the mood has shifted from conflict to conciliation as the town has become increasingly Latino."[10]

Parks and recreation

The David M. Gonzales Recreation Center is in Pacoima.[23] The center opened as the Pacoima Recreation Center on June 1, 1950. On that date Los Angeles city officials dedicated a plaque to David M. Gonzales, a soldier in World War II who died in the Battle of Luzon. In April 1990 the Los Angeles Parks and Recreation Commission agreed to rename the park after Gonzales. The park was scheduled to be officially renamed in a ceremony on June 1, 1990, the 40 year anniversary date of the center's opening. In anticipation of the anniversary, a group of Pacoima residents, lead by Gonzales's friends and relatives, campaigned to have the center's name changed, saying that locals had colloquially referred to the center as "Gonzales park."[24] The center has an auditorium/indoor gymnasium with a capacity of 250 persons if the facility is used as an auditorium. In addition the center has a lighted baseball diamond, lighted indoor basketball courts, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a community room, lighted handball courts, an indoor gymnasium without weights, and outdoor gymnasium with weights, picnic tables, and a lighted soccer (football) field. Gonzales Recreation Center is used as a stop-in facility by the Los Angeles Police Department.[23]

Ritchie Valens Park,[25] Ritchie Valens Recreation Center,[26] and Ritchie Valens Pool are located on a site in Pacoima.[27] Valens Park has an indoor auditorium and gymnasium, which has a capacity of 442 persons if it is used as an auditorium. In addition Valens Park has a lighted baseball diamond, an unlighted baseball diamond, lighted indoor basketball courts, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a community room, unlighted handball courts, an indoor gymnasium without weights, a kitchen, a jogging path, picnic tables, an unlighted soccer field, a stage, and lighted tennis courts.[25] The pool is a seasonal outdoor unheated pool.[27] Valens Park was originally named Paxton Park.[27] In the 1990s Richard Alarcon, a Los Angeles City Council member who represented Pacoima, proposed changing the name of Paxton Park to honor Richie Valens. Hugo Martin of the Los Angeles Times said in 1994 that Alarcon proposed the rename so Pacoima residents will "remember Valens' humble background and emulate his accomplishments." During that year the Los Angeles City Council voted to rename the park, with the commission's approval still pending.[28] The annual Ritchie Valens Fest, a festival, was created in 1994 to honor the renaming of the park.[29]

The Hubert H. Humphrey Memorial Park, the Hubert H. Humphrey Child Care Center, the Hubert H. Humphrey Pool, and the Hubert H. Humphrey Recreation Center are located on a site in Pacoima. The park has barbecue pits, a lighted baseball diamond, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a lighted American football field, lighted handball courts, an indoor gymnasium that does not have weights and has a capacity of 480 persons, a kitchen, picnic tables, a lighted soccer field, a stage, a center for teenagers, and lighted volleyball courts.[30] The Hubert H. Humphrey Pool is a year-round outdoor heated pool.[31] The Hubert H. Humphrey Child Care Center is a the city-operated center has a capacity of 50 persons and takes children from ages 5 through 13.[32]

The Hansen Dam Municipal Golf Course, a part of a group of recreational facilities in the Hansen Dam area,[33] is located in Pacoima.[34] The golf course has a lighted driving range, practice chipping greens, practice putting greens, club rental, electric cart rental, hand cart rental, a restaurant and snack bar, a banquet room, a bar, and Black Nine Play.[35] The City of Los Angeles awarded the contract to construct the nine hole golf course in 1962.[36] The Los Angeles Recreation and Park Commission approved the sale of beer at the golf course in a 4-1 vote on Thursday July 3, 1969.[37] A clubhouse opened at the course in 1974.[38] In 1994 the members of the Hansen Dam Men's Golf Association voted to oppose the conversion of the golf course into a private golf course at a meeting on privatization because the association did not want fee increases and increased difficulty in making reservations.[39]

The Roger Jessup Recreation Center is an unstaffed pocket park in Pacoima. The park includes barbecue pits, a children's play area, a community room, and picnic tables.[40] The Hansen Dam Recreation Area, located in Lake View Terrace,[41] is in proximity to Pacoima.[42]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Pacoima residents are zoned to the following Los Angeles Unified School District.

The following LAUSD schools serve sections of Pacoima.

Elementary schools:

Middle schools:

High schools:

In addition, Vaughn International Studies Academy,Discovery Charter Preparatory School and Bert Corona Charter School are independent charter schools in the area.

In 1994 over one half of Pacoima Elementary School's students consumed federally-funded school lunches for low income students. During that year, about 75% of the students spoke limited English.[15]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles operates the Guardian Angel Catholic School (K-8) and the Mary Immaculate Catholic School (PreK, 1-8) in Pacoima.[44][45]

Public libraries

Los Angeles Public Library operates the Pacoima Branch Library in Pacoima.[46]

By 1958 the City of Los Angeles started negotiations to purchase a site to use as the location of a library in Pacoima.[47] The city was scheduled to ask for bids for the construction of the library in May 1960.[48] The library, scheduled to open in August 23, 1961,[49] was a part of a larger $6.4 million library expansion program covering the opening of a total of six libraries in the San Fernando Valley and three other libraries.[50] The previous Pacoima Library, with 5,511 square feet (512.0 m2) of space,[51] had around 50,300 books in 2000.[52] In 1978 Pacoima residents protested after the City of Los Angeles decreased library services in Pacoima in the aftermath of the passing of Proposition 13.[53] The Homework Center opened in the library in 1994.[54]

In 1998 Angelica Hurtado-Garcia, then the branch librarian of the Pacoima Branch, said that the community had outgrown the branch and needed a new one. During that year a committee of the Los Angeles City Council recommended spending $600,000 in federal grant funds to develop plans to build two library branches in the San Fernando Valley, including one in Pacoima.[55] The groundbreaking for the 10,500 square feet (980 m2) current Pacoima Branch Library, scheduled to have a collection of 58,000 books and videos, was held in 2000.[52] The new library opened in 2002. Hurtado, who was still the senior librarian in 2006, said that the new library, in the words of Alejandro Guzman of the Los Angeles Daily News, was "more attractive and inviting to the community" than the previous one.[56]

Notable natives and residents

Pacoima natives include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Meagher, Ed. "Pacoima Area Revamped by Awakened Citizenry." Los Angeles Times. May 18, 1955. A1. Two Pages Local News. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  2. ^ "Annexation and Detachment Map." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Williams, Timothy. "Poverty, Pride--and Power In Line for Federal Help, Pacoima Hides Problems Below Neat Surface." Los Angeles Times. April 10, 1994. 4. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  4. ^ Hill, Gladwyn. "7 Die as Planes Collide and One Falls in Schoolyard; PLANES COLLIDE, SCHOOL YARD HIT Roar Alerts Students 'Everything on Fire' Witness Describes Crash." The New York Times. Friday February 1, 1957. Page 1. Retrieved on February 3, 2010. "Wreckage of airliner falls into school yard at Pacoima, Calif."
  5. ^ "31-JAN-1957 Douglas DC-7B N8210H." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  6. ^ "7 KILLER, 74 HURT IN SCHOOL AIR CRASH." [sic] Los Angeles Times. February 1, 1957. Start page 1. 5 pages. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  7. ^ "Pacoima Boy Dies, 8th Air Crash Victim." Los Angeles Times. February 3, 1957. Start page: 1. 4 pages. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  8. ^ "PLANE SLAMS PACOIMA HOUSE; 4 ABOARD DIE." Los Angeles Times. June 10, 1957. Start page 1, 2 pages. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c "Planners Criticize Pacoima's 'Lack of Pride,' Development." Los Angeles Times. May 22, 1966. SF_A1. Two pages. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  10. ^ a b Williams, Timothy. "Poverty, Pride--and Power In Line for Federal Help, Pacoima Hides Problems Below Neat Surface." Los Angeles Times. April 10, 1994. 5. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Williams, Timothy. "Poverty, Pride--and Power In Line for Federal Help, Pacoima Hides Problems Below Neat Surface." Los Angeles Times. April 10, 1994. 2. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  12. ^ a b Williams, Timothy. "Poverty, Pride--and Power In Line for Federal Help, Pacoima Hides Problems Below Neat Surface." Los Angeles Times. April 10, 1994. 1. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  13. ^ "Contact Us." Natural Balance Pet Foods. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  14. ^ "Juicy Couture to open store in Ohio." The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 15, 2010. Retrieved on March 17, 2010. "Founded in 1996 in Pacoima, Calif., Juicy Couture was purchased by Liz Claiborne Inc. in 2003. Items from the brand can be found at local Nordstrom..."
  15. ^ a b c d e f Williams, Timothy. "Poverty, Pride--and Power In Line for Federal Help, Pacoima Hides Problems Below Neat Surface." Los Angeles Times. April 10, 1994. 3. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  16. ^ "Pacoima" entry on the Los Angeles Times "Mapping L.A." website
  17. ^ "Foothill Community Police Station." Los Angeles Police Department. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  18. ^ "Neighborhood Fire Stations." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  19. ^ "Fire Station 98." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  20. ^ "Pacoima Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  21. ^ "Post Office Location - PACOIMA." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  22. ^ "Bus and Rail System." Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  23. ^ a b "David M. Gonzales Recreation Center." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  24. ^ "Pacoima Park to Be Renamed for Hero." Los Angeles Times. April 13, 1990. Digest/Local News in Brief. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  25. ^ a b "Ritchie Valens Park." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  26. ^ "Ritchie Valens Recreation Center." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  27. ^ a b c "Richie Valens Pool." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  28. ^ a b Martin, Hugo. "Ritchie Valens Park Nearer Reality Recreation: Council votes to rename a Pacoima site for the late singer. Commission must approve the action." Los Angeles Times. June 4, 1994. Metro Part B Metro Desk. Start Page 3. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  29. ^ Becker, Tom. "VALLEY FOCUS; Pacoima; Ritchie Valens Fest to Rock the Weekend." Los Angeles Times. May 7, 1998. Metro Part B Metro Desk. Start Page 3. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  30. ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey Memorial Park." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  31. ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey Pool." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  32. ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey Child Care Center." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  33. ^ "Hansen Dam." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  34. ^ "Golf Course Slated in Pacoima Park." Los Angeles Times. June 10, 1962. Section J, M10. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  35. ^ "Hansen Dam Municipal Golf Course." (See the "Amenities" tab for information about the things in the park) City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  36. ^ "Hansen Dam Golf Contract Signed." Los Angeles Times. June 29, 1962. B11. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  37. ^ "Beer Sale at Hansen Dam Golf Course OKd." Los Angeles Times. July 4, 1969. San Fernando Valley SF8. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  38. ^ "Golf Clubhouse Set at Hansen Dam Course." Los Angeles Times. August 11, 1974. Part VII, G15. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  39. ^ "Golfers Want City Control." Los Angeles Daily News. April 14, 1994. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  40. ^ "Roger Jessup Recreation Center." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  41. ^ "Hansen Dam Recreation Area." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  42. ^ "Wanted: Man Who Tried To Rape Woman In Pacoima." KCAL-TV. April 25, 2008. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  43. ^ "Proposed Changes to Sun Valley High School Area Schools," Los Angeles Unified School District. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  44. ^ "Guardian Angel Catholic School." Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  45. ^ "Mary Immaculate Catholic School." Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  46. ^ "Pacoima Branch Library." Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  47. ^ "Pacoima Library Site Purchase Under Way." Los Angeles Times. April 20, 1958. San Fernando Valley SF8. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  48. ^ "City Board Will Seek Pacoima Library Bids." Los Angeles Times. April 24, 1960. San Fernando Valley. Page SF5. Retrieved on March 18, 2010. "Bids for the construction of a branch library at Van Nuys Blvd. and Haddon Ave. will be asked by the Los Angeles Library Commission late next month."
  49. ^ "Library in Pacoima to Open Aug. 23." Los Angeles Times. August 13, 1961. Section J Page I4. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  50. ^ "6 New Branch Libraries to Open in 1961." Los Angeles Times. December 22, 1960. E1, 2 pages. Retrieved on March 19, 2010.
  51. ^ Stassel, Stephanie. "Valley Libraries Branching Out in Building Boom; Services: In a massive citywide project, dozens of facilities will be rebuilt, remodeled and added. Many will be closed during construction." Los Angeles Times. October 2, 2000. Metro Part B Metro Desk. Start Page 1. Retrieved on March 18, 2010. "Pacoima. 13605 Van Nuys Blvd. Estimated cost: $2665500. Description: New 10500- square-foot building and parking to replace existing 5511-square-foot library."
  52. ^ a b "SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA / A news summary; Groundbreaking Held for Pacoima Library." Los Angeles Times. August 25, 2000. Metro Part B Metro Desk. Start Page 4. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  53. ^ Willmann, Martha L. "Pacoima Protesters Denounce Library Cutbacks, Demand Service Restoration." Los Angeles Times. June 22, 1978. San Fernando Valley SF2. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  54. ^ Bond, Ed. "PACOIMA Homework Center Opens at Library." Los Angeles Times. September 16, 1994. Metro Part B Zones Desk. Start Page 3. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  55. ^ Satzman, Darrell. "VALLEY FOCUS; Pacoima; Use of Grant Funds on 2 Libraries Urged." Los Angeles Times. March 5, 1998. Metro Part B Zones Desk. Start Page 3. Retrieved on March 18, 2010. "Pacoima branch librarian Angelica H. Gracia said the community has outgrown its present library, built in 1961."
  56. ^ Guzman, Alejandro. "Pacoima Library Serves as Sanctuary." Los Angeles Daily News. September 13, 2006. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.

34°15′45″N 118°25′34″W / 34.2625°N 118.42611°W / 34.2625; -118.42611

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