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:[[Chelation|Chelation]]
:[[Chelation|Chelation]]
:[[Peroxisome|Peroxisome]]
:[[Peroxisome|Peroxisome]]
:[[Tetrodotoxin|Tetrodotoxin <small>toxic, blocks action potentials in nerves by binding to the pores of the voltage-gated, fast sodium channels in nerve cell membranes</small>]]
:[[Refractory_period_(physiology)|Refractory_period_(physiology)]]
:[[Refractory_period_(physiology)|Refractory_period_(physiology)]]
:[[Vesicular_monoamine_transporter|Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT): <small>a transport protein integrated into the membrane of intracellular vesicles of presynaptic neurons, to transport monoamines into the synaptic vesicles</small>]]
:[[Vesicular_monoamine_transporter|Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT): <small>a transport protein integrated into the membrane of intracellular vesicles of presynaptic neurons, to transport monoamines into the synaptic vesicles</small>]]

Revision as of 18:15, 15 August 2010

Basic Neuroscience

Learning Neuroscience

Creating a Wikibook Notes
Books for experts
general 1
BDNF: neurotrophin, acts by binding to cell receptors TrkB ("Track B") and LNGFR (low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, or p75) and modulating transmission
NGF: small secreted protein which is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons (nerve cells)
Neurotrophin: part of a class of growth factors, secreted proteins, capable of signaling particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow
CASK: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Serine protein Kinase - is a multidomain scaffolding protein with a role in synaptic transmembrane protein anchoring and ion channel trafficking
Scaffold_protein: not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes
Wnt signaling pathway: Wg (wingless) and Int (Integration) sites of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) - a network of proteins involved in embryogenesis, cancer, and normal physiological function
DLG4 or PSD-95 Disks Large homoloG 4 (DLG4 gene), recruited into NMDA receptor and K channel clusters
Catenin: proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules of animal cells
Cadherin: (Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules) are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins. Important in cell adhesion, ensuring that cells within tissues are bound together.
Neuroligin: a postsynaptic protein that helps to glue together neurons at the synapse (implicated in autism +)
Synaptogenesis: the formation of synapses
G-protein: (guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell; communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors
GABA: Plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone. In insect species GABA acts only on excitatory nerve receptors
Complexin: a nerve tissue protein bound to the SNARE protein complex; transport vesicle protein synaptotagmin, among others, in the presence of Ca2+, displaces complexin allowing the SNARE protein complex to bind the transport vesicle to the presynaptic membrane
N-ethylmaleimide_sensitive_fusion_protein (NSF): Homohexameric AAA ATPase involved in membrane fusion, ubiquitous in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Central to the transfer of membrane vesicles from one membrane compartment to another
AAA_proteins
SNARE_(protein): "SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) REceptors"; a protein superfamily whose primary role is to mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the exocytosis of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane at the porosome or with a target compartment (such as a lysosome)
SNAP-25: a component of the SNARE complex, which is proposed to account for the specificity of membrane fusion and to directly execute fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes together
Synaptotagmin: family of membrane-trafficking proteins; C2 domains of certain synaptotagmins bound to calcium, synaptotagmins were proposed to function as calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion
VAMP Vesicle-associated_membrane_protein: Vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMP) are a family of SNARE proteins with similar structure, and are mostly involved in vesicle fusion
Synaptobrevin: small integral membrane proteins of secretory vesicles with molecular weight of 18 kilodalton (kDa) that are part of the VAMP family
AMPAR
SNARE_proteins
Green_fluorescent_protein
Bromophenol_blue
Noggin
EGTA_(chemical)
Secretagogue
GTPgammaS
Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitors
Nernst_equation
Imide
Arabidopsis
Saccharomyces_cerevisiae
Agonist
Arachidonic_acid
PIP2
Oligomer
PI3K
Protein_kinase_A
Calmodulin
Thiol
Chelation
Peroxisome
Tetrodotoxin toxic, blocks action potentials in nerves by binding to the pores of the voltage-gated, fast sodium channels in nerve cell membranes
Refractory_period_(physiology)
Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT): a transport protein integrated into the membrane of intracellular vesicles of presynaptic neurons, to transport monoamines into the synaptic vesicles
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell
Somatic Sensory Afferents Linking to CNS
background physics
Siemens_(unit)
RC_circuit
neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Glutamate most common 90%
GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid common
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine or Adrenaline:hormone and neurotransmitter, produced increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine or NE or Noradrenaline
Glycine: an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina
Substance P: an undecapeptide, neuropeptide functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator, found in the brain and spinal cord, and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain
neurotransmitters uptake / degrade
Monoamine_oxidase (MAO):a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, found bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria
Catechol-O-methyl transferase:one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
receptors
Metabotropic receptor: are indirectly linked with ion-channels on the plasma membrane of the cell through signal transduction mechanisms, often G proteins
Ionotropic receptor: a group of trans-membrane ion channels that are opened or closed in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e., a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter
G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs)
Ligand gated ion channel (LGIC)
Glutamate_receptor
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
NMDA receptor: ionotropic glutamate receptor, noted for voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ ions
AMPA receptor: non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors, mediates fast synaptic transmission in CNS
Kainate receptor: non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors
Receptor_tyrosine_kinase
GABA_receptor
GABA A receptor: ionotropic, ligand gated
GABAB receptor: metabotropic
Glycine_receptor
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: metabotropic
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: ionotropic
Serotonin receptor, 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) except 5-HT3 receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel
Adrenergic receptor: class of G protein-coupled catecholamine receptors, (esp. norepinephrine and epinephrine), not dopamine (also a catecholamine)
Dopamine receptor:
Histamine receptor: G protein-coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand
Cannabinoid receptor type 1, (CB1) widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors, act as endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, common plasticity
somatic sensory system
Somatic nervous system: SNS part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles, and with reception of external stimuli, which helps keep the body in touch with its surroundings
Mechanoreceptor: respond to mechanical stimuli by firing action potentials
Meissner's corpuscle: mechanoreceptors, sensitivity to light touch - spacial acuity 3 mm - 50 Hz peak sensitivity - in dermal papillae
Merkel nerve ending: mechanoreceptors, form and texture with stimuli of edges, points, corners - spacial acuity of 0.5 mm - 5 Hz peak freq - in tip of epidermal sweat ridges
Ruffini's_end_organ: mechanireceptor, tangential force, hand shape, motion direction, hand stretch - spacial acuity 7+ mm - 0.5 Hz peak sensitivity - in the dermis
Pacinian corpuscle: mechanoreceptor, perceive distant events through vibration - spacial acuity 10mm+ - 200 Hz peak sensitivity - nerve endings in dermis and deeper tissues
Gamma_motoneurons: efferent component of the fusimotor system, the system by which the central nervous system controls and modifies muscle spindle sensitivity
Α-motoneuron: large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord; innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction
Sensory nerve: of various types Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain
Type Ia sensory fiber: a component of a muscle fiber's muscle spindle which keeps track of how fast a muscle stretch changes
Ib or Golgi tendon organ: a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle
Type II sensory fiber: stretch receptor, non-adapting, keeps responding even when the muscle has stopped changing its length
A delta fiber, III or Aδ or fast pain: a type of sensory fiber associated with cold and pressure, and as nociceptors they convey fast pain information
IV or Group C nerve fiber or slow pain: C fibers are responsible for slow, dull, longer-lasting, second pain
various interesting
Cognitive_enhancers
Modafinil