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The Indian [[Kama Sutra]], written in the 4th century AD, contains passages describing [[eunuch]]s or "third-sex" males performing [[oral sex]] on men.<ref>[[Kama Sutra]], Chapter 9, "Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress". [http://www.kamashastra.com/kama209.htm Text online].</ref> However, the author was "not a fan of homosexual activities" and treated such individuals with disdain, according to historian [[Devdutt Pattanaik]].<ref>Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). ''Homosexuality in Ancient India'', [[Debonair (magazine)|Debonair]] 2000 or 2001. Essay available [http://www.gaybombay.org/reading/art0001.html online] from GayBombay.org.</ref> Similarly, some medieval Hindu temples and artifacts openly depict male homosexuality, lesbianism, and bisexuality within their carvings, such as the temple walls at [[Khajuraho]]. Some infer from these images that Hindu society and religion were previously more open to variations in human sexuality than they are at present.
The Indian [[Kama Sutra]], written in the 4th century AD, contains passages describing [[eunuch]]s or "third-sex" males performing [[oral sex]] on men.<ref>[[Kama Sutra]], Chapter 9, "Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress". [http://www.kamashastra.com/kama209.htm Text online].</ref> However, the author was "not a fan of homosexual activities" and treated such individuals with disdain, according to historian [[Devdutt Pattanaik]].<ref>Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). ''Homosexuality in Ancient India'', [[Debonair (magazine)|Debonair]] 2000 or 2001. Essay available [http://www.gaybombay.org/reading/art0001.html online] from GayBombay.org.</ref> Similarly, some medieval Hindu temples and artifacts openly depict male homosexuality, lesbianism, and bisexuality within their carvings, such as the temple walls at [[Khajuraho]]. Some infer from these images that Hindu society and religion were previously more open to variations in human sexuality than they are at present.


There exist Hindu deities and stories that metaphorically have [[homosexual]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]], or other kinds of [[queer]] overtones. There are Hindu deities who are [[intersex]] (both male and female), e.g., [[Ardhanari]], who is the unified form of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]; who manifest in all three genders; who switch from male to female or from female to male, e.g., [[Mohini]], who is the only female [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]; male deities with female moods and female deities with male moods, e.g., [[Krishna]] turning into [[Mohini]] to fulfil [[Iravan]]'s boon; deities born from two males or from two females, e.g., [[Ayyappan]], who is considered to be "Harihara Putra", the son of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]], in his [[Mohini]] [[Avatar]].; deities born from a single male or single female; deities who avoid the opposite sex; deities with principal companions of the same sex, and so on.
Hindu scriptures contain several stories that metaphorically have [[homosexual]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]], or other kinds of [[queer]] overtones, often involving the most prominent Hindu deities. There are Hindu deities who are [[intersex]] (both male and female), e.g., [[Ardhanari]], who is the unified form of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]; who manifest in all three genders; who switch from male to female or from female to male, e.g., [[Mohini]], who is the only female [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]; male deities with female moods and female deities with male moods, e.g., [[Krishna]] turning into [[Mohini]] to fulfil [[Iravan]]'s boon; deities born from two males or from two females, e.g., [[Ayyappan]], who is considered to be "Harihara Putra", the son of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]], in his [[Mohini]] [[Avatar]].; deities born from a single male or single female; deities who avoid the opposite sex; deities with principal companions of the same sex, and so on.


====Jainism====
====Jainism====

Revision as of 22:34, 23 August 2010

See also: LGBT matters and religion
Christian protesters at a 2006 gay pride event in San Francisco.

The relationship between religion and homosexuality can vary greatly across time and place, within and between different religions and sects, and regarding different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality. Current doctrines of some of the world's largest religions generally view homosexuality negatively. This can range from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality, to execution.

Most who are opposed to homosexuality argue that homosexual sexual activity is a sin, not the sexual orientation. Several organizations exist asserting conversion therapy can help diminish same-sex attraction. However within these religions there are also people who view homosexuality positively, and some religious denominations may bless same-sex marriages.

Historically, some cultures and religions accommodated, institutionalized, or revered, same-sex love and sexuality;[1][2] such mythologies and traditions can be found around the world.[3] In 2009, The United Kingdom Hindu Council became one of the first major religious organizations to support homosexuality when they issued a statement "Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality".[4]

Regardless of their position on homosexuality, many people of faith look to both sacred texts and tradition for guidance on this issue. However, the authority of various traditions or scriptural passages and the correctness of translations and interpretations are continually disputed.

Views of specific religious groups

Abrahamic religions

The Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, have traditionally forbidden sodomy, believing and teaching that such behavior is sinful.[5][6] Today some denominations within these religions are accepting of homosexuality and inclusive of homosexual people, such as Reform Judaism, the United Church of Christ and the Metropolitan Community Church. The Presbyterian and Anglican churches now welcome members regardless of same-sex sexual practices, with some provinces allowing for the ordination and inclusion of gay and lesbian clerics, and affirmation of same-sex unions. Reform Judaism incorporates lesbian and gay rabbis and same-sex marriage liturgies, while Reconstructionist Judaism and Conservative Judaism in the USA allows for lesbian and gay rabbis and same-sex unions.[7]

Judaism

Main article: LGBT topics and Judaism

The Torah (first five books of the Hebrew Bible) is the primary source for Jewish views on homosexuality. It states that: "[A man] shall not lie with another man as [he would] with a woman, it is a תועבה toeba ("abomination")" (Leviticus 18:22). (Like many similar commandments, the stated punishment for willful violation is the death penalty, although in practice rabbinic Judaism rid itself of the death penalty for all practical purposes 2,000 years ago.)

Orthodox Judaism views homosexual acts as sinful. Conservative Judaism has engaged in an in-depth study of homosexuality since the 1990s with various rabbis presenting a wide array of responsa (papers with legal arguments) for communal consideration. The official position of the movement is to welcome homosexual Jews into their synagogues, and also campaign against any discrimination in civil law and public society, but also to uphold a ban on homosexual sex as a religious requirement.

Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism in North America and Liberal Judaism in the United Kingdom view homosexuality to be acceptable on the same basis as heterosexuality. Progressive Jewish authorities believe either that traditional laws against homosexuality are no longer binding or that they are subject to changes that reflect a new understanding of human sexuality. Some of these authorities rely on modern biblical scholarship suggesting that the prohibition in the Torah was intended to ban coercive or ritualized homosexual sex, such as those practices ascribed to Egyptian and Canaanite fertility cults and temple prostitution.[citation needed][8]

Christianity

Main article: Homosexuality and Christianity

Christian denominations hold a variety of views on the issue of homosexual activity, ranging from outright condemnation to complete acceptance. In accordance with the traditional values of[neutrality is disputed] Abrahamic religions,[9] most Christian denominations welcome people attracted to the same sex, but teach that same sex relationships and homosexual sex are sinful.[10][11] These denominations include the Roman Catholic Church,[12] the Eastern Orthodox church,[13] the Methodist Church,[10][14][15][16] and many other mainline denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[17] and the American Baptist Church,[18] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance,[19] and fundamentalist groups and churches, such as the Southern Baptist Convention.[20][21][22] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[23] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that gay sexual activity is immoral.[24][25]

Some liberal Christians are supportive of active homosexuals. Other Christian denominations do not view monogamous same sex relationships as bad or evil. These include the United Church of Canada, the Episcopal Church and the United Church of Christ.[26] In particular, the Metropolitan Community Church was founded specifically to serve the Christian LGBT community. A denomination of 40,000 members, the devoted to being open and affirming to LGBT people. The United Church of Christ and the Alliance of Baptists also condone gay marriage, and some parts of the Anglican and Lutheran churches allow for the blessing of gay unions. Within the Anglican communion there are openly gay clergy; for example, Gene Robinson is an openly gay Bishop in the US Episcopal Church.

Passages from the Old Testament have been interpreted to argue that homosexuals should be punished with death, and AIDS has been portrayed by some such as Fred Phelps and Jerry Falwell[27] as a punishment by God against homosexuals.[28] In the 20th century, theologians like Karl Barth, Jürgen Moltmann, Hans Kung, John Robinson, Bishop David Jenkins, Don Cupitt, Bishop Jack Spong challenged traditional theological positions and understandings of the Bible; following these developments some have suggested that passages have been mistranslated, are taken out of context, or that they do not refer to what we understand as "homosexuality."[29][30]

Some Protestant churches condemn same-sex sexual relations, based on scripture texts such as describing a man lying with another man 18:22 as sinful acts. Where the Catholic view is founded on a natural law argument informed by scripture,[31] the traditional conservative Protestant view is based on an interpretation of scripture alone. Protestant conservatives also see homosexual relationships as an impediment to heterosexual relationships. They interpret some Biblical passages to be commandments to be heterosexually married.[32] Catholics, on the other hand, have accommodated unmarried people as priests, monks, nuns and single lay people for over a thousand years. A number of self-described gay and ex-gay Christians have reported satisfaction in mixed-orientation marriages.[33][34][35]

The Roman Catholic Church, requires those who are attracted to people of the same sex to practice chastity.[36]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that no one should arouse sexual feelings outside of a heterosexual marriage, including those towards that same sex,[37] and that these feelings should be overcome through self-control and reliance on the atonement of Jesus Christ.[38][39]

Islam

Main article: Homosexuality and Islam

What! Of all creatures do ye come unto the males, and leave the wives your Lord created for you? Nay, but ye are froward folk.

— Quran, 26th sura, trans. Pickthal
Youth seeking his father's advice on choosing a lover
From the Haft Awrang of Jami, in the story A Father Advises his Son About Love; See Homosexuality and Islam; The Smithsonian, Washington, DC.

All major Islamic sects disapprove of homosexuality,[40] Islam views same-sex desires as a natural temptation; but, sexual relations are seen as a transgression of the natural role and aim of sexual activity.[41]

Islamic teachings (in the hadith tradition) presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention and (in the Qur'an) condemn consummation. In concordance with those creeds, in Islamic countries, male desire for male youths is widely expected and condoned as a human characteristic similar as the admiration or attraction for an older or wiser sibling. Homosexual intercourse itself has been interpreted to be a form of lust and a violation of the Qur'an.

The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. Relations between women, if they are regarded as problems, are treated akin to adultery, and al-Tabari records an execution of a harem couple under Caliph al-Hadi.

Islam allows and promotes filial love between siblings of the same gender. Sexual activities between them, however, are totally prohibited. Ibn Hazm, Ibn Daud, Al-Mutamid, Abu Nuwas and many others used this edict to write extensively and openly of brotherly love between men while proclaiming to be chaste.

Baha'i Faith

The Bahá'í Faith consider sexual relations to be valid and beautiful within the context of marriage. At the same time the human rights of all people should be upheld and prejudice should be abolished. [citation needed]

Bahá’í law limits permissible sexual relations to those between a man and a woman in marriage. Believers are expected to abstain from sex outside matrimony. Bahá’ís do not, however, attempt to impose their moral standards on those who have not accepted the Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh. While requiring uprightness in all matters of morality, whether sexual or otherwise, the Bahá’í teachings also take account of human frailty and call for tolerance and understanding in regard to human failings. In this context, to regard homosexuals with prejudice would be contrary to the spirit of the Bahá’í teachings.

Indian religions

Among the religions that originated in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear than among the Abrahamic traditions. Unlike in western religions, homosexuality is rarely discussed. However, most contemporary religious authorities in the various dharmic traditions view homosexuality negatively, and when it is discussed, it is discouraged or actively forbidden.[42] Ancient religious texts such as the Vedas often refer to people of a third gender known as hijra, who are neither female nor male. Some see this third gender as an ancient parallel to modern western lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and/or intersex identities. However, this third sex is usually negatively valued as a pariah class in ancient texts.[43] Ancient Hindu law books, from the first century onward, categorize non-vaginal sex (ayoni) as impure.[44]

Hinduism

Main article: Homosexuality and Hinduism
File:Samesexloveindia.jpg
A monk caresses a layman, from the Temple of Visvanatha, Khajuraho, Central India, 10th century CE

Hinduism has taken various positions, ranging from positive to neutral or antagonistic. Rigveda,one of the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism says 'Vikruti Evam Prakriti' (perversity/diversity is what nature is all about, or, what seems un-natural is also natural), which some scholars believe recognizes recognizes homosexuality as natural, if not an approval of homosexuality. Moreover, Rigveda recognizes the cyclical constancy of homosexual/transsexual dimensions of human life, like all forms of universal diversities.[45]. However, sexuality is rarely discussed openly in Hindu society today, and homosexuality is largely a taboo subject — especially among the strongly religious. In a 2004 survey, most swamis said they opposed the concept of a Hindu-sanctified gay marriage.[46] Some of the law codes, such as that of Manu Smriti refer to both female and male homosexuality as a punishable crime.[47] Punishments include ritual baths, fines, public humiliation and having fingers cut off. However, the bulk of sexual matters dealt with by the law books are heterosexual in nature.

A "third gender" has been acknowledged within Hinduism since Vedic times. Several Hindu texts, such as Manu Smriti[48] and Sushruta Samhita, assert that some people are born with either mixed male and female natures, or sexually neuter, as a matter of natural biology. They worked as hairdressers, flower-sellers, servants, masseurs and prostitutes. Today, many people of a "third gender" (hijras) live throughout India, mostly on the margins of society, and many still work in prostitution, or make a livelihood as beggars.

The Indian Kama Sutra, written in the 4th century AD, contains passages describing eunuchs or "third-sex" males performing oral sex on men.[49] However, the author was "not a fan of homosexual activities" and treated such individuals with disdain, according to historian Devdutt Pattanaik.[50] Similarly, some medieval Hindu temples and artifacts openly depict male homosexuality, lesbianism, and bisexuality within their carvings, such as the temple walls at Khajuraho. Some infer from these images that Hindu society and religion were previously more open to variations in human sexuality than they are at present.

Hindu scriptures contain several stories that metaphorically have homosexual, bisexual, transgender, or other kinds of queer overtones, often involving the most prominent Hindu deities. There are Hindu deities who are intersex (both male and female), e.g., Ardhanari, who is the unified form of Shiva and Parvati; who manifest in all three genders; who switch from male to female or from female to male, e.g., Mohini, who is the only female Avatar of Vishnu; male deities with female moods and female deities with male moods, e.g., Krishna turning into Mohini to fulfil Iravan's boon; deities born from two males or from two females, e.g., Ayyappan, who is considered to be "Harihara Putra", the son of Shiva and Vishnu, in his Mohini Avatar.; deities born from a single male or single female; deities who avoid the opposite sex; deities with principal companions of the same sex, and so on.

Jainism

Chastity is one of the five virtues in the fundamental ethical code of Jainism. For laypersons, the only appropriate avenue for sexuality is within marriage, and homosexuality is believed to lead to negative karma because the sexual act is outside marriage.[51] Jain author Duli Chandra Jain wrote in 2004 that homosexuality and transvestism "stain one's thoughts and feelings" because they involve sexual passion.[52]

Buddhism

Main article: Homosexuality and Buddhism

Asian societies shaped by Buddhist traditions take a strong ethical stand in human affairs and sexual behavior in particular. However, unlike most other world religions, most variations of Buddhism do not go into details as to what is right and what is wrong in what it regards as mundane activities of life. Details of accepted or unaccepted human sexual conduct are not specifically mentioned in any of the religious scriptures in Pali language. The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the Five Precepts and the Eightfold Path, one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct.[53] However, the "sexual misconduct" is such a broad term, and is subjected to interpretation relative to the social norms of the followers. In fact, Buddhism in its fundamental form does not define what is right and what is wrong in absolute terms for lay followers. Therefore the determination of whether or not homosexuality is acceptable for a layperson is not a religious matter as far as fundamental Buddhism is concerned.[54]

Buddhism is often characterized as distrustful of sensual enjoyment and sexuality in general.[55] Traditionally, homosexual conduct and gender variance are seen as obstacles to spiritual progress in most schools of Buddhism; as such monks are expected to refrain from all sexual activity, and the Vinaya (the first book of the Tripitaka) specifically prohibits sexual intercourse, then further explain that both anal, oral as well as vaginal intercourse amount to sexual intercourse, which will result in permanent exclusion from Sangha.[56] A notable exception in the history of Buddhism occurred in Japan during the Edo period, in which male homosexuality, or more specifically, love between young novices and older monks, was celebrated.[57]

References to pandaka, a deviant sex/gender category that is usually interpreted to include homosexual males, can be found throughout the Pali canon as well as other Sanskrit scriptures.[58] Leonard Zwilling refers extensively to Buddhaghosa's Samantapasadika, where pandaka are described as being filled with defiled passions and insatiable lusts, and are dominated by their libido. The Abhidharma states that a pandaka cannot achieve enlightenment in their own life time, but must wait for rebirth as a "normal" man or woman. According to one scriptural story, Ananda—Buddha's cousin and disciple—was a pandaka in one of his many previous lives.

The third of the Five Precepts of Buddhism states that one is to refrain from sexual misconduct; this precept has sometimes been interpreted to include homosexuality. The Dalai Lama of Tibetan Buddhism interprets sexual misconduct to include lesbian and gay sex, and indeed any sex other than penis-vagina intercourse, including oral sex, anal sex, and masturbation or other sexual activity with the hand.[59] However, the Dalai Lama supports human rights for all, "regardless of sexual orientation."[60]

In Thailand, traditional accounts propose that "homosexuality arises as a karmic consequence of violating Buddhist proscriptions against heterosexual misconduct. These karmic accounts describe homosexuality as a congenital condition which cannot be altered, at least in a homosexual person's current lifetime, and have been linked with calls for compassion and understanding from the non-homosexual populace."[55] However, Buddhist leaders in Thailand have also condemned homosexuality,[61] ousted monks accused of homosexual acts, and banned kathoey from ordination.

Within Japanese traditions, there is a widespread forklore that homosexuality was "invented" by the Bodhisattva Manjusri of wisdom and the sage Kūkai, the founder of Buddhism in Japan.[62] Japanese Buddhist scholar and author of Wild Azaleas Kitamura Kigin said that heterosexuality was to be avoided for priests and homosexuality encouraged.[63]

Sikhism

Main article: Homosexuality and Sikhism

Sikhism has no written view on the matter, but in 2005, the world's highest Sikh religious authority described homosexuality as "against the Sikh religion and the Sikh code of conduct and totally against the laws of nature," and called on Sikhs to support laws against gay marriage.[64]

Zoroastrianism

The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is a man that is a Daeva [demon]; this man is a worshipper of the Daevas, a male paramour of the Daevas

— Vendidad

The Vendidad, one of the later Zoroastrian texts composed in the Artificial Young Avestan language, has not been dated precisely. It is thought that some concepts of law, uncleanliness, dualism, and salvation were shared between the religions[65], and subsequent interactions between the religions are documented by events such as the release of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity by Zoroastrian Cyrus the Great in 537 BC, and the Biblical account of the Magi visiting the infant Jesus. The Vendidad generally promotes procreation: "the man who has a wife is far above him who lives in continence; he who keeps a house is far above him who has none; he who has children is far above the childless man; he who has riches is far above him who has none." It details the penance for a worshipper who submits to sodomy under force as "Eight hundred stripes with the Aspahe-astra, eight hundred stripes with the Sraosho-charana." (equal to the penalty for breaking a contract with the value of an ox[66]), and declares that for those participating voluntarily "For that deed there is nothing that can pay, nothing that can atone, nothing that can cleanse from it; it is a trespass for which there is no atonement, for ever and ever". However, those not practicing the Religion of Mazda were pardoned for past actions upon conversion.[67]

Chinese religions

Among the Taoic religions of East Asia, such as Taoism, passionate homosexual expression is usually discouraged because it is believed to not lead to human fulfillment.[68]

Confucianism

Main article: Homosexuality and Confucianism

There is no discussion of homosexuality by Confucius, nor in Confucian tradition.

Taoism

Main article: Homosexuality and Taoism

Paganism

Main article: LGBT themes in mythology

Neopagan religion

The Wiccan Charge of the Goddess, one of the most famous texts in Neopaganism, states in the words of the Goddess, "all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals".[69] In traditional forms of Wicca, such as Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca, magic is often performed between a man and a woman, and the "Great Rite" is a sex ritual performed between a Priest and Priestess representing the God and Goddess;[70] however, this is not generally seen as excluding homosexuals or magic between same-sex couples. Most groups still insist, however, that initiations be conferred from man to woman or woman to man. Any ritual sexual acts, whether actual or symbolic, take place between two consenting adults, normally a couple who are already lovers. See also LGBT topics and Wicca.

Satanism

Satanism, in the LaVey tradition, is open to all forms of sexual expression, and does not preclude homosexuality. [71]

Queer religions

Radical Faeries

The Radical Faeries are a worldwide queer spiritual movement, founded in 1979 in the United States.

The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence

The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence is an LGBT organization that uses religious imagery in street performance.

St. Priapus Church

St. Priapus Church is a religion centered on worship of the phallus. Most of its followers are gay men.

Religious groups and public policy

Opposition to same-sex marriage and LGBT rights is often associated with conservative religious views. The American Family Association and other religious groups have promoted boycotts of corporations whose policies support the LGBT community.

On the other hand, the Unitarian Universalist Association supports the freedom to marry[72] and compares resistance to it to the resistance to abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, and the end of anti-miscegenation laws.[73]

In conservative Islamic nations, laws generally prohibit same-sex sexual behaviour, and interpretation of Sharia Law on male homosexuality carries the death penalty. This has been condemned as a violation of human rights by human rights organisation Amnesty International and by the writers of the Yogyakarta principles. With the signature of the USA in 2009, the proposed UN declaration on LGBT rights has now been signed by every European secular state and all western nations, as well as other countries—67 members of the UN in total. An opposing statement put forward by Muslim nations was signed by 57 member states, mostly in Africa and Asia. 68 out of the total 192 countries have not yet signed either statement.

See also

General references

  • Macnutt, Francis (2006) "Can Homosexuality Be Healed?" publisher 'Chosen Books', ISBN 0800794095
  • John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century, University Of Chicago Press, 1st ed. 1980 ISBN 0-226-06710-6, paperback Nov. 2005 ISBN 0-226-06711-4
  • Dane S. Claussen, ed. Sex, Religion, Media, Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. ISBN 0-7425-1558-3
  • Mathew Kuefler (editor), The Boswell Thesis : Essays on Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, University Of Chicago Press, Nov. 2005 ISBN 0-226-45741-9
  • Eckhart Tolle, The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment, New World Library, 1st ed. 1999, paperback 2004 ISBN 1-57731-480-8
  • Arlene Swidler: Homosexuality and World Religions. Valley Forge 1993. ISBN 156338051X
  • Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" NYU Press New York 1997
  • Wafer, Jim (1991) "The Taste of Blood: Spirit Possession in Brazilian Candomblé" UPP Philadelphia
  • Wafer, Jim (1997) "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York
  • Wafer, Jim (1997) "The Symbolism of Male Love in Islamic Mysthical Literature" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York 1997

References

  1. ^ Boswell, John (2005). (Document). University Of Chicago Press. {{cite document}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |unused_data= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Dynes, Wayne; Donaldson first2= Stephen (1992). "Asian homosexuality" (Document). Routledge. {{cite document}}: Missing pipe in: |last2= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Carpenter, Edward (1914). "Intermediate Types among Primitive Types: A Study in Social Evolution" (Document). Mitchell Kennerley. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/03/hinduism-does-not-condemn-homosexuality.htm
  5. ^ Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM: 'Homosexuality is Sinful' catholic.org, accessed 29 September 2008
  6. ^ Help topics Assemblies of God (USA), accessed 6 July 2009
  7. ^ Conservative Rabbis Allow Ordained Gays, Same-Sex Unions
  8. ^ Liberals recognize committed same-sex partnership
  9. ^ "Abrahamic Religions" (PDF). William A. Percy. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  10. ^ a b "Human Sexuality". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 2008-05-16. Cite error: The named reference "UMC - Sexuality" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church"
  12. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, § 2357,Criteria for the Discernment of Vocation for Persons with Homosexual Tendencies
  13. ^ On Marriage, Family, Sexuality, and the Sanctity of Life
  14. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: African Methodist Episcopal Church". The Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  15. ^ "The Christian Life - Christian Conduct". Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  16. ^ "British Methodists reject blessing of same-sex relationships". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  17. ^ "Summaries of General Synod Discussions and Actions on Homosexuality and the Rights of Homosexuals". Reformed Church in America. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  18. ^ "We Are American Baptists". American Baptist Churches USA. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  19. ^ Evangelical Alliance (UK): Faith, Hope and Homosexuality
  20. ^ Position Statements/Sexuality
  21. ^ Statement on Homosexuality
  22. ^ Position Paper on Homosexuality
  23. ^ Homosexuality
  24. ^ Homosexuality —How Can I Avoid It?
  25. ^ Same-Gender Attraction - LDS Newsroom
  26. ^ NYTimes.com "United Church of Christ Backs Same-Sex Marriage"
  27. ^ Jerry Falwell
  28. ^ [Bass, Ellen and Kate Kaufman. Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth and their Allies. New York: HarperPerennial, 1996.]
  29. ^ See generally http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_bibl.htm and subpages therein.
  30. ^ Homosexuality and the Bible, Rev. Clay Witt, Holy Redeemer M.C.C., 1995
  31. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church vatican.va, accessed 13 June 2009
  32. ^ It Is Not Good for Man or Woman to Be Alone
  33. ^ Moore, Carrie A. (March 30, 2007). "Gay LDS men detail challenges". Deseret Morning News.
  34. ^ "No Easy Victory". Christianity Today. March 11, 2002.
  35. ^ Cooper, Anderson (2007-04-05). "Sex and Salvation". Anderson Cooper 360°.
  36. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church", see the "Chastity and homosexuality" section.
  37. ^ Chastity
  38. ^ God Loveth His Children 2007
  39. ^ LDS Church (1992)Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems: Suggestions for Ecclesiastical Leaders Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church
  40. ^ See, for example, this website
  41. ^ "Homosexuality in the Light of Islam", September 20, 2003
  42. ^ See Homosexuality and Buddhism for pronouncements from Thai, Tibetan and Chinese Buddhist leaders.
    The supreme body of Sikhism condemned homosexuality in 2005: World Sikh group against gay marriage bill, CBC News, Tuesday, 29 March 2005.
    Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body, but the majority of swamis opposed same-sex relationships in a 2004 survey, and a minority supported them. See: Discussions on Dharma, by Rajiv Malik, in Hinduism Today. October/November/December 2004.
  43. ^ Gyatso, Janet (2003). One Plus One Makes Three: Buddhist Gender Conceptions and the Law of the Non-Excluded Middle, History of Religions. 2003, no. 2. University of Chicago press.
  44. ^ HRC | Page Not Found
  45. ^ 'Expose the Hindu Taliban!' by Ashok Row Kavi
  46. ^ Discussions on Dharma, by Rajiv Malik, in Hinduism Today. October/November/December 2004.
  47. ^ For example, Manu Smriti chapter 8, verse 369, 370. text online.
  48. ^ Manu Smriti, 3.49
  49. ^ Kama Sutra, Chapter 9, "Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress". Text online.
  50. ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). Homosexuality in Ancient India, Debonair 2000 or 2001. Essay available online from GayBombay.org.
  51. ^ Website: What Jains believe.
  52. ^ Duli Chandra Jain, Answers To Some Frequently Asked Questions, in 'Religious Ethics: A Sourcebook’, edited by Dr. Arthur B. Dobrin, published by Hindi Granth Karyalaya, Mumbai, 2004. Template:PDF link).
  53. ^ Higgins, Winton. "Buddhist Sexual Ethics". BuddhaNet Magazine. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  54. ^ GLBT in World Religions, Sermon by Rev. Gabriele Parks, along with Phil Manos and Bill Weber.[1]
  55. ^ a b Jackson, Peter Anthony (1995). "Thai Buddhist accounts of male homosexuality and AIDS in the 1980s". The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 6 (3): 140–153. doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1995.tb00276.x. PMID 12291560. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  56. ^ See, for example, the Pandakavatthu section of the Mahavagga. 1:61, 68, 69; Vinaya: Mahavagga, 1:71, 76. Additionally, "The Story of the Prohibition of the Ordination of Pandaka" justifies the ban by giving an example of a monk with an insatiable desire to be sexually penetrated by men, thus bringing shame upon the Buddhist community. Vinaya, Vol. 4, pp. 141–142.
  57. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (1995). Male Colors, the Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. Berkeley: The University of California Press. ISBN 0-585-10603-7.
  58. ^ Zwilling, Leonard (1992). "Homosexuality As Seen In Indian Buddhist Texts". In Cabezon, Jose Ignacio (ed.) (ed.). Buddhism, Sexuality & Gender. State University of New York. pp. 203–214. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  59. ^ Lattin, Don (1997-06-11). "Dalai Lama Speaks on Gay Sex - He says it's wrong for Buddhists but not for society". San Francisco Chronicle. – Conkin, Dennis (1997-06-19). "Dalai Lama urges 'respect, compassion, and full human rights for all,' including gays". – Nichols, Jack (1997-05-13). "Dalai Lama says 'oral and anal sex' not acceptable".
  60. ^ "The Buddhist religion and homosexuality". Religioustolerance.org.
  61. ^ Ibid.
  62. ^ West, Donald James (1997). Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: Multi-nation Comparison. Springer. p. 68. ISBN 0306455323. According to one legend, homosexuality was introduced into Japan in the ninth century by Shingon Buddhist monk, Kukai {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ Kumagusu, Miinakata (1996-12-30) [1996]. Stephen D. Miller (ed.). Partings at Dawn: An Anthology of Japanese Gay Literature. trans. Paul Gordon Schalow (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-940567-18-0. The Buddha preached that Mount Imose (a metaphor for the love of women) was a place to be avoided, and thus priests of the dharma first entered this way as an outlet for their feelings, since their hearts were, after all, made of neither stone nor wood. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  64. ^ World Sikh group against gay marriage bill, CBC News, Tuesday, 29 March 2005.
  65. ^ "How Persia created Judaism:Zoroastrian Influences on Judaism and Christianity (Part II) - Zoroastrianism: Theology". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  66. ^ "AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 4. Contracts and offenses".
  67. ^ "AVESTA: Vendidad: FARGARD 8. Funerals and purification, unlawful sex".
  68. ^ Wawrytko, Sandra (1993). Homosexuality and Chinese and Japanese Religions in "Homosexuality and World Religions", edited by Arlene Swidler. Trinity Press International, 1993.
  69. ^ "Alternative Sexuality". Tangled Moon Coven. 2006-08-08. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
  70. ^ "Sex, Wicca and the Great Rite". The Blade & Chalice. Spring 1993 (3).
  71. ^ LaVey, Anton Szandor (1969). The Satanic Bible. New York: Avon Books. p. 66. ISBN 9780380015399. OCLC 26042819. Retrieved 2010-04-22. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  72. ^ http://www.uua.org/news/freedomtomarry/index.html
  73. ^ UUSM - Services & Sermons
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