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{{ infobox
{{ infobox
| title = [[Image:SegwayLogo.png|Segway PT]]
| title = Penis| image = [[Image:Male rider on i2.jpg|200px]]
| image = [[Image:Male rider on i2.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Rider on Segway i2 Personal Transporter
| caption = Rider on Segway i2 Personal Transporter
| label1 = Type
| label1 = Type

Revision as of 13:53, 27 September 2010

Penis
File:Male rider on i2.jpg
Rider on Segway i2 Personal Transporter
TypeElectric vehicle
WheelsTwo
InventorDean Kamen
Introduced2001
Chief EngineerDoug Field
Dynamics EngineersDavid Robinson
John Morrel
Jon Stevens
Jon Pompa
ProgrammersChuck Herscovici
Gerry Rigdon
Michael Kaufman
Eric Pribyl
Jim Dattalo
Electrical EngineersPhil Lemay
Mike Gansler
JD Heinzmann
Jason Sachs
Larry Liberman
Chris Kastel
Zeta Electronics
Mechanical EngineersRon Reich
Ray Debruin
Mike Slate
JR Holt
Industrial DesignersScott Water
Tao Chang

The Segway PT is a two-wheeled, self-balancing electric vehicle invented by Dean Kamen. It is produced by Segway Inc. of New Hampshire, USA. The name "Segway" is a close homophone to "segue" (a smooth transition, literally Italian for "follows") while "PT" denotes personal transporter.

The company was sold in early 2010 to a group led by British millionaire Jimi Heselden, chairman of Hesco Bastion.[1] On 27 September 2010 it was reported that Heselden had died after riding a Scooter over a cliff and into the River Wharfe in West Yorkshire, UK.[2]

Computers and motors in the base of the device keep the Segway PT upright when powered on with balancing enabled. Users lean forward to go forward, lean back to go backward, and turn by using a "Lean Steer" handlebar, leaning it left or right. Segway PTs are driven by electric motors at up to 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h). Gyroscopic sensors are used to detect tilting of the device which indicates a departure from perfect balance. Motors driving the wheels are commanded as needed to bring the PT back into balance.

The Segway was unveiled Dec. 3, 2001, following months of public speculation,[3] and first produced in 2002.[4]

Segways have had success in niche markets such as transportation for police departments, military bases, warehouses, corporate campuses or industrial sites. The legal road worthiness of the Segway varies with different jurisdictions' classification of the device as a motor vehicle.

History

File:PTtopview.jpg
A top-down view of the 2006 Segway PT

The Segway PT was known by the names Ginger and IT before it was unveiled. Ginger came out of the first product that used Kamen's balancing technology, the iBOT wheelchair. During development at the University of Plymouth, the iBot was nicknamed Fred Upstairs (after Fred Astaire) because it can climb stairs: hence the name Ginger, after Astaire's regular film partner, Ginger Rogers, for a successor product.

The invention, development, and financing of the Segway was the subject of a narrative nonfiction book, Code Name Ginger (in paperback as Reinventing the Wheel), by journalist Steve Kemper. The leak of information from that book led to rampant and hyperbolic speculation about the "IT" device prior to release. The speculation created an unexpected advance buzz about the then-unknown product that was, at times, hyperbolic. Steve Jobs was quoted as saying that it was "as big a deal as the PC",[5] though later sources quoted him as saying when first introduced to the product that its design "sucked".[6] John Doerr speculated that it would be more important than the Internet.[5] Articles were written in major publications speculating on it being a Stirling engine.[7] South Park devoted an episode to making fun of the hype before the product was released.

The product was unveiled December 3, 2001, in Bryant Park on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America.[8]

Sales

In 2003 the company sold 6,000 units, and by September 2006 approximately 23,500 had been sold,[9] when all units sold up to that point were recalled[9] due to a software glitch that could cause the units to reverse and that could cause riders to fall off.[10] In a March 2009 interview, a company official said the firm "has shipped over 50,000" Segways.[11]

Technology

The Segway PT's detachable wireless InfoKey

The dynamics of the Segway PT are identical to a classic control problem, the inverted pendulum. The Segway PT (PT is an initialism for personal transporter while the old suffix HT was an initialism for human transporter) has electric motors powered by Valence Technology phosphate-based lithium-ion batteries which can be charged from household current. It balances with the help of dual computers running proprietary software, two tilt sensors, and five gyroscopes (the gyroscopes do not affect the balance; they are merely used as sensors). The servo drive motors rotate the wheels forwards or backwards as needed for balance or propulsion. The rider accelerates or decelerates by leaning forward or backwards in the direction he or she wishes to travel. On older models, steering is controlled by a twist grip on the left handlebar, which simply varies the speeds between the two motors, rotating the Segway PT (a decrease in the speed of the left wheel would turn the Segway PT to the left). Newer models enable the use of "leaning" to steer as well as move forwards or backwards.

The Segway PT is built to stay balanced in one place. Designed to mirror the process of human walking, if the rider standing on an initially balanced Segway PT leans forward, therefore upsetting the balance, the PT moves forward to regain balance just as in walking a leg moves forward to retain balance. With the Segway PT, changes from a balanced status are first detected by the gyroscopes, and signals are passed on to the onboard computers which then direct motors to regain balance. This process occurs about 100 times per second, so small adjustments to maintain balance occur almost immediately after the balance is upset by the rider.[12]

The side effect of this balancing system is that as the Segway PT balances itself the entire unit changes position in the direction it has moved to restore balance. (For example, if the rider leans forward, the entire Segway PT will move forward from its original position, until the rider restores an upright position on the unit.) This is precisely how the Segway PT is controlled - the balancing and movement is essentially one combined system.

The Segway PT features a governor (speed limiting) mechanism. When the Segway PT approaches the maximum speed allowed by the software, it intentionally begins to tilt slightly backwards. This moves the platform out in front, and leans the handlebars backwards towards the rider, eventually nudging the rider to lean back slightly and slow the Segway PT down. If not for the governor, riders would be able to lean farther than the motor could ever compensate for. The Segway PT also slows or stops immediately if the handlebar of the unit (or forward bag) nudges into any obstacle.

Uses

Two tourists on a Segway tour of Florence, Italy
Segway demonstration video

Segways perform best in areas with adequate sidewalks, curb cuts at intersections, and ramps. They are used in some theme parks by visitors and employees. Angel Island State Park in San Francisco Bay in California, offers Segway tours, but prohibits personal Segways except as needed by disabled visitors.[13] The special police forces trained to protect the public during the 2008 Summer Olympics used the Segway for mobility.[14]

Though a Segway-focused organization, Disability Rights Advocates for Technology,[15] advocates for Segway PT sidewalk and facility access as an ADA issue, Segways cannot be marketed in the US as medical devices: they have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a medical device and Johnson & Johnson claims exclusive rights to the medical uses of the balancing technology found in the iBOT and Segway.[citation needed] Dean Kamen sold the medical rights to the technology of the iBOT, a very stable and mobile powered wheelchair, to Johnson & Johnson.[16]

Models

Previous versions included (in order of release):

  • Segway i167: Titanium color base. One of the first two Segway HTs released.
  • Segway e167: The same as the i167, but with the Electronic Kickstand (allowing the HT to stay balanced without a rider). The e167 also came standard with the upper and lower cargo structures.
  • Segway p133: Human Transporter. Smaller platform and wheels and less powerful motors than the i and e Series. Top speed was 4.5 m/s(10 mph, 16 km/h) in the p-Series.
  • Segway i170: Midnight Blue color base. Otherwise, the same as the i167.
  • Segway i180: Available with Sport Red, Solar Yellow, and Midnight Blue colored fenders. Lithium-ion batteries.[17]
  • Segway XT: The first Segway HT designed specifically for recreation.

The maximum speed of the Segway i-Series is 12.5 mph (20.1 km/h). Maximum power is 2 horsepower (1.5 kW) per servo motor. The i-Series is capable of covering 15–25 mi (24–40 km) on a fully charged lithium ion battery, depending on terrain, riding style, and the condition of the batteries.[18] It takes 8–10 hours to complete a full balancing and recharging cycle. For each 15 minutes of time re-charging, the batteries regain a mile of charge. The batteries also recharge while riding downhill and stopping, and by the Segway being pushed while turned off. The p-Series is capable of covering 6–10 mi (9.7–16.1 km) on a fully charged nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery, depending on terrain. It takes 4–6 hours to recharge, and regains 1-mile (1.6 km) for every 30 minutes charging.

In 2006, series i2 and x2, were released, replacing the older lineup:

  • i2: Uses the new LeanSteer and InfoKey technologies.
  • x2: The new XT model, same upgrades, with its own special software for off-road use. Can be equipped with a golf bag carrier, replacing the GT model. Turf tires are available.

Specialized variants of the x2 are sold under different names like:

  • Segway GT: Golf Transporter
  • Segway PT i2 Ferrari Edition[19]

The newer models i2 and x2 weigh 105 lb (48 kg) and 120 lb (54 kg) respectively.

In May 2008, Segway introduced a new "Metallic Sage" color for the i2 model, in addition to the original white and black colors available.

Future products

General Motors has announced that it is building a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with Segway. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicle, dubbed Project P.U.M.A., was shown off in New York a day ahead of the press previews for the 2009 New York International Auto Show.[20][21] At Expo 2010 in Shanghai, the successor was presented, the "EN-V project".[22]

Operation

A Chicago police officer on a Segway

The original Segway models were activated using one of three keys:

  • Black Key: for beginners. Slowest speed (electronically limited to no more than 6 mph); slower turning rate.
  • Yellow Key: for intermediate users and/or pavements. Faster speed-up to 8 mph (13 km/h); faster turning rate.
  • Red Key: for more advanced users in open areas. Maximum speed-up to 10 mph (16 km/h) on p-Series and 12.5 mph (20.1 km/h) on i-Series; and max turning rate.

For the new i2 and x2, an InfoKey is used to control settings. The Infokey can turn on the PT from up to 15 feet (4.6 m) away, as well as turn on beginner mode (the equivalent of the old Black Key) or advanced mode (the equivalent of the Red Key), show mileage and a trip odometer, as well as put the Segway into Security mode, which locks the wheels and will set off an alarm if moved.

In September 2003, the Segway PT was recalled because if users ignored repeated low battery warnings on the PTs, it could ultimately lead them to fall.[23] With a software patch to version 12.0, the PT would automatically slow down and stop in response to detecting low battery power. Any units sold before September 2003 with a label 12.0 have the upgraded software.

In August 2006, Segway discontinued all previous models and announced second-generation designs. The Gen II PT, marketed under the two product lines, i2 and x2, allows users to steer by leaning the handlebars to the right or left, which matches the intuitive nature of leaning forward and backward to accelerate and decelerate. Another feature is wireless InfoKey access.[24]

Safety

Because the Segway can reach speeds over 20 km/h (12 mph), the Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute recommends that all riders wear helmets when using Segways.[25] The US Consumer Product Safety Commission does not have Segway-specific recommendations but does say that bicycle helmets are adequate for "low-speed, motor-assisted" scooters.[26]

Restrictions on use

North America

  • Canada: Restrictions on motorized vehicle use are set by provinces individually. In Alberta, Segways cannot be driven on Public Roads including sidewalks abutting public roads. Segways cannot be driven on city-owned bicycle paths in Calgary.[citation needed] Segways are allowed to be driven on private land with the landowner's permission. (Some malls allow their use.)
  • United States, general: The company has challenged bans and sought exemption from pavement restrictions in over 30 states. The Segway PT has been banned from use on sidewalks and in public transportation in a few municipalities, often because it is not classified as a medical device. Advocacy groups for pedestrians and the blind in the US have been critical of Segway PT use: America Walks[27] and the American Council of the Blind oppose allowing the PT to be driven on sidewalks, even for those with disabilities, and have actively lobbied against any such legislation.[28] Today, Segways are allowed to be used on sidewalks in most states, although local municipalities may disallow their use. Many states also allow their use in bicycle lanes or on roads with speed limits of up to 25 mph.[29]
  • United States, San Francisco: In November 2002, before it was widely available, the city of San Francisco banned the Segway PT from sidewalks citing safety concerns.[30] However, a number of Segway Tour operations use them in cycle lanes and designated trails.

Asia

  • Israel: as of 2006 Segways may be used on sidewalks and all other pedestrian designated locations, as well as on roads that either have no sidewalks, have obstructed sidewalks or have sidewalks lacking curb cuts. The user must be over 16 years old and does not require a license. The maximum allowed speed is 13 km/h (8.1 mph), enforced by electronic restriction put in place by the importer, who in turn must do so in order to obtain the import license for the vehicle.[35]
  • Japan: the Segway is treated as a motorcycle with an engine displacement between 50 cc and 125 cc. As such, the vehicle must be equipped with brakes and signal lights, and must register for a license plate, making it virtually impossible to lawfully use a Segway on public roads.[36]

Europe

German police officers on Segways.

Segways are used in Europe, but mainly in niche markets (such as guided city tours); they are not commonly used as a means of transportation. Their use on public streets is allowed in most countries, but often with various restrictions. Most countries also require vehicle insurance and a license plate.

  • Austria: In Vienna, Segways can be rented in the Prater amusement park; a Segway dealer in central Vienna also offers Segways for rent.
  • Czech Republic: the use of a Segway is allowed wherever pedestrians and bicycles are allowed. Segways can be rented for city tours, for example on the Old Town Square, Prague.
  • Denmark: the Segway is classified as a moped (knallert). As such vehicles are required to be fitted with lights, license plates and mechanical brakes, the Segway is effectively banned from public roads.[37] Recently, a trial where the segway would be classified as a bicycle has been announced running from 2010-06-01 to 2010-10-01 [38]
  • Ireland: In Dublin Segways can be rented in the Phoenix Park, the largest urban park in Europe, and to visit the Docklands area.
  • Italy: the use of the Segway is allowed within city limits wherever pedestrian and bicycles are allowed, i.e., sidewalks, bicycle paths, parks, etc.[40]
  • Netherlands: In April 2008, the Dutch Government announced that it would ease the ban it had imposed in January 2007 that made it illegal to use a Segway on public roads in the Netherlands.[41] Until recently, a tolerance policy was in place due to the inability of the authorities to classify the Segway as a vehicle.[42] However, certain handicapped people, primarily heart and lung patients, are allowed to use the Segway, but only on the pavement. From July 1, 2008, anyone over the age of 16 is permitted to use a Segway on Dutch roads but users need to buy custom insurance.[43] Amsterdam police officers are testing the Segway.
  • Portugal: Segways are legal on public paths from age 18 (and below, when accompanied by adults) as an equivalent to pedestrian traffic[44] and are used by many local police forces (Polícia Municipal),[45] and by Polícia Marítima (a Navy unit), for beach patrolling. They are also used (rented) by tour operators across the country.
  • Sweden: It was unlawful to use a Segway on any public road or pavement in Sweden [46] until December 18, 2008 when the Segway was re-classified as a cykel klass II (class 2 bicycle).[47]
  • Switzerland: the Segway is classified as a light motorcycle.[48] Only the PT i2 has been approved for use in Switzerland. The PT i2 may be used on roads provided that it is equipped with a Swiss Road Kit and a license plate. The Swiss Road Kit has front and back lighting, a battery source, and a license plate holder. Use on sidewalks and pedestrian zones is prohibited. An exception is made for handicapped individuals who must obtain in advance a special authorization from the Swiss Federal Roads Office. The Segway PT i180 may also be registered for use on specific request. However, the PT i180 must be equipped with a left/right turn indicator system before it may be admitted for road use.[citation needed]
  • United Kingdom: in UK the Segway is classified as a powered vehicle and subject to Road Traffic law, with the effect that it is unlawful to use a Segway anywhere other than on private property with the owner's permission.[49] While in opposition, the political parties forming the current coalition government, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, lobbied the then Government to change the law to allow Segways to use public cycle lanes.[50] In July 2010, a man was arrested under the Highway Act 1835 in Barnsley for riding his Segway on the pavement.[51]

Oceania

  • Australia: laws are determined at the state level, each differing in their adoption of the Australian Road Rules. In New South Wales, the Segway has been confirmed by the Roads and Traffic Authority as being illegal on both roads and footpaths. "In simple terms, riders are way too exposed to mix with general traffic on a road and too fast, heavy and consequently dangerous to other users on footpaths or cycle paths."[52]

Profitability

When it was launched in December 2001 the annual sales target was 40,000 units,[53] and the company expected to sell 50,000 to 100,000 units in the first 13 months.[54] Segway Inc's investors were optimistic. Dean Kamen predicted that the Segway "will be to the car what the car was to the horse and buggy"[55] and John Doerr, a venture capitalist who invested in the company,[56] predicted that Segway Inc would be the fastest company to reach US$1 billion in sales.[55] In fact only about 30,000 Segways were sold from 2001 to 2007.[56]

Critics point to Segway Inc's silence over its financial performance as an indication that the company is still not profitable, as about US$100 million was spent developing the Segway.[55]

Robotics

The Segway is also available to be used as the mobility section of a robot.[57]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hachman, Mark. "Segway Quietly Sold; Dealers Remain Optimistic - Reviews by PC Magazine". Pcmag.com. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
  2. ^ "Segway boss Jimi Heselden dies in scooter cliff fall".
  3. ^ "Wired.com retrospective". Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  4. ^ "About Segway - Who We Are - Segway Milestones". Segway. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  5. ^ a b Heilemann, John (2001-12-02). "Reinventing the Wheel - TIME". TIME. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  6. ^ "Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos meet "Ginger"," Steve Kemper, Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, June 16, 2003
  7. ^ Michelle Delio (1945-03-09). "'Ginger': Kamen's Stirling Idea". Wired.com. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  8. ^ Machrone, Bill (2001-12-03). "Ginger Unveiled-It's a Scooter!". Extremetech.com. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  9. ^ a b "Segway Recalls All 23,500 Scooters Sold to Date". Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  10. ^ "Segway recalls 23,500 scooters". CNN. 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  11. ^ "New Hampshire news, business and sports - Segway, GM roll out 'smart' vehicle - Wednesday, Apr. 8, 2009". UnionLeader.com. 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
  12. ^ "Howstuffworks "Segway Parts"". Travel.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  13. ^ "Angel Island SP". Retrieved 2008-08-02.
  14. ^ "Wheel scary: Chinese anti-terror police practise killing drills on scooters | Mail Online". Mailonsunday.co.uk. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  15. ^ "Disability Rights Advocates for Technology". Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  16. ^ Higginbotham, Adam (27 October 2008). "Dean Kamen: part man, part machine". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  17. ^ http://www.segway.com/product-archive/model_i180.html
  18. ^ http://www.segway.com/segway/lithium_ion.html
  19. ^ "Segway PT i2 Ferrari Limited Edition - Ferrari Store - The Official Ferrari International Online Sho". Ferrari Store. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  20. ^ Shepardson, David and Priddle, Alisa (7 April 2009). GM to roll out two-seat, urban electric prototype. The Detroit News. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  21. ^ Terlep, Sharon (7 April 2009). GM, Segway to Make Vehicle . The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  22. ^ [1]
  23. ^ "Segway LLC Recall to Upgrade Software on Segway Human Transporters". Cpsc.gov. 2003-09-26. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  24. ^ "Segway i2". Segway.com. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  25. ^ "Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute". Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  26. ^ "CPSC Guide:Which Helmet for Which Activity" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  27. ^ Schwartz, John (2003-01-23). "On the Pavement, a New Contender". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  28. ^ "The American Council of the Blind's official position". The Segway may well have a good use and place in our environment, but it is clear [...] that insufficient attention is being paid to pedestrian safety and injuries and deaths are not the price we should be paying for innovation
  29. ^ "Segway Laws". Ghsa.org. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  30. ^ "San Francisco - News - Showing Segway the Highway". Sfweekly.com. 2002-12-18. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  31. ^ 2:54 p.m. ET (2004-02-09). "Anger at Disney over Segway ban - Games - MSNBC.com". MSNBC. Retrieved 2009-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ "Walt Disney World Park Update (Walt Disney World Park Update) by Mark Goldhaber". Mouseplanet.com. 2004-02-16. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  33. ^ "Around the World at Epcot". Disneyworld.disney.go.com. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  34. ^ "Disneyland&reg - Upgrade Your Browser". Disneyland.disney.go.com. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  35. ^ "Transportation regulations". rsa.gov.il. Retrieved 2009-10-26. [dead link‍]
  36. ^ 石田真一. "(Japanese)". Response.jp. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  37. ^ "Færdselsstyrelse: En Segway er en knallert" (in Danish). Danmarks Radio. 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  38. ^ "Forsøg med elektrisk drevne en-akslede køretøjer (Segway o.l.)". Færdselstyrelsen. 2010-06-01. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  39. ^ "Bundesgesetzblatt: Verordnung über die Teilnahme elektronischer Mobilitätshilfen am Verkehr" (PDF) (in German). 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  40. ^ "Normativa Segway" (in Italian).
  41. ^ Stevenson, Reed (2008-04-18). "Dutch to ease ban on self-balancing Segway scooter | Technology". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  42. ^ "RTL Nieuws.nl - Segway voor gehandicapten toegestaan". Rtl.nl. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  43. ^ [2][dead link‍]
  44. ^ "'Segways' são legais e voltam às ruas de Lisboa [Portugal]" (in Portuguese).
  45. ^ "Polícia Municipal de Coimbra adquire Segway PT i2 - Segway" (in Portuguese).
  46. ^ "Segway | Support | Lagar & regler". Segway.se. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  47. ^ "Segway klassad som cykel" (in Template:Sv icon). DN.se. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2009-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  48. ^ "Le Segway PT i2 est homologué en Suisse!" (PDF) (in French). Segway. 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  49. ^ "Department for Transport - Regulations for Self-balancing Scooters". Dft.gov.uk. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  50. ^ "Politics | MPs want Segways allowed on roads". BBC News. 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  51. ^ "Barnsley Segway scooter commuter in 'legal first'". BBC News. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  52. ^ "Segway test: ride a mock horse - Technology - smh.com.au". Smh.com.au. 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  53. ^ Sovich, Nina (2004-04-01). "Segway Slump - April 1, 2004". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  54. ^ "Segway sales fall far short - ZDNet.co.uk". News.zdnet.co.uk. 2003-09-29. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  55. ^ a b c Regan, Michael P. (2006-05-30). "Segway sets course for stock market - USATODAY.com". Usatoday.Com<!. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  56. ^ a b "When To Dump That Great Idea - Forbes.com". Forbes.com<!. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  57. ^ "Robot Segway Rovers Train Special Forces For Urban Warfare". Inventorspot.com. 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
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