Aconitum napellus: Difference between revisions

Aconitum napellus
	Plant in flower, Austria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Ranunculaceae
Genus:	Aconitum
Species:	A. napellus
Binomial name
	Aconitum napellus; L.

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Revision as of 19:47, 12 October 2010

Aconitum napellus (Monkshood, "aconite", "Wolf's Bane", Fuzi, "Monk's Blood", or "Monk's Hood") is a species of Aconitum in the family Ranunculaceae, native and endemic to western and central Europe.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1 m tall, with hairless stems and leaves. The leaves are rounded, 5–10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed segments. The flowers are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1–2 cm tall.

Nine subspecies are accepted by the Flora Europaea:

Aconitum napellus subsp. napellus. Southwest England.
Aconitum napellus subsp. corsicum (Gáyer) W.Seitz. Corsica.
Aconitum napellus subsp. firmum (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central and eastern Europe.
Aconitum napellus subsp. fissurae (Nyár.) W.Seitz. Balkans to southwest Russia.
Aconitum napellus subsp. hians (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central Europe.
Aconitum napellus subsp. lusitanicum Rouy. Southwest Europe.
Aconitum napellus subsp. superbum (Fritsch) W.Seitz. Western Balkans.
Aconitum napellus subsp. tauricum (Wulfen) Gáyer. Eastern Alps, southern Carpathians.
Aconitum napellus subsp. vulgare (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud. Alps, Pyrenees, northern Spain.

Plants native to Asia and North America formerly listed as A. napellus are now regarded as separate species.

Plants are grown in gardens in temperate zones for their spike-like inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer and their attractive foliage. There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too.

Uses

Aconitum napellus is grown in gardens for its attractive spike like inflorescences and showy blue flowers.^[1] It is a cut flower crop used for fresh cutting material and sometimes used as dried material. The species has a low natural propagation rate under cultivation and is propagated by seed or by removing offsets which are generated each year from the rootstocks. The use of micropropagation protocols has been studied.^[2] This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive hybrids for garden use, including Aconitum x cammarum ^[3]

Like other species in the genus, A. napellus contains several poisonous compounds, including enough cardiac poison that it was used on spears and arrows for hunting and battle in ancient times.^[4] A. napellus has a long history of use as a poison, with cases going back thousands of years.^[5] During the ancient Roman period of European history the plant was often used to eliminate criminals and enemies, and by the end of the period it was banned and any one growing A. napellus could have been legally sentenced to death.^[6] Aconites have been used more recently in murder plots; they contain the Chemical alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, which are highly toxic.^[7]

Aconite produced from the roots of a number of different species of Aconitum is used ethnomedically in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." Misuse of the medicinal ingredients contained in this plant can negatively affect the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, thus resulting in death.^[8]^[9]^[10]

References

^ Datta, Subhash Chandra. 1988. Systematic botany. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.
^ A. A. Watad, M. Kochba, A. Nissim and V. Gaba Improvement of Aconitum napellus micropropagation by liquid culture on floating membrane rafts Journal Plant Cell Reports Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online) Issue Volume 14, Number 6 / March, 1995 DOI 10.1007/BF00238594 Pages 345-348
^ Armitage, A. M. 2000. Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.
^ J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Nov;4(3):247-336. Arrow poisons in China. Part II. Aconitum--botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Bisset NG.
^ Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the High Priest Alcimus Die of Acute Aconitine Poisoning? Authors: Moog F.P.1; Karenberg A.1 Source: Adverse Drug Reactions & Toxicological Reviews (now known as Toxicological Reviews), Volume 21, Number 3, 2002 , pp. 151-156(6) Publisher: Adis International
^ Roberts, M. F., and Michael Wink. 1998. Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications. New York: Plenum Press. Page 18.
^ CSA
^ Fatovich, D M Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb. Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451
^ Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: a review. Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Tse LK, Chan JC, Chan WW, Critchley JA
^ Moritz, Fabienne; Compagnon, Patricia; Kaliszczak, Isabelle Guery; Kaliszczak, Yann; Caliskan, Valérie; Girault, Christophe (2005). "Severe Acute Poisoning with HomemadeAconitum napellusCapsules: Toxicokinetic and Clinical Data". Clinical Toxicology. 43: 873. doi:10.1080/15563650500357594.

19th century illustration

External links

Aconite, Aconitum napellus - Resource for aconitum napellus seed & information

[1] Datta, Subhash Chandra. 1988. Systematic botany. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.

[2] A. A. Watad, M. Kochba, A. Nissim and V. Gaba Improvement of Aconitum napellus micropropagation by liquid culture on floating membrane rafts Journal Plant Cell Reports Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online) Issue Volume 14, Number 6 / March, 1995 DOI 10.1007/BF00238594 Pages 345-348

[3] Armitage, A. M. 2000. Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.

[4] J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Nov;4(3):247-336. Arrow poisons in China. Part II. Aconitum--botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Bisset NG.

[5] Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the High Priest Alcimus Die of Acute Aconitine Poisoning? Authors: Moog F.P.1; Karenberg A.1 Source: Adverse Drug Reactions & Toxicological Reviews (now known as Toxicological Reviews), Volume 21, Number 3, 2002 , pp. 151-156(6) Publisher: Adis International

[6] Roberts, M. F., and Michael Wink. 1998. Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications. New York: Plenum Press. Page 18.

[7] CSA

[8] Fatovich, D M Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb. Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451

[9] Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: a review. Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Tse LK, Chan JC, Chan WW, Critchley JA

[10] Moritz, Fabienne; Compagnon, Patricia; Kaliszczak, Isabelle Guery; Kaliszczak, Yann; Caliskan, Valérie; Girault, Christophe (2005). "Severe Acute Poisoning with HomemadeAconitum napellusCapsules: Toxicokinetic and Clinical Data". Clinical Toxicology. 43: 873. doi:10.1080/15563650500357594.

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@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 </ref> During the ancient Roman period of European history the plant was often used to eliminate criminals and enemies, and by the end of the period it was banned and any one growing ''A. napellus'' could have been legally sentenced to death.<ref>Roberts, M. F., and Michael Wink. 1998. ''Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications''. New York: Plenum Press. Page 18.</ref> Aconites have been used more recently in murder plots; they contain the Chemical alkaloids [[aconitine]], [[mesaconitine]], [[hypaconitine]] and [[jesaconitine]], which are highly toxic.<ref>[http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4297677&q=Aconitine+murder+&uid=792020396&setcookie=yes CSA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-[[Aconite]] produced from the roots of a number of different species of ''Aconitum'' is used [[ethnomedical]]ly in [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." Misuse of the medicinal ingredients contained in this plant negatively affects the [[cardiovascular]] and central nervous systems, resulting in death.<ref>
+[[Aconite]] produced from the roots of a number of different species of ''Aconitum'' is used [[ethnomedical]]ly in [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." Misuse of the medicinal ingredients contained in this plant can negatively affect the [[cardiovascular]] and central nervous systems, thus resulting in death.<ref>
 Fatovich, D M  ''Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb''.
 Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451</ref><ref>Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links ''Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: a review''.