Isotopes of californium: Difference between revisions
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== Table == |
== Table == |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap" |
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! rowspan="2" | nuclide<br />symbol |
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! Z([[proton|p]]) |
! Z([[proton|p]]) |
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! N([[neutron|n]]) |
! N([[neutron|n]]) |
Revision as of 01:33, 3 November 2010
Actinides[1] by decay chain | Half-life range (a) |
Fission products of 235U by yield[2] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4n | 4n + 1 | 4n + 2 | 4n + 3 | 4.5–7% | 0.04–1.25% | <0.001% | ||
228Ra№ | 4–6 a | 155Euþ | ||||||
248Bk[3] | > 9 a | |||||||
244Cmƒ | 241Puƒ | 250Cf | 227Ac№ | 10–29 a | 90Sr | 85Kr | 113mCdþ | |
232Uƒ | 238Puƒ | 243Cmƒ | 29–97 a | 137Cs | 151Smþ | 121mSn | ||
249Cfƒ | 242mAmƒ | 141–351 a |
No fission products have a half-life | |||||
241Amƒ | 251Cfƒ[4] | 430–900 a | ||||||
226Ra№ | 247Bk | 1.3–1.6 ka | ||||||
240Pu | 229Th | 246Cmƒ | 243Amƒ | 4.7–7.4 ka | ||||
245Cmƒ | 250Cm | 8.3–8.5 ka | ||||||
239Puƒ | 24.1 ka | |||||||
230Th№ | 231Pa№ | 32–76 ka | ||||||
236Npƒ | 233Uƒ | 234U№ | 150–250 ka | 99Tc₡ | 126Sn | |||
248Cm | 242Pu | 327–375 ka | 79Se₡ | |||||
1.33 Ma | 135Cs₡ | |||||||
237Npƒ | 1.61–6.5 Ma | 93Zr | 107Pd | |||||
236U | 247Cmƒ | 15–24 Ma | 129I₡ | |||||
244Pu | 80 Ma |
... nor beyond 15.7 Ma[5] | ||||||
232Th№ | 238U№ | 235Uƒ№ | 0.7–14.1 Ga | |||||
|
Californium (Cf) has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic mass cannot be given.
Table
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||
237Cf | 98 | 139 | 237.06207(54)# | 2.1(3) s | 5/2+# | ||
238Cf | 98 | 140 | 238.06141(43)# | 21.1(13) ms | 0+ | ||
239Cf | 98 | 141 | 239.06242(23)# | 60(30) s [39(+37-12) s] | 5/2+# | ||
240Cf | 98 | 142 | 240.06230(22)# | 1.06(15) min | 0+ | ||
241Cf | 98 | 143 | 241.06373(27)# | 3.78(70) min | 7/2-# | ||
242Cf | 98 | 144 | 242.06370(4) | 3.49(15) min | 0+ | ||
243Cf | 98 | 145 | 243.06543(15)# | 10.7(5) min | (1/2+) | ||
244Cf | 98 | 146 | 244.066001(3) | 19.4(6) min | 0+ | ||
245Cf | 98 | 147 | 245.068049(3) | 45.0(15) min | (5/2+) | ||
246Cf | 98 | 148 | 246.0688053(22) | 35.7(5) h | 0+ | ||
247Cf | 98 | 149 | 247.071001(9) | 3.11(3) h | (7/2+)# | ||
248Cf | 98 | 150 | 248.072185(6) | 333.5(28) d | 0+ | ||
249Cf | 98 | 151 | 249.0748535(24) | 351(2) a | 9/2- | ||
249mCf | 144.98(5) keV | 45(5) µs | 5/2+ | ||||
250Cf | 98 | 152 | 250.0764061(22) | 13.08(9) a | 0+ | ||
251Cf | 98 | 153 | 251.079587(5) | 900(40) a | 1/2+ | ||
252Cf | 98 | 154 | 252.081626(5) | 2.645(8) a | 0+ | ||
253Cf | 98 | 155 | 253.085133(7) | 17.81(8) d | (7/2+) | ||
254Cf | 98 | 156 | 254.087323(13) | 60.5(2) d | 0+ | ||
255Cf | 98 | 157 | 255.09105(22)# | 85(18) min | (7/2+) | ||
256Cf | 98 | 158 | 256.09344(32)# | 12.3(12) min | 0+ |
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
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ignored (help)
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0849304859.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|nopp=
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suggested) (help)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- ^ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
- ^ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
- ^ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk248 with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β− half-life can be set at about 104 [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]." - ^ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".
- ^ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of 232Th; e.g., while 113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of 113Cd is eight quadrillion years.