Madam C. J. Walker: Difference between revisions
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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Like many women of her era, Sarah experienced hair loss. Because most Americans lacked indoor plumbing, central heating and electricity, they bathed and washed their hair infrequently. The result was scalp disease. Sarah experimented with home remedies and products already on the market until she finally developed her own shampoo and an ointment that contained [[sulfur]] to make her scalp healthier for hair growth. |
Like many women of her era, Sarah experienced hair loss ha. Because most Americans lacked indoor plumbing, central heating and electricity, they bathed and washed their hair infrequently. The result was scalp disease. Sarah experimented with home remedies and products already on the market until she finally developed her own shampoo and an ointment that contained [[sulfur]] to make her scalp healthier for hair growth. |
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Soon Sarah, now known as Madam C. J. Walker, was selling her products throughout the United States. While her daughter Lelia ran a mail order business from [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], Madam Walker and her husband traveled throughout the southern and eastern states. They settled in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] in 1908 and opened Lelia College to train "hair culturists." In 1910 Walker moved to [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] where she established her headquarters and built a factory. |
Soon Sarah, now known as Madam C. J. Walker, was selling her products throughout the United States. While her daughter Lelia ran a mail order business from [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], Madam Walker and her husband traveled throughout the southern and eastern states. They settled in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] in 1908 and opened Lelia College to train "hair culturists." In 1910 Walker moved to [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] where she established her headquarters and built a factory. |
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Revision as of 15:05, 15 November 2010
Madam C.J. Walker | |
|---|---|
 Madam Walker in a photograph ca. 1914 by Addison Scurlock. | |
| Born | Sarah Breedlove |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | businesswoman, hair care, entrepreneur, and philanthropist |
Madam C.J. Walker (December 23, 1867 – May 25, 1919) was an African-American businesswoman, hair care entrepreneur and philanthropist. She made her fortune by developing and marketing a hugely successful line of beauty and hair products for black women under the company she founded, Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company.
Early life
Madam C.J. Walker was born Sarah Breedlove, on December 23, 1867 in Delta, Louisiana to Owen and Minerva Breedlove. One of six children; she had a sister Louvenia and 4 brothers: Alexander, James, Solomon, and Owen Jr. Her parents were slaves to a parish farm owner Robert W. Burney.[1] Although some sources claim her parents died during a yellow fever epidemic, that information is inaccurate. Her mother died first, possibly due to a cholera outbreak in 1872. Her father remarried and died shortly afterward when she was seven years old.[2]
Sarah moved in with her older sister, Louvenia, and brother-in-law, Willie Powell. She later said she married Moses McWilliams when she was 14 years old to get a home of her own to escape Powell's abuse. Three years later her daughter, Lelia McWilliams was born. When Sarah was 20, her husband died. Shortly afterward she moved to St. Louis where three of her brothers were barbers.[2] She joined St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church, where she sang in the choir and where she was greatly influenced by women members like Jessie Batts Robinson, a school teacher and wife of newspaper publisher, Christopher Robinson.[3]
On August 11, 1894 Sarah married a man named John Davis. That marriage ended around 1903. In January 1906 she married a newspaper sales agent, Charles Joseph Walker. They divorced in 1910.[4]
Career
Like many women of her era, Sarah experienced hair loss ha. Because most Americans lacked indoor plumbing, central heating and electricity, they bathed and washed their hair infrequently. The result was scalp disease. Sarah experimented with home remedies and products already on the market until she finally developed her own shampoo and an ointment that contained sulfur to make her scalp healthier for hair growth.
Soon Sarah, now known as Madam C. J. Walker, was selling her products throughout the United States. While her daughter Lelia ran a mail order business from Denver, Madam Walker and her husband traveled throughout the southern and eastern states. They settled in Pittsburgh in 1908 and opened Lelia College to train "hair culturists." In 1910 Walker moved to Indianapolis, Indiana where she established her headquarters and built a factory.
She began to lecture other black women and help them to build their own businesses. She also gave other lectures on black issues at conventions sponsored by powerful black institutions. After the East St. Louis Race Riot, she joined leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in their efforts to support legislation to make lynching a federal crime. In 1918 at the biennial convention of the National Association Of Colored Woman (NACW) she was acknowledged for making the largest contribution to save the Anacostia (Washington, DC) house of abolitionist Frederick Douglass. She continued to donate money throughout her career to the NACCP, the YMCA, and to black schools, organizations, individuals, orphanages, and retirement homes.
In May 1918 she moved to her Irvington-on-Hudson, New York estate, Villa Lewaro, which had been designed by Vertner Tandy, the first licensed black architect in New York State and a founding member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. One of her neighbors was industrialist John D. Rockefeller. Madam C.J. Walker died at Villa Lewaro on Sunday, May 25, 1919 from complications of hypertension. She was 51. At her death she was considered to be the wealthiest African-American woman in America and known to be the first self-made female American millionaire. Her daughter, A'Lelia Walker, became the president of the C.J Walker Manufacturing Company.
Recognition
Madam Walker was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1992. In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante listed Madam C. J. Walker on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[5] She also has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, the National Cosmetology Hall of Fame and the National Direct Sales Hall of Fame. On 28 January 1998 the USPS, as part of its Black Heritage Series, issued the Madam C.J. Walker Commemorative stamp.[6] On 16 March 2010, Congressman Charles Rangel introduced HJ81,[7] a Congressional House Joint Resolution, honoring Madam C. J. Walker. That legislation currently awaits a vote.
The Guinness Book of Records cites Walker as the first woman who became a millionaire by her own achievements.
See also
- A'Lelia Bundles
- A'Lelia Walker
- List of people on stamps of the United States
- Madame Walker Theatre Center
References
- ^ Madison Parish 1850 census, Rootsweb, Ancestry,com
- ^ a b On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker by A'Lelia Bundles (Scribner 2001)
- ^ On Her Own Ground/Bundles
- ^ On Her Own Ground/Bundles and Marion County Court Records/Indiana
- ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
- ^ "Madam C.J. Walker Beauty products entrepreneur; local philanthropist". Background summaries of people & events by The Star's library. IndyStar. updated 1-22-01. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Text of H. J. Res. 81: Recognizing Madam C.J. Walker for her achievements as a trailblazing woman in business, philanthropist, and 20th century activist for social justice". 111th CONGRESS. GovTrack. March 16, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
Further reading
- Bundles, A'Lelia P. On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C.J. Walker Lisa Drew Books/Scribner, 2001. ISBN 0-7434-3172-3
- Bundles, A'Lelia Madam C. J. Walker: Entrepreneur Chelsea House/Facts on File, 2008. ISBN 978-1-60413-072-0
- Colman, Penny Madam C.J. Walker: Building a Business Empire. The Millbrook Press, 1994.
- Due, Tananarive The Black Rose: The Dramatic Story of Madam C.J. Walker, America's First Black Female Millionaire. Ballantine Books, 2001. ISBN 0-3454-4156-7
External links
- Madame Walker Hair Products - Madame C.J. Walker's Original And Revamped Product Line.
- Madam Walker official biography website - Authorized site with accurate Walker biographical and historical information
- Madam Walker Theatre Center Indianapolis, IN National Historic Landmark and Original Walker Company Factory
- Madame Walker official company website - Manufactures And Distributes Original And Revamped Product Line.
- Villa Lewaro - Madam Walker's Irvington-on-Hudson, NY estate and National Historic Landmark
- Harvard Business School's Madam Walker Case Study Harvard Business School
- Smithsonian Lemelson Center audio Madam Walker Smithsonian Inventions Podcast Part I
- Women Who Dared: Madam C. J. Walker "Women Who Dared: Madam Walker Biography"
- Obituary, "Wealthiest Negress Dead", The New York Times, May 26, 1919
- Madam C. J. Walker at Find a Grave
- Breedlove, Sarah. Contemporary Black Biography: "Madame C. J. Walker". Gale Research via Gale Cengage Learning*
- “Two American Entrepreneurs: Madam C. J. Walker and J.C. Penney”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP)