Aggregate (data warehouse): Difference between revisions
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Aggregates are used in [[Dimensional_modeling|dimensional models]] of the [[Data_warehouse|data warehouse]] to produce dramatic positive effects on the time it takes to query large sets of data. At the simplest form an aggregate is a simple summary table that can be derived by performing a ''Group by'' SQL query. A more common use of aggregates is to take a [[Dimension_(data_warehouse)|dimension]] and change the granularity of this dimension. When changing the granularity of the dimension the [[Fact_(data_warehouse)|fact]] table has to be partially summarized to fit the new [[Granularity|grain]] of the new [[Dimension_(data_warehouse)|dimension]], thus creating new [[Dimension_(data_warehouse)|dimensional]] and [[Fact_(data_warehouse)|fact]] tables, fitting this new level of [[Granularity|grain]]. Aggregates are sometimes referred to as pre-calculated summary data, since aggregations are usually precomputed, partially summarized data, that are stored in new aggregated tables. So the reason why aggregates can make such an dramatic increase in the performance of the [[Data_warehouse|data warehouse]] is the reduction of the number of rows to be accessed when responding to a query. |
Aggregates are used in [[Dimensional_modeling|dimensional models]] of the [[Data_warehouse|data warehouse]] to produce dramatic positive effects on the time it takes to query large sets of data. At the simplest form an aggregate is a simple summary table that can be derived by performing a ''Group by'' SQL query. A more common use of aggregates is to take a [[Dimension_(data_warehouse)|dimension]] and change the granularity of this dimension. When changing the granularity of the dimension the [[Fact_(data_warehouse)|fact]] table has to be partially summarized to fit the new [[Granularity|grain]] of the new [[Dimension_(data_warehouse)|dimension]], thus creating new [[Dimension_(data_warehouse)|dimensional]] and [[Fact_(data_warehouse)|fact]] tables, fitting this new level of [[Granularity|grain]]. Aggregates are sometimes referred to as pre-calculated summary data, since aggregations are usually precomputed, partially summarized data, that are stored in new aggregated tables. So the reason why aggregates can make such an dramatic increase in the performance of the [[Data_warehouse|data warehouse]] is the reduction of the number of rows to be accessed when responding to a query. |
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[[Ralph Kimball|Kimball]] which is widely regarded as one of the original architects of data warehousing says |
[[Ralph Kimball|Kimball]] which is widely regarded as one of the original architects of data warehousing says<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rkimball.com/html/articles_search/articles1996/9608d54.html|title=Aggregate Navigation With (Almost) No Metadata|date=1995-08-15|accessdate=2010-11-22}}</ref>: |
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<blockquote>''The single most dramatic way to affect performance in a large [[Data_warehouse|data warehouse]] is to provide a proper set of aggregate (summary) records that coexist with the primary base records. Aggregates can have a very significant effect on performance, in some cases speeding queries by a factor of one hundred or even one thousand. No other means exist to harvest such spectacular gains.''</blockquote> |
<blockquote>''The single most dramatic way to affect performance in a large [[Data_warehouse|data warehouse]] is to provide a proper set of aggregate (summary) records that coexist with the primary base records. Aggregates can have a very significant effect on performance, in some cases speeding queries by a factor of one hundred or even one thousand. No other means exist to harvest such spectacular gains.''</blockquote> |
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Revision as of 10:46, 22 November 2010
Aggregates are used in dimensional models of the data warehouse to produce dramatic positive effects on the time it takes to query large sets of data. At the simplest form an aggregate is a simple summary table that can be derived by performing a Group by SQL query. A more common use of aggregates is to take a dimension and change the granularity of this dimension. When changing the granularity of the dimension the fact table has to be partially summarized to fit the new grain of the new dimension, thus creating new dimensional and fact tables, fitting this new level of grain. Aggregates are sometimes referred to as pre-calculated summary data, since aggregations are usually precomputed, partially summarized data, that are stored in new aggregated tables. So the reason why aggregates can make such an dramatic increase in the performance of the data warehouse is the reduction of the number of rows to be accessed when responding to a query.
Kimball which is widely regarded as one of the original architects of data warehousing says[1]:
The single most dramatic way to affect performance in a large data warehouse is to provide a proper set of aggregate (summary) records that coexist with the primary base records. Aggregates can have a very significant effect on performance, in some cases speeding queries by a factor of one hundred or even one thousand. No other means exist to harvest such spectacular gains.
Having aggregates and atomic data increases the complexity of the dimensional model. This complexity should be transparent to the users of the data warehouse, thus when a request is made, the data warehouse should return data from the table with the correct grain. So when requests to the data warehouse are made, aggregate navigator functionality should be implemented, to help determine the correct table with the correct grain. The number of possible aggregations is determined by every possible combination of dimension granularities. Since it would produce a lot of overhead to build all possible aggregations, it is a good idea to choose a subset of tables on which to make aggregations. The best way to choose this subset and decide which aggregations to build is to monitor queries and design aggregations to match query patterns.
Aggregate navigator
Having aggregate data in the dimensional model makes the environment more complex. To make this extra complexity transparent to the user, functionality known as aggregate navigation is used to query the dimensional and fact tables with the correct grain level. The aggregate navigation essentially examines the query to see if it can be answered using a smaller, aggregate table.
Implementations of aggregate navigators can be found in a range of technologies:
- OLAP engines
- Materialized views
- Relational OLAP (ROLAP) services
- BI application servers or query tools
It is generally recommended to use either of the first three technologies, since the benefits in the latter case is restricted to a single front end BI tool[2]
References
- ^ "Aggregate Navigation With (Almost) No Metadata". 1995-08-15. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
- ^ Kimball 2008, pg. 354
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