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The [[Latin]] phrase ''[[pollice verso]]'' is used in the context of [[Gladiator|gladiatorial combat]] for a hand gesture used by [[Ancient Roman]] crowds to pass judgment on a defeated gladiator. However, the type of gesture described by the phrase ''pollice verso'' and its meaning is unclear in the historical and literary record.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/polliceverso.html James Grout: ''The Gladiator and the Thumb'', part of the Encyclopædia Romana] </ref> |
The [[Latin]] phrase ''[[pollice verso]]'' is used in the context of [[Gladiator|gladiatorial combat]] for a hand gesture used by [[Ancient Roman]] crowds to pass judgment on a defeated gladiator. However, the type of gesture described by the phrase ''pollice verso'' and its meaning is unclear in the historical and literary record.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/polliceverso.html James Grout: ''The Gladiator and the Thumb'', part of the Encyclopædia Romana] </ref> |
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In modern popular culture, it is assumed that "thumbs |
In modern popular culture, it is assumed that "thumbs down" was the signal that a defeated gladiator should be condemned to death; "thumbs up", that he should be spared. A view popularized by a widely reproduced painting by the 19th-century artist [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], whose ''Pollice Verso'' (usually known in English as "Thumbs Down") depicts a triumphant gladiator looking up into the stands for the verdict of the crowd. |
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===Medieval=== |
===Medieval=== |
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Revision as of 23:39, 5 December 2010
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
- For the Chinese newspaper, see Thumbs Up (newspaper). For the Indian Cola drink, see Thums Up
A thumbs up or thumbs down is a common hand gesture represented by a closed fist held with the thumb extended upward or downward in approval or disapproval respectively. These gestures have become metaphors in English: "The audience gave the movie the thumbs-up" means that the audience approved of the movie, regardless of whether the gesture was made.
Unicode reserves 👍 and 👎 for these symbols.
Origins
The source of the gesture is obscure, but a number of origins have been proposed.
Opposable thumbs
Carleton S. Coon, having observed Barbary apes in Gibraltar using the gesture, hypothesised in the anthropological classic The Story of Man that it is a mutual celebration of having opposable thumbs.[1] Critics have suggested, however, that the apes may be simply repeating after humans.[citation needed]
Ancient Rome
The Latin phrase pollice verso is used in the context of gladiatorial combat for a hand gesture used by Ancient Roman crowds to pass judgment on a defeated gladiator. However, the type of gesture described by the phrase pollice verso and its meaning is unclear in the historical and literary record.[2]
In modern popular culture, it is assumed that "thumbs down" was the signal that a defeated gladiator should be condemned to death; "thumbs up", that he should be spared. A view popularized by a widely reproduced painting by the 19th-century artist Jean-Léon Gérôme, whose Pollice Verso (usually known in English as "Thumbs Down") depicts a triumphant gladiator looking up into the stands for the verdict of the crowd.
Medieval
Desmond Morris in Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution traces the practice back to a medieval custom used to seal business transactions. Over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings.
World War II
During World War II, pilots on U.S. aircraft carriers adopted the thumbs up to alert the deck crew that they were ready to go and that the wheel blocks could be removed.
The gesture's popularization in America is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. This may have originated with the China-based Flying Tigers, who were among the first American flyers involved in WWII. The appreciative Chinese would say ”挺好的“ ("ting hao de"), meaning "very good," and gesture with a thumbs up, which in Chinese means "you're number one." High officials in Chinese government see it as a sign of respect. Any person from China will recognize this numerical gesture, and it can be seen in movies and photos of the era, though this has not been verified in print by AVG pilots. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin."[3] Combat pilots in the US and around the world still use this gesture.
According to Luís da Câmara Cascudo,[4] Brazilians have adopted the "thumbs up" from watching American pilots based in northern Brazil during World War II.
The gesture internationally
"Thumbs up" traditionally translates as the foulest of gesticular insults in some Middle Eastern countries — the most straightforward interpretation is 'Up yours, pal!'[5] The sign has a similarly pejorative meaning in parts of West Africa, South America, Iran, Iraq, and Sardinia, according to Roger E. Axtell's book Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World."[5]
In Bangladesh, Iran, and Thailand it is traditionally an obscene gesture, equivalent to the use of the middle finger in the Western world.
In Italy, and Hungary in the right context, it can simply indicate the number one. Generally it is perceived as "OK".
In Russia and Finland the meaning of this expression is "awesome", "good", or "well done".
In the UK, specifically north-west England, a single handed thumbs up sign can be used as a farewell or greetings gesture between young males.[citation needed] In situations where acquaintances may see each other briefly and unexpectedly, but are unable to communicate otherwise (e.g. whilst driving past one another, or through a glass window) the thumbs up signifies a gesture of recognition.[citation needed] It is also often used as a replacement for a more traditional "wave" goodbye when parting from one another. A less common variation is the use of a brief two handed thumbs up gesture made close to the body.[citation needed]
In Australia, a thumbs-up is generally perceived as meaning "terrific". Australian Sign Language assigns this hand shape the meaning "good".
In the United States, American Sign Language users use this hand shape to indicate the number ten (10) when wiggled modestly left and right.[6] When held stationary and thrust toward another person the meaning is "yourself".[7] When lifted up by the other palm, the meaning is "help".[8]
In Japanese sign language, the thumbs-up indicates a man, or male gender as opposed to an extended pinky indicating female.
In India, although the gesture is well accepted, similar gestures have negative connotations:
- While doing a thumbs up, if the hand is wagged from side to side in a reverse-pendulum like movement, it means "won't work" or "disagree".
- Another rude gesture among kids (now less popular), is to show the thumb to a person and say "thengaa," sometimes followed making a face, drawing the tongue out and touching the chin with it.[citation needed] It indicates cocking a snook at someone.[citation needed]
- Showing your thumb to someone and calling him/her "angoothachaap"(thumb-print) implies that you are insulting him/her as an illiterate person.[citation needed]
- Still, the acceptability of the "thumbs up" gesture is seen in the popular soda Thums Up.
In Egypt, Iraq and Israel, it means perfect or very good. It's widely common between people.
In the Philippines, Richard Gordon uses his gesture pose during his presidential campaign.
The gesture in specific contexts
More recently, these gestures are associated with movie reviews, having been popularized by critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert on their televised review show Siskel & Ebert — the thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. The trademarked phrase “two thumbs up”, originally meaning a positive review from both reviewers, has come to be used as an indication of very high quality or unanimity of praise.
By extension from the movie-review usage, many websites allow users to approve or disapprove of items, such as comments in a forum, products in a store, or even other peoeple's reviews of movies, books, products, etc, by choosing to click either a thumbs-up or thumbs-down button. In the aggregate, this serves as an evaluation system. Other users may then see the total number of thumbs up and thumbs down given to an item, or may simply see the number which is produced by subtracting thumbs down from thumbs up. (In the latter case, an item which has received exactly ten of each would read as having a rating of zero, rather than one of +10/-10.) Often, users may view a list of items in order of popularity, as ranked by this metric.
Hitchhikers in the West traditionally use a thumbs up gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles, although in this presentation the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist. The gesture is also usually performed with the hand nearest the motorist.
Supporters of Texas A&M University athletic teams use the thumbs-up sign, associated with the yell, “Gig 'em, Aggies.”
In scuba diving, the thumbs-up gesture is a specific diving signal given underwater, in which the diver indicates they’re about to stop their dive and ascend. This occasionally causes confusion in new divers, who might automatically gesture thumbs-up when trying to indicate approval — actually indicating a desire to stop diving and to ascend.
The thumbs up is the crane hand signal for “raise boom”.[9]
In basketball, when a held ball occurs, an official will jerk both thumbs in the air, signalling that a jump ball is in order.
In theme park attraction safety, the “thumbs up” motion means that the ride vehicle is clear for dispatch.
Lifeguards, specifically ones with a Jeff Ellis & Associates license, use "thumbs up" to indicate that their 'zone' or area of responsibility is safe and clear of any distressed swimmers. It is most often used when one lifeguard is overtaking responsibility of a zone from another lifeguard, or when a lifeguard is returning after temporarily 'tapping out' or handing over responsibility to a nearby lifeguard.
It is typical in sporting events for immobilized or downed athletes in need of medical attention to signal a thumbs up to assure teammates and fans that he is alright and able to move. Often, when a thumbs up is not given, it is assumed that the athlete is unconscious or otherwise unable to do so.
Very often the thumbs-up sign is used simply to suggest happiness, good spirit, or a sense of accomplishment.
Trucks drivers will also indicate the presence of police to other truckers by the use of the thumbs down gesture.
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Carlton S. Coon: "The Story of Man" (1954)
- ^ James Grout: The Gladiator and the Thumb, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
- ^ http://slate.msn.com/id/2080812/ Slate: What Does a "Thumbs Up" Mean in Iraq?
- ^ Toledo, Roberto Pompeu de (March 14). "Uma paixão dos brasileiros". Veja Magazine (1999): 110.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help). - ^ a b Koerner, Brendan I. (March 28, 2003). "What Does a "Thumbs Up" Mean in Iraq?". Slate.
- ^ "Ten". ASL Browser. Michigan State University Communication Technology Laboratory.
- ^ "Yourself". ASL Browser. Michigan State University Communication Technology Laboratory.
- ^ "Help". ASL Browser. Michigan State University Communication Technology Laboratory.
- ^ MAXBOOM.com - HAND SIGNALS