Russian diaspora: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Russians ethnic 94.jpg|thumb|400px|Ethnic Russians in former Soviet Union states in 1994]] |
[[Image:Russians ethnic 94.jpg|thumb|400px|Ethnic Russians in former Soviet Union states in 1994]] |
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{{main|Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states}} |
{{main|Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states}} |
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Today largest ethnic Russian diasporas outside of Russia live in [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet states]] such as [[Ukraine]] (about 8 million), [[Kazakhstan]] (about 4.5 million),<ref>Robert Greenall, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm Russians left behind in Central Asia], [[BBC News]], 23 November 2005.</ref> [[Belarus]] (about 1.2 million), [[Latvia]] (about |
Today largest ethnic Russian diasporas outside of Russia live in [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet states]] such as [[Ukraine]] (about 8 million), [[Kazakhstan]] (about 4.5 million),<ref>Robert Greenall, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm Russians left behind in Central Asia], [[BBC News]], 23 November 2005.</ref> [[Belarus]] (about 1.2 million), [[Latvia]] (about 620,000), [[Uzbekistan]] (about 650, 000)<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html#People Uzbekistan: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref> and [[Kyrgyzstan]] (about 600,000).<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2006/02/mil-060215-irin02.htm KYRGYZSTAN: Economic disparities driving inter-ethnic conflict]</ref> |
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Their situation varied widely, from no perceivable change in status, as in [[Belarus]], to becoming foreigners or non-citizens as in [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]]<ref>[http://geo.1september.ru/articlef.php?ID=200101108 "Russians beyond the Limits of Russia"], O.I. Vendina, ''Geography'' newspaper, no. 11, 2001 {{ru icon}}</ref> if they did not request Russian Federation citizenship during the period it was available. |
Their situation varied widely, from no perceivable change in status, as in [[Belarus]], to becoming foreigners or non-citizens as in [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]]<ref>[http://geo.1september.ru/articlef.php?ID=200101108 "Russians beyond the Limits of Russia"], O.I. Vendina, ''Geography'' newspaper, no. 11, 2001 {{ru icon}}</ref> if they did not request Russian Federation citizenship during the period it was available. |
Revision as of 13:16, 11 December 2010
Terminology
The term Russian diaspora refers to the global community of ethnic Russians, usually more specifically those who maintain some kind of connection, even if ephemeral, to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Russian national identity within a local community.
The term "Russian speaking (Russophone) diaspora" (русскоговорящая диаспора) is used to describe people for whom Russian language is the native language regardless whether they are ethnic Russians or Ukrainians, Tatars, Jews, Chechens etc.
History
The earliest significant wave of ethnic Russian emigration took place in the wake of the Old Believer schism in the 17th century (see, for example, Lipovans). On some occasions later ethnic Russian communities, such as Doukhobors, also emigrated as religious dissidents fleeing the central authority.
A sizable "wave" of ethnic Russians emigrated during a short time period in the wake of the October Revolution and Civil War, known collectively as the White emigres. It is also referred to as the "first wave", even though previous emigrations took place, as it is the first wave to have come in the wake of the communist revolution and it carried on a heavily political character.
A smaller group of Russians (often referred to by Russians as the Second wave of Russian emigration had also left during World War II, they were refugees, eastern workers, or surviving veterans of the Russian Liberation Army and other anti-communist armed units who had served under the German command and evaded forced repatriation. In the immediate post-World War II period, the largest Russian communities in the emigration were to be found in Germany, Canada, the U.S., United Kingdom and Australia.
In the 1970's a number of Russian-speaking Soviet citizens (predominantly Jews) emigrated to Israel and the U.S. due to political and economic reasons, and also to escape antisemitism. Some Soviet dissidents were forced to emigrate by KGB which threatened them with arrest. This group is often called The Third wave of Russian emigration.
Immediately before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, significant emigration of citizens of the Russian Federation to various parts of the world has taken place, mostly for economic reasons. Israel and Germany have received the largest shares of Russian speaking immigrants (Israel - predominantly Jews, Germany - predominantly ethnic Germans and Jews) in the nineties, because of incentives institutionalized by the governments of both countries.
It should be also noted that before and during the Soviet period ethnic Russians migrated from Russia proper throughout the area of the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, sometimes encouraged to re-settle in borderlands by Tsarist and later Soviet government. That is why after the Baltic states regained independence and after the dissolution of the USSR many ethnic Russians found themselves in the independent states other than Russia. As noted above, they represent the largest number of ethnic Russians living outside Russia.
By country
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2009) |
Former USSR
Today largest ethnic Russian diasporas outside of Russia live in former Soviet states such as Ukraine (about 8 million), Kazakhstan (about 4.5 million),[59] Belarus (about 1.2 million), Latvia (about 620,000), Uzbekistan (about 650, 000)[60] and Kyrgyzstan (about 600,000).[61]
Their situation varied widely, from no perceivable change in status, as in Belarus, to becoming foreigners or non-citizens as in Estonia and Latvia[62] if they did not request Russian Federation citizenship during the period it was available.
East Asia
Russians (eluosizu) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. There are approximately 15,600, living mostly in northern Xinjiang, and also in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang. In the 1920s Harbin was flooded with 100,000 to 200,000 Russian White émigrés fleeing from Russia. Some Harbin Russians moved to other cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin. By the 1930s, Shanghai's Russian community had grown to more than 25,000.[63]
There are also smaller numbers of Russians in Japan and Russians in Korea. The Japanese government dispute Russia's claim to the Kuril Islands, which were annexed by the USSR in 1945 after Japan's surrender in World War II. The Red Army expelled all Japanese from the island chain, which was resettled by Russians and other Soviet nationalities.[citation needed] A few Russians also settled in the Korean peninsula in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[64] The population of Russians in Singapore was estimated at no more than a thousand by the local Russian embassy in 2008; they are a largely professional and business-oriented expatriate community, and count among their numbers more than a hundred company owners or local heads of branches of large Russian multinationals.[65]
Americas
See also: Russian American
Russian settlement settlement in Mexico was minimal but well documented in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A breakaway sect of Old Believers of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Molokans arrived in Baja California the state facing California, USA in the 1880s-1920s to escape persecution from Tsarist Russia. The Molokans received a land grant in the Guadalupe Valley south of Ensenada to establish a few villages and held onto a Russian culture for a few decades before they were abandoned and cemeteries bearing Cyrillic letters remain. [citation needed] Dissenters of the official Soviet Communist party like the Trotskyites along with leader Leon Trotsky found refuge in Mexico in the 1920s, where he was assassinated by Soviet agents in 1940. [citation needed]
Other
There are also small Russian communities in the Balkans, Eastern and Central European nations such as Germany, and in China. These communities may identify themselves either as Russians or citizens of these countries, or both, to varying degrees.
References
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2006) |
- ^ (2001 census)
- ^ (1999 census)
- ^ The numbers collected by the National Census are based on the country of origin and include among ethnic Russians significant amount of Jews, Ukrainians, Tatars and other people who stated Russia as the country of their ancestry
- ^ (2000)
- ^ Israel faces Russian brain drain BBC, By Lucy Ash BBC Radio 4's Crossing Continents, Thursday, 25 November, 2004, 10:33 GMT
- ^ After 20 years, why has Russian immigration to Israel stagnated? Haaretz, By Tracy Levy, Published 13:40 10.09.09
- ^ (2009)
- ^ Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības
- ^ (2005)
- ^ (1999)
- ^ 13.5% of the population -
- ^ (2006)
- ^ (2007)
- ^ Turkmen pledge on Russian rights, BBC News
- ^ (2001)
- ^ (2004)
- ^ (2005)
- ^ (2003)
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook
- ^ Southern Caucasus: Facing Integration Problems, Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life
- ^ [1]
- ^ Embajada de la Federación de Rusia en la República de Chile. Los primeros rusos en Chile.
- ^ (2000)
- ^ (2002 census)
- ^ Georgia: Ethnic Russians Feel Insulated From Tensions, Radio Free Europe
- ^ Category No. 2068.0 - 2006 Census Tables
- ^ Créditos
- ^ How many Russians in Belgium?
- ^ Immigrants and the difficulties of integration and getting into the cultural mainstream
- ^ Russians in the United Kingdom
- ^ [2]
- ^ (1956 census, US govt. estimate)
- ^ Rusos en Argentina
- ^ Informatii utile | Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii
- ^ (2000 census)
- ^ (2002 census)
- ^ a b (2002 census)
- ^ Statistics Norway
- ^ Demographics of Greece
- ^ Demographics of Poland#Russians
- ^ Naumov, Alexander (2009-07-05), "The Russian Diaspora in Afghanistan", Russian Diaspora Communities, Russkiy Mir Foundation, retrieved 2009-07-29
- ^ (2006 census)
- ^ Russians in Cyprus
- ^ Joshua project - Ethnic groups of Sweden
- ^ Russians in Japan
- ^ Austria#Demographics
- ^ Immigration to Portugal
- ^ (2002 census)
- ^ (2009 census) []
- ^ Joshua Project - Ethnic People Groups of Venezuela
- ^ [3]
- ^ Date census 2002
- ^ (2002 census)
- ^ Orthodox Church of the South Africa
- ^ (2000 census)
- ^ a b [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
- ^ Uzbekistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- ^ KYRGYZSTAN: Economic disparities driving inter-ethnic conflict
- ^ "Russians beyond the Limits of Russia", O.I. Vendina, Geography newspaper, no. 11, 2001 Template:Ru icon
- ^ Tales of Old Shanghai - cultures - Russians
- ^ Clark, Donald N. (1994), "Vanished Exiles: The Prewar Russian Community in Korea", in Dae-Sook Suh (ed.), Korean Studies: New Pacific Currents, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 41–58, ISBN 0-8248-1598-X
- ^ Drankina, Yekaterina (2008-03-10), "Сингапурский десант", Kommersant Den'gi, vol. 9, no. 664, retrieved 2009-07-30
- Russia Abroad: A comprehensive guide to Russian Emigration after 1917 Biographical databases. Photoarchive. Research results accompanied by original documents, paper extracts.