Lystrosaurus: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{italictitle}}{{Taxobox |
{{italictitle}}{{Taxobox |
||
| image = |
| image = Lystrosaurus murrayi.jpg |
||
| image_width = 250px |
| image_width = 250px |
||
| image_caption = ''Lystrosaurus murrayi'' skeleton, [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]], Paris. |
| image_caption = ''Lystrosaurus murrayi'' skeleton, [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]], Paris. |
||
Revision as of 16:49, 11 December 2010
| Lystrosaurus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lystrosaurus murrayi skeleton, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Suborder: | |
| Infraorder: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | †Lystrosaurus Cope, 1870
|
| Species | |
| |
Lystrosaurus (meaning "shovel lizard", Template:Pron-en) was a genus of Late Permian and Early Triassic Period dicynodont therapsids, which lived around 250 million years ago in what is now Antarctica, India, and South Africa. Four to six species are currently recognized, although from the 1930s to 1970s the number of species was thought to be much higher.
Being a dicynodont, Lystrosaurus had only two teeth, a pair of tusk-like canines, and is thought to have had a horny beak that was used for biting off pieces of vegetation. Lystrosaurus was a heavily-built, herbivorous animal, approximately the size of a pig. The structure of its shoulders and hip joints suggest that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait. The forelimbs were even more robust than the hindlimbs, and the animal is thought to have been a powerful digger that nested in burrows.
Lystrosaurus was by far the most common terrestrial vertebrate of the Early Triassic, accounting for as many as 95% of the total individuals in some fossil beds. It has often been suggested that it had anatomical features that enabled it to adapt better than most animals to the atmospheric conditions that were created by the Permian–Triassic extinction event and which persisted through the Early Triassic—low concentrations of oxygen and high concentrations of carbon dioxide. However recent research suggests that these features were no more pronounced in Lystrosaurus than in genera that perished in the extinction or genera that survived but were much less abundant than Lystrosaurus.
Description
Lystrosaurus was a pig-sized dicynodont therapsid, typically about 3 feet (0.9 m) long and weighing about 200 pounds (90 kg).[2] Unlike other therapsids, dicynodonts had very short snouts and no teeth except for the tusk-like upper canines. Dicynodonts are generally thought to have had horny beaks like those of turtles, for shearing off pieces of vegetation which were then ground on a horny secondary palate when the mouth was closed. The jaw joint was weak and moved backwards and forwards with a shearing action, instead of the more common sideways or up and down movements. It is thought that the jaw muscles were attached unusually far forward on the skull and took up a lot of space on the top and back of the skull. As a result the eyes were set high and well forward on the skull, and the face was short.[3]
Features of the skeleton indicate that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait. The lower rear corner of the scapula (shoulder blade) was strongly ossified (built of strong bone), which suggests that movement of the scapula contributed to the stride length of the forelimbs and reduced the sideways flexing of the body.[4] The five sacral vertebrae were massive but not fused to each other and to the pelvis, making the back more rigid and reducing sideways flexing while the animal was walking. Therapsids with fewer than five sacral vertebrae are thought to have had sprawling limbs, like those of modern lizards.[4] In dinosaurs and mammals, which have erect limbs, the sacral vertebrae are fused to each other and to the pelvis.[5] A buttress above each acetabulum (hip socket) is thought to have prevented dislocation of the femur (thigh bone) while Lystrosaurus was walking with a semi-sprawling gait.[4] The forelimbs of Lystrosaurus were massive,[4] and Lystrosaurus is thought to have been a powerful burrower.[6]
Distribution and species
Lystrosaurus fossils have been found in many late Permian and Early Triassic terrestrial bone beds, most abundantly in Africa, and to a lesser extent in parts of what are now India, China, Mongolia, European Russia, and Antarctica (which was not over the South Pole at the time).[4]
Species found in Africa
Most Lystrosaurus fossils have been found in the Balfour and Katburg Formations of the Karoo region, which is mostly in South Africa; these specimens offer the best prospects of identifying species because they are the most numerous and have been studied for the longest time. As so often with fossils, there is debate in the paleontological community as to exactly how many species have been found in the Karoo.[6] Studies from the 1930s to 1970s suggested a large number (23 in one case).[6] However, by the 1980s and 1990s, only six species were recognized in the Karoo: L. curvatus, L. platyceps, L. oviceps, L. maccaigi, L. murrayi, and L. declivis. A study in 2006 reduced that number to four, treating the fossils previously labeled as L. platyceps and L. oviceps as members of L. curvatus.[7]
L. maccaigi is the largest and apparently most specialized species, while L. curvatus was the least specialized. A Lystrosaurus-like fossil, Kwazulusaurus shakai, has also been found in South Africa. Although not assigned to the same genus, K. shakai is very similar to L. curvatus. Some paleontologists have therefore proposed that K. shakai was possibly an ancestor of or closely related to the ancestors of L. curvatus, while L. maccaigi arose from a different lineage.[6]
L. maccaigi is found only in sediments from the Permian period, and apparently did not survive the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Its specialized features and sudden appearance in the fossil record without an obvious ancestor may indicate that it immigrated into the Karoo from an area in which Late Permian sediments have not been found.[6]
L. curvatus is found in a relatively narrow band of sediments from shortly before and after the extinction, and can be used as an approximate marker for the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods. A skull identified as L. curvatus has been found in late Permian sediments from Zambia. For many years it had been thought that there were no Permian specimens of L. curvatus in the Karoo, which led to suggestions that L. curvatus immigrated from Zambia into the Karoo. However, a re-examination of Permian specimens in the Karoo has identified some as L. curvatus, and there is no need to assume immigration.[6]
L. murrayi and L. declivis are found only in Permian sediments.[6]
Other species
Lystrosaurus georgi fossils have been found in the Earliest Triassic sediments of the Moscow Basin in Russia. It was probably closely related to the African Lystrosaurus curvatus,[4] which is regarded as one of the least specialized species and has been found in very Late Permian and very Early Triassic sediments.[6]
History
Dr. Elias Root Beadle, a Philadelphia missionary and avid fossil collector, discovered the first Lystrosaurus skull. Beadle wrote to the eminent paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, but received no reply. Marsh's rival, Edward Drinker Cope, was very interested in seeing the find, and described and named Lystrosaurus in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society in 1870.[8] Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek words listron "shovel" and sauros "lizard".[9] Marsh belatedly purchased the skull in May 1871, although his interest in an already-described specimen was unclear; he may have wanted to carefully scrutinize Cope's description and illustration.[8]
Plate tectonics
The discovery of Lystrosaurus fossils at Coalsack Bluff in the Transantarctic Mountains by Edwin H. Colbert and his team in 1969–70 helped confirm the theory of plate tectonics and convince the last of the doubters, since Lystrosaurus had already been found in the lower Triassic of southern Africa as well as in India and China.[10]
Paleoecology
Dominance of the Early Triassic
Lystrosaurus is notable for dominating southern Pangea during the Early Triassic for millions of years. At least one unidentified species of this genus survived the end-Permian mass extinction and, in the absence of predators and of herbivorous competitors, went on to thrive and re-radiate into a number of species within the genus,[11] becoming the most common group of terrestrial vertebrates during the Early Triassic; for a while 95% of land vertebrates were Lystrosaurus.[11][12] This is the only time that a single species or genus of land animal dominated the Earth to such a degree.[13] A few other Permian therapsid genera also survived the mass extinction and appear in Triassic rocks—the therocephalians Tetracynodon, Moschorhinus and Ictidosuchoides—but do not appear to have been abundant in the Triassic;[6] complete ecological recovery took 30 million years, spanning the Early and Middle Triassic.[14]
Several attempts have been made to explain why Lystrosaurus survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the "mother of all mass extinctions",[15] and why it dominated Early Triassic fauna to such an unprecedented extent:
- One of the more recent theories is that the Permian–Triassic extinction event reduced the atmosphere's oxygen content and increased its carbon dioxide content, so that many terrestrial species died out because they found breathing too difficult.[12] It has therefore been suggested that Lystrosaurus survived and became dominant because its burrowing life-style made it able to cope with an atmosphere of "stale air", and that specific features of its anatomy were part of this adaptation: a barrel chest that accommodated large lungs, short internal nostrils that facilitated rapid breathing, and high neural spines (projections on the dorsal side of the vertebrae) that gave greater leverage to the muscles that expanded and contracted its chest. However, there are weaknesses in all these points: the chest of Lystrosaurus was not significantly larger in proportion to its size than in other dicynodonts that became extinct; although Triassic dicynodonts appear to have had longer neural spines than their Permian counter-parts, this feature may be related to posture, locomotion or even body size rather than respiratory efficiency; L. murrayi and L. declivis are much more abundant than other Early Triassic burrowers such as Procolophon or Thrinaxodon.[6]
- The suggestion that Lystrosaurus was helped to survive and dominate by being semi-aquatic has a similar weakness: although amphibians become more abundant in the Karoo's Triassic sediments, they were much less numerous than L. murrayi and L. declivis.[6]
- The most specialized and the largest animals are at higher risk in mass extinctions; this may explain why the unspecialized L. curvatus survived while the larger and more specialized L. maccaigi perished along with all the other large Permian herbivores and carnivores.[6] Although Lystrosaurus generally looks adapted to feed on plants similar to Dicroidium, which dominated the Early Triassic, the larger size of L. maccaigi may have forced it to rely on the larger members of the Glossopteris flora, which did not survive the end-Permian extinction.[6]
- Only the 1.5 metres (4.9 ft)–long therocephalian Moschorhinus and the large archosauriform Proterosuchus appear large enough to have preyed on the Triassic Lystrosaurus species, and this shortage of predators may have been responsible for a Lystrosaurus population boom in the Early Triassic.[6]
- Perhaps the survival of Lystrosaurus was simply a matter of luck.[11]
In popular culture
- Lystrosaurus appeared in the Impossible Pictures production Walking with Monsters. Here, it was shown evolving from the little dicynodont Diictodon, even though both species lived at the same time.
- Lystrosaurus also appeared in the 5th episode of Animal Armageddon, "explaining" that the different Lystrosaurus Species can interbreed with each other to adapt better.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r The Paleobiology Database
- ^ "Lystrosaurus". Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ^ Cowen, R. (2000). The History of Life (3rd ed.). Blackwell Scientific. pp. 167–68. ISBN 0-632-04444-6.
- ^ a b c d e f Surkov, M.V., Kalandadze, N.N., and Benton, M.J. (2005). "Lystrosaurus georgi, a dicynodont from the Lower Triassic of Russia" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 402–413. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0402:LGADFT]2.0.CO;2.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Benton, Michael J. (2004). "Origin and relationships of Dinosauria". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (ed.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 7–19. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Botha, J., and Smith, R.M.H. (2007). "Lystrosaurus species composition across the Permo–Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa". Lethaia. 40: 125–137. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00011.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Full version online at "Lystrosaurus species composition across the Permo–Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-07-02. - ^ Grine, F.E., Forster, C.A., Cluver, M.A. & Georgi, J.A. (2006). "Amniote paleobiology. Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles," (Document). University of Chicago Press. pp. 432–503.
{{cite document}}: Unknown parameter|contribution=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Wallace, David Rains (2000). The Bonehunters' Revenge: Dinosaurs, Greed, and the Greatest Scientific Feud of the Gilded Age. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0618082409.
- ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ Naomi Lubick, Investigating the Antarctic, Geotimes, 2005.
- ^ a b c Michael J. Benton (2006). When Life Nearly Died. The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 050028573X.
- ^ a b The Consolations of Extinction: includes section on Lystrosaurus and end-Permian extinction
- ^ BBC: Life Before Dinosaurs
- ^ Sahney, S. and Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological. 275 (1636): 759. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Erwin DH (1993). The great Paleozoic crisis; Life and death in the Permian. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231074670.