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===The Community Court of Justice===
===The Community Court of Justice===
The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991, and included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community that came into existence in 1993.<ref name="Court">[http://www.ecowascourt.org/French/texts/information.pdf ECOWAS (2007) ''Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community'' ECOWAS]</ref> The Court legally came into being when the 1991 protocol entered into force on 5 November 1996. The jurisdiction of the Community Court of Justice is laid out in Article 9 and Article 76 of the Revised Treaty, and includes ruling on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty and providing the ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues (Article 10). Like its companion courts the European Court of Human Rights and the [[East African Court of Justice]], it has jurisdiction over fundamental human rights breaches.<ref name="Court"/>
The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993.<ref name="Court">[http://www.ecowascourt.org/French/texts/information.pdf ECOWAS (2007) ''Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community'' ECOWAS]</ref> However, the Court didn’t officially being operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on November 5th, 1996. The jursdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Article 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty. It also provides the ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues (Article 10). Like its companion courts the European Court of Human Rights and the [[East African Court of Justice]], it possess authority over fundamental human rights breaches.<ref name="Court"/>


=== Sporting and cultural exchange ===
=== Sporting and cultural exchange ===
ECOWAS nations organise a broad array of cultural and sport meetings under the auspices of the body, ranging from the [[CEDEAO Cup]] in [[association football|football]], to the [[Miss CEDEAO]] [[Beauty pageant]].
ECOWAS nations organize a broad array of cultural and sports event under the auspices of the body, ranging from the [[CEDEAO Cup]] in [[association football|football]], to the [[Miss CEDEAO]] [[Beauty pageant]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Miss ECOWAS 2010 | first= | last=| newspaper=The Economist | date=18 November 2010 | url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2010/11/west_african_beauty_pageant | accessdate=10 December 2010}}</ref>


==Economic participation==
==Economic participation==
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{{seealso|CFA franc|Economic and monetary union}}
{{seealso|CFA franc|Economic and monetary union}}
[[File:UEMOA and Eco in ECOWAS.PNG|thumb|250px|{{legend|#008000|UEMOA}}{{legend|#FF0000|WAMZ}}{{legend|#000080|ECOWAS only}}]]
[[File:UEMOA and Eco in ECOWAS.PNG|thumb|250px|{{legend|#008000|UEMOA}}{{legend|#FF0000|WAMZ}}{{legend|#000080|ECOWAS only}}]]
The West African Economic and Monetary Union (or UEMOA from its name in [[French language|French]], ''Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine'') is an organization of eight states of [[West Africa]] established to promote [[economic integration]] among countries that share a common currency, the [[CFA franc]]. UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], on 10 January 1994 by the Heads of State and Government of [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Côte d’Ivoire]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Senegal]], and [[Togo]]. On 2 May 1997, [[Guinea-Bissau]], a former [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]], became its eighth (and only non-[[Francophone]]) member state.
The West African Economic and Monetary Union (also known as UEMOA from its name in [[French language|French]], ''Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine'') is an organization comprised of eight West African states. It was established to promote [[economic integration]] among countries that share the [[CFA franc]] as a common currency. UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], on January 10th, 1994 by the heads of state and governments of [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Côte d’Ivoire]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Senegal]], and [[Togo]]. On May 2nd, 1997, [[Guinea-Bissau]], a former [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]], became the organization’s eighth (and only non-[[Francophone]]) member state.


UEMOA is a [[customs union]] and [[monetary union]] between some of the members of ECOWAS. Its objectives are<ref>[http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-68350-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html] REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN WEST AFRICA A Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa</ref>
UEMOA is a [[customs union]] and [[monetary union]] between these members of ECOWAS. Its objectives include the following:<ref>[http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-68350-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html] REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN WEST AFRICA A Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa</ref>
* Greater economic competitiveness, through open and competitive markets, along with the rationalization and harmonization of the legal environment
* Greater economic competitiveness, through open markets, in addition to the rationalization and harmonization of the legal environment
* The convergence of macroeconomic policies and indicators
* The convergence of macro-economic policies and indicators
* The creation of a common market
* The creation of a common market
* The coordination of sectoral policies
* The coordination of sectoral policies
* The harmonization of fiscal policies
* The harmonization of fiscal policies


In terms of its achievements, UEMOA members have implemented macroeconomic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism; have adopted a customs union and common external tariff (early 2000); have harmonized indirect taxation regulations; and have initiated regional structural and sectoral policies. A September 2002 IMF survey cited the UEMOA as "the furthest along the path toward integration" of all the regional groupings in Africa.<ref>“Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs</ref> ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common program of action on trade liberalization and macroeconomic policy convergence. ECOWAS and UEMOA have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade, and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA’s customs declaration forms and compensation mechanisms.<ref>“Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002</ref>
Among its achievements, the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism. It has adopted a customs union and common external tariff and has combined indirect taxation regulations, in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies. A September 2002 IMF survey cited the UEMOA as "the furthest along the path toward integration" of all the regional groupings in Africa.<ref>“Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs</ref>
ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on trade liberalization and macroeconomic policy convergence. The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade, and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA’s customs declaration forms and compensation mechanisms.<ref>“Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002</ref>


===West African Monetary Zone===
===West African Monetary Zone===
{{seealso|Eco (currency)}}
{{seealso|Eco (currency)}}
The West African Monetary Zone is a group of five countries in [[ECOWAS]] that plan to introduce a common currency, the [[Eco (currency)|Eco]], by the year 2015. The five member states are the [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Sierra Leone]]. [[Liberia]] (also a member of ECOWAS) has expressed an interest in joining. The WAMZ is dominated by Nigeria, [[Africa]]'s largest oil producer and most populous country, with an estimated 145 million people. All the members of group are English-speaking countries, apart from Guinea, which is Francophone. Along with [[Mauritania]], Guinea opted out of the [[CFA franc]] currency shared by all other former French colonies in [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]].
The West African Monetary Zone is a group of five countries within [[ECOWAS]] that plan to introduce a common currency, the [[Eco (currency)|Eco]], by the year 2015. The five member states are the [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Sierra Leone]]. [[Liberia]] has also expressed interest in joining. The WAMZ is largely dominated by Nigeria, due to its status as [[Africa]]'s largest oil producer and most populous country. All the members of group are English-speaking countries, apart from Guinea, which is Francophone. Along with [[Mauritania]], Guinea opted out of the [[CFA franc]] currency shared by all other former French colonies in [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]].


The WAMZ was formed in 2000 to try and establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc, whose exchange rate is tied to that of the euro and is guaranteed by the French Treasury. The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and Eco to merge, giving all of West and Central Africa a single stable currency. The launch of the new currency is being prepared by the [[West African Monetary Institute]] based in [[Accra]], Ghana. This is intended to be the forerunner of a common [[central bank]]. However, several of the WAMZ's countries suffer from weak currencies and chronic budget deficits which are currently plugged by their central banks printing more and more notes of decreasing real value.
Formed in 2000, the WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc, whose exchange rate is tied to that of the Euro and is guaranteed by the French Treasury. The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and Eco to merge, giving all of West and Central Africa a single, stable currency. The launch of the new currency is being developed by the [[West African Monetary Institute]] based in [[Accra]], Ghana. However, several of the WAMZ's countries currently suffer from weak currencies and chronic budget deficits. Unfortunately, their attempts to close this economic gap by printing more currency has further encouraged inflation.


=== Transport ===
=== Transport ===
{{main|ECOWAS rail}}
{{main|ECOWAS rail}}


A 2007 Trans-ECOWAS project plans to upgrade railways in this zone, including [[Railway stations in Ghana|Ghana]].<ref> [http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana_in_a_lead_in_railway_network_to_link_ecowas_countries 2007 Rail link ECOWAS countries]</ref>
A Trans-ECOWAS project, established in 2007, plans to upgrade railways in this zone, including [[Railway stations in Ghana|Ghana]].<ref> [http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana_in_a_lead_in_railway_network_to_link_ecowas_countries 2007 Rail link ECOWAS countries]</ref>


==See also ==
==See also ==
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[[nl:Economische Gemeenschap van West-Afrikaanse Staten]]
[[nl:Economische Gemeenschap van West-Afrikaanse Staten]]
[[ja:西アフリカ諸国経済共同体]]
[[ja:西アフリカ諸国経済共同体]]
[[no:De vestafrikanske staters økonomiske felleskap]]
[[no:Den vestafrikanske økonomiske og monetære union]]
[[pl:Wspólnota Gospodarcza Państw Afryki Zachodniej]]
[[pl:Wspólnota Gospodarcza Państw Afryki Zachodniej]]
[[pt:Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental]]
[[pt:Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental]]

Revision as of 00:45, 16 December 2010

Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental
Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest

Economic Community of West African States
flag of Economic Community of West African States
flag
  Current members
  Suspended members
HeadquartersAbuja, Nigeria
Largest cityLagos, Nigeria
Official languagesEnglish, French, Portuguese
Membership
Leaders
• Chairman
Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan
• President of the Commission
Ghana James Victor Gbeho
Niger Mahamane Ousmane
Establishment
28 May 1975[1]
Area
• Total
5,112,903 km2 (1,974,103 sq mi) (7th)
Population
• 2006 estimate
251,646,263 (4th)
• Density
115.6/km2 (299.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2005 estimate
• Total
US$ 389,519 Billion[citation needed] (28th)
• Per capita
US$ 7,890[citation needed]
CurrencyCape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cedi (GHS)2
Dalasi (GMD)2
Guinean franc (GNF)2
Liberian dollar (LRD)3
Naira (NGN)2
Leone (SLL)3
West African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zoneUTC0 to +2
  1. If considered as a single entity.
  2. to be replaced by the eco in 2015.
  3. Liberia has expressed an interest in joining the eco.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional group of fifteen West African countries. Founded on May 28th, 1975 with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos, its mission is to promote economic integration across the region.

Considered one of the pillars of the African Economic Community, the organization was founded in order to achieve "collective self-sufficiency" for its member states by creating a single large trading bloc through an economic and trading union. It also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region.[2] The organization operates officially in three co-equal languages- English, French, and Portuguese.

THE ECOWAS is comprised of two institutions to implement policies, the ECOWAS Secretariat and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development, formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation until it was renamed in 2001. James Victor Gbeho, the Advisor to the President of Ghana on Foreign Affairs, currently serves as the President of the commission. The current chairman is President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria.

A few members of the organization have come and gone over the years. In 1976 Cape Verde joined ECOWAS, and in December 2000 Mauritania withdrew,[3] having announced its intention to do so in December 1999.[4]

Current members

 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cape Verde
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Guinea-Bissau
 Liberia
 Mali
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo

Suspended members

 Guinea – suspended after the 2008 coup d'état[5][6]

 Niger – suspended after the 2009 auto-coup[7]

 Ivory Coast - suspended after the 2010 elections[8]

On October 17th, 2009, ECOWAS asked Niger to postpone its controversial 20 October elections.[9]The elections were in the process of being boycotted by members of the opposition as President Tandja Mamadou faced accusations of trying to lengthen his reign. [10] According to the News Agency of Nigeria, the organization stated that the decision to move forward with the election was "in total disregard of the authority of ECOWAS" and that it was "a clear move by the authorities in Niger to further entrench the constitutional illegality currently prevailing in the country".[9] ECOWAS announced the suspension of Niger from the organization on October, 20th 2009.[11]

Structure

President of the Commission, Current and Former

Politics of the African Union
Institutions
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Advisory bodies
Financial bodies
Decentralised bodies
Related topics

From 1977 to 2006 the post name was Executive Secretary

From the restructuring

Chairmen

Regional security cooperation

The ECOWAS nation assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 long with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981. They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on May 29th, 1981, that provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community.[12]

See also: ECOMOG

The Community Court of Justice

The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993.[13] However, the Court didn’t officially being operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on November 5th, 1996. The jursdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Article 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty. It also provides the ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues (Article 10). Like its companion courts the European Court of Human Rights and the East African Court of Justice, it possess authority over fundamental human rights breaches.[13]

Sporting and cultural exchange

ECOWAS nations organize a broad array of cultural and sports event under the auspices of the body, ranging from the CEDEAO Cup in football, to the Miss CEDEAO Beauty pageant.[14]

Economic participation

West African Economic and Monetary Union

See also: CFA franc and Economic and monetary union
  UEMOA
  WAMZ
  ECOWAS only

The West African Economic and Monetary Union (also known as UEMOA from its name in French, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) is an organization comprised of eight West African states. It was established to promote economic integration among countries that share the CFA franc as a common currency. UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at Dakar, Senegal, on January 10th, 1994 by the heads of state and governments of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo. On May 2nd, 1997, Guinea-Bissau, a former Portuguese colony, became the organization’s eighth (and only non-Francophone) member state.

UEMOA is a customs union and monetary union between these members of ECOWAS. Its objectives include the following:[15]

  • Greater economic competitiveness, through open markets, in addition to the rationalization and harmonization of the legal environment
  • The convergence of macro-economic policies and indicators
  • The creation of a common market
  • The coordination of sectoral policies
  • The harmonization of fiscal policies

Among its achievements, the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism. It has adopted a customs union and common external tariff and has combined indirect taxation regulations, in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies. A September 2002 IMF survey cited the UEMOA as "the furthest along the path toward integration" of all the regional groupings in Africa.[16]

ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on trade liberalization and macroeconomic policy convergence. The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade, and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA’s customs declaration forms and compensation mechanisms.[17]

West African Monetary Zone

See also: Eco (currency)

The West African Monetary Zone is a group of five countries within ECOWAS that plan to introduce a common currency, the Eco, by the year 2015. The five member states are the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Liberia has also expressed interest in joining. The WAMZ is largely dominated by Nigeria, due to its status as Africa's largest oil producer and most populous country. All the members of group are English-speaking countries, apart from Guinea, which is Francophone. Along with Mauritania, Guinea opted out of the CFA franc currency shared by all other former French colonies in West and Central Africa.

Formed in 2000, the WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc, whose exchange rate is tied to that of the Euro and is guaranteed by the French Treasury. The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and Eco to merge, giving all of West and Central Africa a single, stable currency. The launch of the new currency is being developed by the West African Monetary Institute based in Accra, Ghana. However, several of the WAMZ's countries currently suffer from weak currencies and chronic budget deficits. Unfortunately, their attempts to close this economic gap by printing more currency has further encouraged inflation.

Transport

Main article: ECOWAS rail

A Trans-ECOWAS project, established in 2007, plans to upgrade railways in this zone, including Ghana.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ African Union
  2. ^ Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). "West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia". Jane’s Defence Weekly. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  3. ^ Adeyemi, Segun (2002). "Fostering Regional Integration Through NEPAD Implementation: Annual Report, 2002, of the Exectuive Secretary Dr. Mohammed Ibn Chambas" (PDF). Abuja ECOWAS. Retrieved 10 December 2010. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  4. ^ "Executive Secretary's Report". 2000. Retrieved 10 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ AU Stänger av Guinea.
  6. ^ "African Union bars Guinea on coup" bbc.co.uk 29 December 2008 Link accessed 29/12/08
  7. ^ "Regional group suspends Niger on disputed election". news.yahoo.com 20 October 2009
  8. ^ "Cote d'Ivoire expelled from Ecowas". aljazeera.net 7 December 2009
  9. ^ a b Zhang Xiang (2009-10-21). "ECOWAS suspends Niger for defiance of election ban". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  10. ^ "Africa trade bloc suspends Niger". BBC. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  11. ^ Felix Onuah, Randy Fabi, Jon Boyle (2009-10-20). "West Africa's ECOWAS suspends Niger over elections". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Profile: Economic Community of West African States" (PDF). 18 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)
  13. ^ a b ECOWAS (2007) Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS
  14. ^ "Miss ECOWAS 2010". The Economist. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  15. ^ [1] REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN WEST AFRICA A Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
  16. ^ “Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)” fact sheet from the US Department of State’s Bureau of African Affairs
  17. ^ “Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002” All Africa, 1 March 2002
  18. ^ 2007 Rail link ECOWAS countries
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