Dick Cheney

Richard Bruce Cheney
46th Vice President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office January 20, 2001
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Al Gore
Personal details
Born	January 30, 1941 Lincoln, Nebraska
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Lynne Cheney

Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is currently (since 2001) the 46th Vice President of the United States under President George W. Bush. His previous governmental posts included White House Chief of Staff, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming, and Secretary of Defense. In the private sector, he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Halliburton Energy Services.

Early life and family

Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska to Richard Herbert Cheney and Marjorie Dickey. His father worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a soil conservation agent and was a registered Democrat. He has a brother, Bob, and a sister, Susan. Cheney grew up in Casper, Wyoming.

In November 1962, at age twenty-one, Cheney was convicted for the first of two offenses of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI). According to the docket from the Municipal Court in Cheyenne, Wyoming, Cheney was arrested for drunkenness and "operating motor vehicle while intoxicated." A Cheyenne Police Judge found Cheney guilty of the two charges. Cheney's driving license was suspended for 30 days and he had to forfeit a $150 bond posted at the time of his arrest.

Cheney's second arrest, in July 1963, was in Rock Springs, Wyoming. Complete records are no longer available. However, a police arrest card similar to the one that haunted President George W. Bush and maintained by the Rock Springs Police Department shows that Cheney was fined $100 for his second DWI conviction. At the time, it was not possible for the authorities in each area to link the two convictions, which would have resulted in the second offense being viewed much more seriously. Since his second arrest, Cheney has had no further known convictions.

Cheney discussed his record in a May 7, 1991 interview in The New Yorker. He said that he found himself "working, building power lines, having been in a couple of scrapes with the law." He said that the arrests made him "think about where I was and where I was headed. I was headed down a bad road, if I continued on that course."

In 1964, he married Lynne Vincent, his high-school sweetheart, whom he had met at age fourteen. Mrs. Cheney has a BA with highest honors from Colorado College, an MA from The University of Colorado, and a Ph.D. from The University of Wisconsin specializing in British literature. She has authored or co-authored eight books and numerous articles. She had served from 1986 to 1996 as Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities, appointed by Ronald Reagan. She had been a co-host on CNN's Crossfire. She is now a public speaker, pundit and author, and a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.

Cheney was of military age and a supporter of the Vietnam War but he did not serve in the war. On May 19, 1965, Cheney was classified as 1-A "available for service" by the Selective Service. On October 26, 1965 the Selective Service lifted the constraints on drafting childless married men. However, after his daughter was born, Cheney applied for and received a reclassification of 3-A, gaining him a fifth draft deferment. Asked about his deferments, the future Defense Secretary said he had "other priorities than military service."

Cheney has two adult daughters, Elizabeth and Mary, and four grandchildren. Elizabeth was born in 1966 and is married to Philip J. Perry, a Lockheed Martin Corp. lobbyist who was nominated by Pres. George W. Bush in March or April, 2005, to be General Counsel of the Department of Homeland Security. The Perrys have four children. Elizabeth graduated from the University of Chicago Law School in 1996 and has worked as an international law attorney, consultant. She currently works for the State Department's Near East Affairs Bureau. Mary is one of her father's top campaign aides and closest confidantes and lives in Denver, Colorado. Her sexual orientation as a lesbian has become a source of increasing public attention for Dick Cheney in light of the recent same-sex marriage debate. On August 25th 2004, Cheney said that he considers same sex marriage to be an issue that should be decided by individual states.

Cheney attends the United Methodist Church.

Education

Following high school, Cheney earned an academic scholarship and attended Yale University in 1959. He decided after three semesters to take some time off from Yale, on account of difficulty with his studies. He saved up enough money and returned to Yale only to leave again the following semester, partly due to poor grades, but also due to his homesickness for Wyoming, and the girl he would eventually marry.

After his DWI convictions, Cheney returned to academics. He first matriculated at Casper Community College in 1963 and thereafter at the University of Wyoming, where he began earning straight A's. He received his bachelor's degree in 1965 and master's degree in political science in 1966, both from the University of Wyoming.

He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison as a doctoral candidate in political science and completed all required coursework, but left and entered politics before completing his dissertation. Cheney was selected for a one-year fellowship in the office of Representative William Steiger, a Republican congressman from Wisconsin.

Early political career

Early White House appointments

Dick Cheney's political career began under the Nixon administration in 1969. He served in a number of positions, such as: Cost of Living Council, at the United States Office of Economic Opportunity (as a special assistant to Donald Rumsfeld beginning in the spring of 1969), and within the White House. Under President Gerald Ford, Cheney became Assistant to the President and the youngest White House Chief of Staff in history. He was campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign, while James Baker served as campaign chairman. These factors would widely gain influence later in Cheney's career.

Congress

The Dick Cheney Federal Building in Casper, Wyoming.

Cheney was elected to represent Wyoming in the U.S. House of Representatives to replace Teno Roncalio, who had resigned from Congress. He defeated his Democratic opponent, Bill Bagley, in the 1978 midterm elections. Cheney was reelected five times, serving until 1989. He was Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee from 1981 to 1987 when he was elected Chairman of the House Republican Conference. The following year, he was elected House Minority Whip.

Among the many votes he cast during his tenure in the House, he voted in 1979 with the majority against making Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday a national holiday, and again voted with the majority in 1983 when the measure passed.

He voted against the creation of the U.S. Department of Education, citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government. He also believed it to be an encroachment to states' rights.

In 1986, after President Reagan vetoed a bill to impose economic sanctions against South Africa for its official policy of apartheid, Cheney was one of 83 Representatives who voted against overriding the veto. In later years, Cheney articulated his opposition to "unilateral sanctions," against many different countries, stating "they almost never work." He also opposed unilateral sanctions against communist Cuba, and later in his career he would support multilateral sanctions against Iraq. However the comparison to Cuba is not exactly apt, as the European Community had voted to place limited sanctions upon South Africa in 1986.

In 1986, Cheney, along with 145 Republicans and 31 Democrats, voted against a nonbinding Congressional resolution calling on the South African government to release Nelson Mandela from prison, after the majority Democrats defeated proposed amendments to the language that would have required Mandela to renounce violence sponsored by the ANC and requiring the ANC to oust the Communist faction from leadership. The resolution was defeated. Appearing on CNN during the Presidential campaign in 2000, Cheney addressed criticism for this, saying he opposed the resolution because the ANC "at the time was viewed as a terrorist organization and had a number of interests that were fundamentally inimical to the United States."

As a Wyoming representative, he was also known for his vigorous advocacy of the state's petroleum and coal businesses. The federal building in Casper, a regional center of the oil and coal business, was named the "Dick Cheney Federal Building" for him.

Secretary of Defense

Cheney served as the Secretary of Defense from March 1989 to January 1993 under President George H. W. Bush. He directed Operation Just Cause in Panama and Operation Desert Storm in the Middle East. In 1991 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for "preserving America's defenses at a time of great change around the world."

Business career

With Democrats returning the White House in January 1993, Cheney left the Department of Defense and joined the American Enterprise Institute. From 1995 until 2000, he served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Halliburton, a Fortune 500 company and market leader in the energy sector. Under Cheney's tenure, the number of Halliburton subsidiaries in offshore tax havens increased from 9 to 44. Meanwhile, Halliburton went from paying $302 million in company taxes in 1998 to getting an $85 million tax refund in 1999. As CEO of Halliburton, Dick Cheney lobbied to lift U.S. sanctions against Iran and Libya, saying they hurt business and failed to stop terrorism. He also sat on the Board of Directors of Procter & Gamble, Union Pacific, and EDS.

In 1997, he, along with Donald Rumsfeld and others, founded the "Project for the New American Century," a think tank whose self-stated goal is to "promote American global leadership". He was also part of the board of adviser of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) before becoming Vice President.

Health problems

As Vice President, Cheney is cared for by the White House Medical Group. Staff from the WHMG accompany the President and the Vice President while either are traveling, and make advance contact with local emergency medical services to ensure that urgent care is available immediately should it be necessary.

Cheney's long histories of cardiovascular disease and periodic need for urgent health care have raised the question of whether he is medically fit to serve as Vice President. Cheney sustained the first of four myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) in 1978, at age 37. Subsequent infarctions in 1984, 1988, and 2001 have resulted in moderate contractile dysfunction of his left ventricle. He underwent four-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting in 1988, coronary artery stenting in November 2000, and urgent coronary balloon angioplasty in March 2001.

In 2001 a Holter monitor disclosed brief episodes of (asymptomatic) ectopy. An electrophysiologic study was performed, at which Cheney was found to be inducible. A cardiac defibrillator was therefore implanted in his left upper anterior chest. As of 2004, it has never discharged.

On September 24, 2005, Cheney had an endo-vascular procedure to repair popliteal artery aneurysms bilaterally. (In other words, a catheter treatment technique was used in the artery behind each knee.) The condition was discovered at a regular physical in July, and, while not life-threatening itself, is likely an indicator that Cheney's atherosclerotic disease is progressing despite aggressive treatment.

On January 9 2006 Cheney was taken to the hospital for tests after experiencing shortness of breath. He was given heart tests and tests for retention of water (he had been retaining water due to medication he had been taking for a foot complaint) before being discharged. He was placed on a diuretic to help get rid of the fluids.

Cheney occasionally requires the use of a cane for walking. This is due to a pre-existing foot condition and is unrelated to his cardiovascular disease, according to Cheney.

Vice-Presidency

Further information: U.S. presidential election, 2000

President George W. Bush's 2003 State of the Union address. Over the President's right shoulder is Cheney; over his left is Dennis Hastert.

In the spring of 2000, while serving as Halliburton's CEO, he headed George W. Bush's Vice-Presidential search committee. After reviewing Cheney's findings, Bush surprised pundits by asking Cheney himself to join the Republican ticket.

In the 2000 presidential election, a question was raised by the Democrats as to Cheney's state of residency since he had been living in Texas. A lawsuit was brought in Jones v. Bush attempting to invalidate electoral votes from Texas under the provisions of the Twelfth amendment, but was rejected by a Federal district court in Texas.

After taking office, Cheney quickly earned a reputation as a very "hands-on" Vice President, taking an active role in cabinet meetings and policy formation. He is often described as the most active and powerful Vice President in recent years. Some, like Kenneth Duberstein (Reagan's last Chief of Staff), have likened him to a prime minister because of his powerful position inside the Bush Administration.

As President of the Senate, he has cast six (so far) tie-breaking votes, including deciding votes on concurring in the conference reports of the 2004 congressional budget and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.

Cheney directed the National Energy Policy Development Group (NEPDG) commonly known as the Energy task force. Comprised by people in the energy industry, this group included several Enron executives. Because of the subsequent Enron scandal, critics accused the Bush Administration of improper political and business ties. In July 2003, the Supreme Court ruled that the Department of Commerce must make the NEPDG's documents public. The documents included information on companies that had made agreements with Saddam Hussein to develop Iraq's oil. The documents also included maps of oil deposits in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates. The NEPDG's report contains several chapters, covering topics such as environmental protection, energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy security. Critics focus on the eighth chapter, "Strengthening Global Alliances", claiming that this chapter urges military actions to remove strategic, political, and economic obstacles to increased U.S. consumption of oil, while others argue that the report contains no such recommendation.

Following the uncertainty immediately after the events of September 11, 2001, Cheney and President Bush were kept in physically distant locations for security reasons. For a period Cheney was not seen in public, remaining in an undisclosed location and communicating with the White House via secure video phones.

On the morning of June 29, 2002, Cheney became only the second man in history to serve as Acting President of the United States under the terms of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, while President Bush was undergoing a colonoscopy. Cheney acted as President from 11:09 UTC that day until Bush resumed control at 13:24 UTC .

One power Cheney was given in March 2003 was given to him by Executive Order 13292 — that order granted him the ability to classify documents. However, the Vice President's ability to de-classify documents exists in a legal grey area and, as of February 2006, remains as a point of controversy. .

Both supporters and opponents of Cheney point to his reputation as a very shrewd and knowledgeable businessman and politician who knows the functions and runnings of the federal government. Opponents however accuse him of following policies that indirectly subsidize the oil industry and major government contractors, and hold that Cheney strongly influenced the decision to use military force in Iraq. He is the leading proponent within the Bush administration of the right of the United States to use torture as part of the War on Terror, and has been lobbying Congress to exempt the CIA from Senator John McCain's proposed anti-torture bill.

One sign of Cheney's active policy-making role is the fact that the Speaker of the House gave him an office near the House floor . This is in addition to his office in the West Wing, his ceremonial office in the Old Executive Office Building , and his Senate offices (one in the Dirksen Senate Office Building and another off the floor of the Senate).

Relationship to Halliburton as Vice President

Cheney resigned as CEO of Halliburton on July 25 2000, and put all of his corporate shares into a blind trust, except 433,333 stock options worth about $8 million which are referenced in a Gift Trust Agreement pursuant to which an Administrative Agent has the right to exercise those options and distribute the proceeds from the sale of the resulting stock to certain charitable organizations. As part of his deferred compensation agreements with Halliburton contractually arranged prior to Cheney becoming Vice President, Cheney's public financial disclosure sheets filed with the U.S. Office of Government Ethics showed he received $162,392 in 2002 and $205,298 in 2001. Upon his nomination as a Vice Presidential candidate, Cheney purchased an insurance policy that would guarantee his deferred payments regardless of the company's performance, removing any conflict of interest. Cheney's net worth, estimated to be between $30 million and $100 million, is largely derived from his post at Halliburton. In the rebuilding of Iraq, Halliburton was granted a $7 billion no-bid contract, the execution of which received much scrutiny by U.S. Government auditors along with the media and various political opponents who also scrutinized the awarding of the contract, claiming that it represented a conflict of interest for Mr. Cheney. In June 2004, the General Accounting Office reviewed the contracting procedures and found Halliburton's no-bid contracts were legal and likely justified by the Pentagon's wartime needs.

Plame affair

Main article: Plame affair

See also: CIA leak grand jury investigation

On October 7, 2005. The Federal Bureau of Investigation announced that they were examining computers in Cheney's office as they investigated a former Marine security officer, now an FBI intelligence analyst, accused of passing classified information to members of the opposition in the Philippines.

On October 18, 2005, The Washington Post reported that the Vice President's office was central to the investigation of the Plame affair. Cheney's former chief of staff, Lewis Libby, is one of the main figures under investigation. On October 28, Libby was indicted on five felony counts.

On February 9, 2006, The National Journal reported that Libby had said before a grand jury that his superiors, including Dick Cheney, had authorized him to disclose highly classified information to the press regarding Iraq's weapons intelligence. As a result Howard Dean on CBS's Face the Nation compared Cheney to Aaron Burr.

Hunting incident

Main article: Dick Cheney hunting incident

On February 11, 2006, Cheney accidentally shot Harry Whittington, a 78-year-old Texas attorney, in the face, neck, and upper torso with birdshot pellets from a shotgun when he turned to shoot a quail while hunting on a southern Texas ranch. Three days later, Whittington suffered a "minor heart attack" and atrial fibrillation due to a pellet travelling to his heart . The Vice President acknowledged consuming a beer with lunch, but stated he was in no way impaired when his group returned to hunt at 3 p.m. or when the accident happened between 5:30 p.m. and 5:50 p.m. The Kenedy County Sheriff's office has cleared Cheney of any criminal wrongdoing in the matter . In an interview with Fox News, Cheney accepted full responsibility for the incident.. Whittington was discharged from the hospital on February 17, 2006, and characterized the incident as an unfortunate accident. .

Though the shooting occurred Saturday, February 11, according to Whittington , news of it was not released until the following Sunday at 2:00 PM EST. In the Fox News interview, Cheney defended his decision to announce the incident at the time and manner he did. He explained that he asked the ranch owner, Katharine Armstrong, to call in the story to the local newspaper because she witnessed the accident and was an expert in all this given her background as the immediate past head of the Texas Wildlife and Parks Department. As a result, Katherine Garcia, a reporter for the Corpus Christi Caller-Times, first reported the story.

On February 17, Whittington made a statement to the press in which he expressed his regret at not being able to appear sooner. "[R]egardless of how experienced, careful and dedicated we are, accidents do and will happen," he told the press. He further expressed his sorrow for "all that vice president Cheney has had to go through this past week" but he hoped that Cheney would "continue to come to Texas and seek the relaxation that he deserves."

Dick Cheney is the first sitting Vice President known to have shot someone since 1804, when Aaron Burr shot and killed Alexander Hamilton in the Hamilton-Burr duel.

Plans for the future

Since 2001, when asked if he is interested in the Republican presidential nomination, Cheney has said he wishes to retire to private life after his term as Vice President expires. In 2004, he reaffirmed this position strongly on Fox News Sunday, saying, "I will say just as hard as I possibly know how to say... 'If nominated, I will not run,' 'If elected, I will not serve,' or not only no, but 'Hell no,' I've got my plans laid out. I'm going to serve this president for the next four years, and then I'm out of here." Such a categorical rejection of a candidacy is often referred to as a "Sherman Statement" for Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman after his dismissal of presidential considerations in 1884.

However, several political pundits and Washington insiders have publicly expressed the opinion that Cheney will decide to run for President in 2008. On August 9, 2005, famed Washington Post journalist Bob Woodward stated that in his estimation it was "highly likely" that Cheney would seek the White House after Bush's second term expires. He joins former House Speaker Newt Gingrich who expressed his confidence in a Cheney run during a January 2, 2005 interview on C-SPAN's Afterwords. Fred Barnes of Fox News, Lawrence Kudlow of CNBC, and Tod Lindberg of the Washington Times have also expressed a belief that Cheney will eventually decide to run for President in 2008.

Cheney, however, is publicly standing by his statements that he will not run in 2008. In an interview with Matthew Cooper, published in the October 24, 2005 issue of Time magazine, Lynne Cheney responded to Bob Woodward's assertions that her husband would seek the White House in 2008. "[Woodward's comments are] pretty interesting. Wrong, but interesting," she told Cooper.

External links

• Official homepage at whitehouse.gov
• United States Congress. "Dick Cheney (id: C000344)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• US Department of State
• Halliburton's Mission
• Cheney timeline and biography
• Cheney's DWIs
• Template:SourceWatch
• Cheney Joke Archive

Critical views

• Allman, T.D. (August 25, 2004). "The Curse of Dick Cheney The veep's career has been marred by one disaster after another". Rolling Stone.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Borger, Julian (November 30th, 2005). "Cheney "may be guilty of war crime" Vice-president accused of backing torture - Claims on BBC by former insider add to Bush's woes". The Guardian. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
• Editorial (December 23, 2005). "Mr. Cheney's Imperial Presidency". New York Times.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Editorial (October 18, 2004). "Dick Cheney: Whip of the Republicans". Voltaire Network.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Editorial (October 26th, 2005). "Vice President for Torture". Washington Post: A18. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
• Ireland, Doug (June 18 - 24, 2004). "The Cheney Connection Tracing the Halliburton money trail to Nigeria". LA Weekly. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
• Manjoo, Farhad (June 24, 2004). "The United States of Texas". Salon.com.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Two new books document the hold that Bush, Cheney and their corporate allies have on America.
• {{cite AV media}}: Empty citation (help) 42 minute video critical of Cheney
• Mike Allen (February 13, 2006). "Slow Leak: How Cheney Stalled News Reports of Hunting Accident". Time.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Howard Kurtz (February 14, 2006). "Monumental Misfire". Washington Post.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)

Speeches and interviews

• "The Gulf War: A First Assessment" Cheney at the Washington Institute's Soref Symposium on April 29 1991 outlining his analysis of Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War (archive.org)
• Seattle Post-Intelligencer article containing quotes from a speech on Iraq that Cheney gave at the Discovery Institute in 1992
• Cheney speech given to the Federalist Society in 2001
• Cheney speech given to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd convention in 2003
• Interview of the Vice President by Dave Elswick, KARN, May 3 2004 (audio and text).
• Neil Cavuto interviews Cheney on Fox News, June 25 2004 .
• Vice Presidential Debate, October 5 2004: Transcript text,Audio and Video (RealPlayer or MPG format)

Further reading

Works by

• Professional Military Education: An Asset for Peace and Progress : A Report of the Crisis Study Group on Professional Military Education (Csis Report) 1997. ISBN 0892062975
• Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History 1996. ISBN 0756758645

Works about

• Andrews, Elaine. Dick Cheney: A Life Of Public Service. Millbrook Press, 2001. ISBN 0761323066
• Mann, James. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet. Viking, 2004. ISBN 0670032999
• Nichols, John. Dick: The Man Who is President. New Press, 2004. ISBN 1565848403

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