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In 1996 the US athlete [[Mary Decker]] failed a T/E test with a T/E ratio of greater than 6, the limit in force at the time. She took the case to arbitration, arguing that birth control pills can cause [[false positive]]s for the test, but the arbitration panel ruled against her.
In 1996 the US athlete [[Mary Decker]] failed a T/E test with a T/E ratio of greater than 6, the limit in force at the time. She took the case to arbitration, arguing that birth control pills can cause [[false positive]]s for the test, but the arbitration panel ruled against her.


On September 20, 2007 [[Floyd Landis]] was stripped of his title as winner of the [[2006 Tour de France|Tour de France]], and was subjected to a two year ban from professional racing after a second test showing an elevated T/E ratio. Test results from Floyd Landis' "A" test sample indicated that while the ratio was 11:1, his testosterone level was in the normal range and the problem was actually a deficient level of epitestosterone<ref>This is unsubstantiated. Reference is needed</ref>. Landis won the 17th stage of the tour; however, tests taken immediately after the stage victory showed a T/E ratio of 11:1<ref>This is disputed. According to testimony offered in the USADA hearing, multiple test of the same sample produced results ranging from 4:1 up to 11:1. The lab chose to report the 11:1 figure.</ref>, more than double the 4:1 imposed limit (recently lowered from prior limits of 8:1 and 6:1). On August 1, 2006, media reports said that [[Organic synthesis|synthetic]] testosterone had been detected in the A sample, using the carbon [[isotope]] ratio test [[CIR]]. The presence of synthetic testosterone means that some of the testosterone in Landis’s body came from an external source and was not naturally produced by his own system. These results conflict with Landis's public speculation that it was a natural occurrence.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/wfaa/latestnews/stories/wfaa060731_mo_landis.ae9233.html | title = Synthetic testosterone found in Landis urine sample | publisher = Associated Press | date = 2006-07-31 | accessdate = 2007-09-25 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071212001400/http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/wfaa/latestnews/stories/wfaa060731_mo_landis.ae9233.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-12}}</ref> Landis originally denied the charges, but in 2010 Landis admitted to doping during much of his career,<ref name="doping-wsj">{{Cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703691804575255410855321120.html|title=Cyclist Floyd Landis Admits Doping, Alleges Use by Armstrong and Others| publisher=The Wall Street Journal| date=2010-05-20 | accessdate=2010-05-20 | first=Reed | last=Albergotti}}</ref> but continued to adamantly deny taking testosterone that would have led to the positive test in the 2006 Tour de France.<ref name="doping-espn">{{Cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5203604|title=Landis admits doping, accuses Lance|author=Bonnie D. Ford|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=2010-05-20}}</ref>
On September 20, 2007 [[Floyd Landis]] was stripped of his title as winner of the [[2006 Tour de France|Tour de France]], and was subjected to a two year ban from professional racing after a second test showing an elevated T/E ratio. Test results from Floyd Landis' "A" test sample indicated that while the ratio was 11:1, his testosterone level was in the normal range and the problem was actually a deficient level of epitestosterone.<ref>This is unsubstantiated. Reference is needed</ref> Landis won the 17th stage of the tour; however, tests taken immediately after the stage victory showed a T/E ratio of 11:1,<ref>This is disputed. According to testimony offered in the USADA hearing, multiple test of the same sample produced results ranging from 4:1 up to 11:1. The lab chose to report the 11:1 figure.</ref> more than double the 4:1 imposed limit (recently lowered from prior limits of 8:1 and 6:1). On August 1, 2006, media reports said that [[Organic synthesis|synthetic]] testosterone had been detected in the A sample, using the carbon [[isotope]] ratio test [[CIR]]. The presence of synthetic testosterone means that some of the testosterone in Landis’s body came from an external source and was not naturally produced by his own system. These results conflict with Landis's public speculation that it was a natural occurrence.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/wfaa/latestnews/stories/wfaa060731_mo_landis.ae9233.html | title = Synthetic testosterone found in Landis urine sample | publisher = Associated Press | date = 2006-07-31 | accessdate = 2007-09-25 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071212001400/http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/wfaa/latestnews/stories/wfaa060731_mo_landis.ae9233.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-12}}</ref> Landis originally denied the charges, but in 2010 Landis admitted to doping during much of his career,<ref name="doping-wsj">{{Cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703691804575255410855321120.html|title=Cyclist Floyd Landis Admits Doping, Alleges Use by Armstrong and Others| publisher=The Wall Street Journal| date=2010-05-20 | accessdate=2010-05-20 | first=Reed | last=Albergotti}}</ref> but continued to adamantly deny taking testosterone that would have led to the positive test in the 2006 Tour de France.<ref name="doping-espn">{{Cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5203604|title=Landis admits doping, accuses Lance|author=Bonnie D. Ford|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=2010-05-20}}</ref>


== Notes ==
== Notes ==

Revision as of 11:52, 26 December 2010

Epitestosterone
Clinical data
ATC code
  • none
Identifiers
  • 17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.169.813 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H28O2
Molar mass288.42 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1CC[C@@]3([C@H](O)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-KZYORJDKSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Epitestosterone is a natural steroid, an inactive epimer of the hormone testosterone. Structurally, it differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the OH-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone; a 1993 study found that around 50% of epitestosterone production in human males can be ascribed to the testis,[1] although the exact pathway of its formation is still the subject of research. It has been shown to accumulate in mammary cyst fluid and in the prostate.[1] Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1.[2]

Epitestosterone and testosterone

It has been shown that exogenous administration of testosterone does not affect levels of epitestosterone in the body. As a result, tests to determine the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone in urine are used to find athletes who are doping.[3] Most persons have a ratio of about 1:1 testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E ratio) in their urine. However, it is not uncommon to find T/E ratios of up to 4:1 and even T/E ratios of 10:1 can be normal for some individuals. T/E tests are most common because a person may naturally have high levels of testosterone, but even so average T/E ratios for the population in general tends close to 1:1.

Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone.

In 1996 the US athlete Mary Decker failed a T/E test with a T/E ratio of greater than 6, the limit in force at the time. She took the case to arbitration, arguing that birth control pills can cause false positives for the test, but the arbitration panel ruled against her.

On September 20, 2007 Floyd Landis was stripped of his title as winner of the Tour de France, and was subjected to a two year ban from professional racing after a second test showing an elevated T/E ratio. Test results from Floyd Landis' "A" test sample indicated that while the ratio was 11:1, his testosterone level was in the normal range and the problem was actually a deficient level of epitestosterone.[4] Landis won the 17th stage of the tour; however, tests taken immediately after the stage victory showed a T/E ratio of 11:1,[5] more than double the 4:1 imposed limit (recently lowered from prior limits of 8:1 and 6:1). On August 1, 2006, media reports said that synthetic testosterone had been detected in the A sample, using the carbon isotope ratio test CIR. The presence of synthetic testosterone means that some of the testosterone in Landis’s body came from an external source and was not naturally produced by his own system. These results conflict with Landis's public speculation that it was a natural occurrence.[6] Landis originally denied the charges, but in 2010 Landis admitted to doping during much of his career,[7] but continued to adamantly deny taking testosterone that would have led to the positive test in the 2006 Tour de France.[8]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Dehennin L (1993). "Secretion by the human testis of epitestosterone, with its sulfoconjugate and precursor androgen 5-androstene-3 beta,17 α-diol". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 44 (2): 171–7. PMID 8439521. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Bellemare V, Faucher F, Breton R, Luu-The V (2005). "Characterization of 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (17α-HSD) and its involvement in the biosynthesis of epitestosterone". BMC Biochem. 6: 12. doi:10.1186/1471-2091-6-12. PMC 1185520. PMID 16018803.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Aguilera R, Hatton CK, Catlin DH (2002). "Detection of epitestosterone doping by isotope ratio mass spectrometry". Clin. Chem. 48 (4): 629–36. PMID 11901061.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ This is unsubstantiated. Reference is needed
  5. ^ This is disputed. According to testimony offered in the USADA hearing, multiple test of the same sample produced results ranging from 4:1 up to 11:1. The lab chose to report the 11:1 figure.
  6. ^ "Synthetic testosterone found in Landis urine sample". Associated Press. 2006-07-31. Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  7. ^ Albergotti, Reed (2010-05-20). "Cyclist Floyd Landis Admits Doping, Alleges Use by Armstrong and Others". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  8. ^ Bonnie D. Ford (2010-05-20). "Landis admits doping, accuses Lance". ESPN.
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