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{{otheruses1|the tree and its fruit}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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| color = lightgreen |
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| name = Apple |
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| image = Fuji apple.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| image_caption = '[[Fuji (apple)|Fuji]]', an apple [[cultivar]] |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |
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| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] |
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| ordo = [[Rosales]] |
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| familia = [[Rosaceae]] |
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| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Malus]]'' |
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| species = '''''M. domestica''''' |
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| binomial = ''Malus domestica'' |
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| binomial_authority = [[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen|Borkh.]] |
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}} |
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The '''apple''' is a [[tree]] and its [[pome|pomaceous]] [[fruit]], of species ''Malus domestica'' in the [[rose]] family [[Rosaceae]], is one of the most widely [[Cultivation|cultivated]] tree fruits. It is a small [[deciduous]] tree reaching 5-12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[leaf arrangement | alternately]] arranged, simple oval with an acute tip and serrated margin, slightly downy below, 5-12 cm long and 3-6 cm broad on a 2-5 cm petiole. The [[flower]]s are produced in spring with the leaves, white, usually tinged pink at first, 2.5-3.5 cm diameter, with five [[petal]]s. The fruit matures in [[Autumn]], and is typically 5-8 cm diameter (rarely up to 15 cm). |
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[[Image:appletree_bloom_l.jpg|left|thumb|280px|Apple tree in flower]]<br clear=left> |
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==Botanical origins== |
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[[Image:95apple.jpg|left|thumb|Wild ''[[Malus sieversii]]'' apple in [[Kazakhstan]]]] |
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The wild [[ancestor]] of ''Malus domestica'' is ''[[Malus sieversii]]''. It has no common name in English, but is known where it is native as "alma"; in fact, the city where it is thought to originate is called [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]], or "father of the apples". This tree is still found wild in the mountains of [[Central Asia]] in southern [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]. Some individual ''M. sieversii'', recently planted by the US government at a research facility, resist many [[#Pests_and_diseases|diseases and pests]] that affect domestic apples, and are the subject of continuing research to develop new disease-resistant apples. |
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Other [[species]] that were previously thought to have made contributions to the [[genome]] of the domestic apples are ''[[Malus baccata]]'' and ''[[Malus sylvestris]]'', but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple [[cultivar]]s. These and other ''Malus'' species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for ''M. domestica'', mainly for increased cold tolerance. |
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[[Image:Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg|right|thumb|Apple cut horizontally, showing seeds]] |
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The apple tree was probably the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly [[citrus]], apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] for millennia, as well as in [[Argentina]] and in the [[United States]] since the [[Immigration to the United States|arrival of Europeans]]. |
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The word '''apple''' comes from the Old English word '''aeppel''', which in turn has recognisable cognates in a number of the northern branches of the Indo-European language family. The prevailing theory is that "apple" may be one of the most ancient [[Indo-European]] words (*''abl-'') to come down to English in a recognisable form. The scientific name ''malus'', on the other hand, comes from the Latin word for apple, and ultimately from the Greek ''mēlon''. The legendary placename [[Avalon]] is thought to come from a Celtic evolution of the same root as the English "apple", as is the name of the town of [[Avellino]], near [[Naples]] in [[Italy]]. |
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==Apple cultivars== |
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:''See [[List of Apple cultivars]] for a listing'' |
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[[Image:Malus-Jonathan.jpg|thumb|Apples of the cultivar '[[Jonathan (apple)|Jonathan]]']] |
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There are more than 7,500 known [[cultivar]]s of apples. Different cultivars are available for [[temperate]] and [[subtropical]] climates. Apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement. |
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Commercially-popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colourful skin, absence of [[Russet apple|russet]]ing, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, typical 'Red Delicious' apple shape, long stem (to allow [[pesticide]]s to penetrate the top of the fruit), and popular flavour. |
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Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colours. Many of them have excellent flavour (often better than most modern cultivars), but may have other problems which make them commercially unviable, such as low yield, liability to disease, or poor tolerance for storage or transport. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance are out there to discover; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. |
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[[Image:Apple blossom.jpg|thumb|Flowers of a 'Fuji' apple, [[Australia]]]] |
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Although most cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), some are cultivated specifically for cooking ([[cooking apple]]s) or producing [[cider]]. [[Cider apple]]s are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavour that dessert apples cannot. |
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Modern apples are, as a rule, sweeter than older cultivars. Most [[North America]]ns and [[Europe]]ans favour sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavour are popular in [[Asia]] and especially India. |
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Tastes in apples vary from one person to another and have changed over time. As an example, the [[U.S. state]] of [[Washington#Agriculture|Washington]] made its reputation for apple growing on Red Delicious. In recent years, many apple connoisseurs have come to regard the Red Delicious as inferior to cultivars such as Fuji and Gala due to its merely mild flavour and insufficiently firm texture. |
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==Growing apples== |
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===Apple breeding=== |
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[[Image:Cyborglog-of-eating-old-apple-d360.jpg|thumb|right|In this hybrid of an orchard apple with a red-fruited crabapple cultivar, the pulp is of the same colour as the peel.]] |
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[[Image:Old-appleseed-d402.jpg|thumb|right|Seeds of the above apple, which are same colour as the rest of the fruit.]] |
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Like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by [[grafting]]. Seedling apples are different from their parents, sometimes radically. Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form [[bud sport]]s (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. |
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Some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with [[Malus|crabapples]] or unusually hardy apples in order to produce [[hardiness|hardier]] cultivars. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the [[University of Minnesota]] has, since the [[1930s]], introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout [[Minnesota]] and [[Wisconsin]]. Its most important introductions have included Haralson (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), Wealthy, Honeygold, and Honeycrisp. The sweetness and texture of Honeycrisp have been so popular with consumers that Minnesota orchards have been cutting down their established, productive trees to make room for it, a heretofore unheard of practice. |
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===Starting an orchard=== |
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Apple orchards are established by planting two to four year old trees. These small trees are usually purchased from a [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] where they are produced by [[Fruit tree propagation|grafting or budding]]. First, a [[rootstock]] is produced either as a seedling or cloned using tissue culture or layering. This is allowed to grow for a year. Then, a small section of branch called a [[scion]] is obtained from a mature apple tree of the desired cultivar. The upper stem and branches of the rootstock are cut away and replaced with the scion. In time, the two sections grow together and produce a healthy [[tree]]. |
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Rootstocks affect the ultimate size of the tree. While many rootstocks are available to commercial grower, those sold to homeowners who want just a few trees are usually one of two cultivars: a standard seedling rootstock that gives a full-size tree, or a semi-dwarf rootstock that produces a somewhat smaller tree. [[Dwarf]] rootstocks are generally more susceptible to damage from wind and cold. Full dwarf trees are often supported of posts or trellises and planted in high density orchards which are much simpler to culture and greatly increase productivity per unit of land. |
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[[Image:Apple orchard.jpg|right|thumb|Apple orchard]] |
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[[Image:Red apple.jpg|right|thumb|Red Apple]] |
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Some trees are produced with a dwarfing "interstem" between a standard rootstock and the tree, resulting in two grafts. |
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After the small tree is planted in the orchard, it must grow for 3-5 years (semi-dwarf) or 4-10 years (standard trees) before it will bear sizable amounts of [[fruit]]. Good training of limbs and careful nipping of buds growing in the wrong places, are extremely important during this time, to build a good scaffold that will later support a fruit load. |
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===Location=== |
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Apples are relatively indifferent to [[soil]] conditions and will grow in a wide range of [[pH]] values and fertility levels. They do require some protection from the wind and should not be planted in low areas that are prone to late spring [[frost]]s. Apples do require good drainage, and heavy soils or flat land should be [[drainage|tilled]] to make certain that the root systems are never in saturated soil. |
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===Pollination=== |
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Apples are self-incompatible and must be [[Pollination|cross-pollinated]] to develop fruit. [[Pollination management]] is an important component of apple culture. Before planting, it is important to arrange for [[pollenizer]]s, cultivars of apple or crab apple that provide plentiful, viable and compatible pollen. Orchard blocks may alternate rows of compatible cultivars, or may have periodic crab apple trees, or grafted-on limbs of crab apple. Some cultivars produce very little pollen, or the pollen is sterile, so these are not good pollenizers. Quality nurseries have pollenizer compatibility lists. |
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Growers with old orchard blocks of single cultivars sometimes provide bouquets of crab apple blossoms in drums or pails in the orchard for pollenizers. Home growers with a single tree, and no other cultivars in the neighbourhood can do the same on a smaller scale. |
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During the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide [[pollinator]]s to carry the pollen. [[Honeybee]] hives are most commonly used, and arrangements may be made with a commercial beekeeper who supplies hives for a fee. [[Megachilidae|Orchard mason bee]]s are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Home growers may find these more acceptable in suburban locations because they do not sting. Some wild bees such as [[carpenter bee]]s and other [[solitary bee]]s may help. [[Bumble bee]] [[queen bee|queen]]s are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators. |
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Symptoms of inadequate pollination are small and misshapen apples, slowness to ripen, and low seed count. Well pollinated apples are the best quality, and will have 7 to 10 seeds. Apples having less than 3 seeds will usually not mature and will drop from the trees in the early summer. Inadequate pollination can result from either a lack of pollinators or pollenizers, or from poor pollinating weather at flowering time. It generally requires multiple bee visits to deliver sufficient grains of pollen to accomplish complete pollination. |
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A common problem is a late frost that destroys the delicate outer structures of the flower. It is best to plant apples on a slope for air drainage, but not on a south facing slope (in the northern hemisphere) as this will encourage early flowering and increase susceptibility to frost. If the frost is not too severe, the tree can be wetted with water spray before the morning sun hits the flowers, and it may save them. Frost damage can be evaluated 24 hours after the frost. If the [[Carpel|pistil]] has turned black, the flower is ruined and will not produce fruit. |
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Growing apples near a body of water gives an advantage by slowing spring warm up, which retards flowering until frost is less likely. In some areas of the USA, such as the eastern shore of [[Lake Michigan]], the southern shore of [[Lake Ontario]], and around some smaller lakes, this cooling effect of water, combined with good, well-drained soils, has made apple growing concentrations possible. |
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Home growers may not have a body of water to help, but can utilise north slopes or other geographical features to retard spring flowering. Apples (or any fruit) planted on a south facing slope in the northern hemisphere (or north facing in the southern hemisphere), will flower early and be particularly vulnerable to spring frost. |
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===Pests and diseases=== |
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The trees are susceptible to a number of [[fungus|fungal]] and [[bacterium|bacteria]]l diseases and [[insect]] pests. Nearly all commercial orchards pursue an aggressive program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. A trend in orchard management is the use of [[Integrated Pest Management]] (IPM), which reduces needless spraying when pests are not present, or more likely, are being controlled by natural [[predator]]s. |
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Spraying for insect pests must never be done during flowering because it kills pollinators. Nor should bee-attractive plants be allowed to establish in the orchard floor if insecticides are used. [[White clover]] is a component of many grass seed mixes, and many bees are poisoned by insecticides while visiting the flowers on the orchard floor. |
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Among the most serious disease problems are [[fireblight]], a bacterial disease; and ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'' rust, [[apple scab]], and [[black spot]], three fungal diseases. |
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The [[plum curculio]] is the most serious insect pest. Others include [[Apple maggot]] and [[codling moth]]. For other [[Lepidoptera]] [[larva]]e which feed on apple trees, see [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Malus]]. |
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Apples are difficult to grow organically, though a few orchards have done so with commercial success, using disease-resistant cultivars and the very best cultural controls. The latest tool in the organic repertoire is to spray a light coating of [[kaolin]] clay, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, and also helps prevent apple sun scald. |
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===Harvest=== |
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Mature trees typically bear 100-200 kg (5-10 [[bushel]]s) of apples each year. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. A few cultivars, left unpruned, will grow to be extremely large, causing them to bear a great deal of fruit that is difficult to harvest. Dwarf trees will bear about 50-100 kg (3-5 bushels) of fruit per year. |
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Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. |
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==Commerce and uses== |
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[[Image:Apples.jpg|thumb|right|A display of different apples]] |
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45 million metric tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2002, with a value of about 10 billion USD. [[China]] produced almost half of this total. [[Argentina]] is the second leading producer, with more than 15% of the world production. The [[United States]] is the third leading producer, accounting for 7.5% of world production. [[Turkey]] is also a leading producer. [[France]], [[Italy]], [[South Africa]] and [[Chile]] are among the leading apple exporters. |
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In the [[United States]], more than 60% of all the apples sold commercially are grown in [[Washington]] state. Imported apples from [[New Zealand]] and other more temperate areas are competing with US production and increasing each year. |
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Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to produce [[apple juice]], [[cider]], [[vinegar]], and [[pectin]]. Distilled apple cider produces the [[alcoholic beverage|spirits]] [[applejack]] and [[Calvados (spirit)|Calvados]]. [[Apple wine]] can also be made. They make a popular lunchbox fruit as well. |
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Apples are an important ingredient in many winter [[dessert]]s, for example [[apple pie]], apple [[crumble]], [[apple crisp]] and [[apple cake]]. They are often eaten [[baked]] or [[stewed]], and they can also be dried and eaten or re-consitituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use. Puréed apples are generally known as [[apple sauce]]. Apples are also made into [[apple butter]] and apple jelly. They are also used cooked in meat dishes. |
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In the UK, a [[toffee apple]] is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot [[toffee]] and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the US are [[candy apple]]s (coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and [[caramel apples]], coated with cooled [[caramel]]. |
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Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of [[Rosh Hashanah]] to symbolise a sweet new year. |
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==Health benefits== |
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Apples have long been considered healthy, as indicated by the [[proverb]] ''an apple a day keeps the doctor away''. Research suggests that apples may reduce the risk of [[colon cancer]], [[prostate cancer]] and [[lung cancer]]. They may also help with [[heart disease]], [[weight loss]] and controlling [[cholesterol]]. |
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A group of chemicals in apples could protect the brain from the type of damage that triggers such [[neurodegenerative disease]]s as [[Alzheimer's]] and [[Parkinsonism]]. Chang Y. "Cy" Lee of the [[Cornell University]] found that the apple [[phenolic]]s, which are naturally occurring [[antioxidants]] found in fresh apples, can protect [[nerve cell]]s from neurotoxicity induced by [[oxidative stress]]. The researchers used red delicious apples grown in New York state to provide the extracts to study the effects of [[phytochemicals]]. Lee said that all apples are high in the critical [[phytonutrient]]s and that the amount of phenolic compounds in the apple flesh and in the skin vary from year to year, season to season and from growing region to growing region (November/December 2004 issue of the Journal of Food Science). The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are [[quercetin]], [[epicatechin]], and [[procyanidin]] B2 (PMID 14558772). |
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Apples are historically known for producing "apple milk". A derivative of apple curd, apple milk is widely used throughout [[Tibet]]. |
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==Cultural aspects== |
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===Apples as symbols=== |
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[[Image:Durer Adam and Eve.jpg|thumb|right|180px|'''Adam and Eve'''<br>[[Albrecht Dürer]], 1507]] |
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Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical and [[forbidden fruit]]. One of the [[Greek mythology|Greek hero]] [[Heracles]]' [[Twelve Labours]] was to travel to the [[Hesperides#The Garden of the Hesperides|Garden of the Hesperides]] and pick the golden apples off the [[Tree of Life]] growing at its center. In [[Norse mythology]], [[Iðunn]] was the keeper of the 'apples of immortality' which kept the Gods young. The 'fruit-bearing tree' referred to by [[Tacitus]] in his description of Norse [[runic divination]] may have been the apple, or the [[rowan]]. This tradition is also reflected in the book of ''[[Genesis]]''. Though the forbidden fruit in that account is not identified, popular European [[Christianity|Christian]] tradition has held that it was an apple that [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] incited [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] to share with her. The influence of the antiquity was still strong, and the pagan symbology was absorbed into the new religion. This tradition was reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from [[Garden of Eden|Eden]]. The larynx in the human throat has been called [[Adam's apple]] because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam. [[Celtic mythology]] includes a story about [[Conle]] who receives an apple which feeds him for a year but also makes him irresistibly desire [[fairy]]land. |
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[[Image:Two Young Men, Crispin van den Broeck.jpg|thumb|left|230px|'''Two Young Men''' <br>Ironic twist on the Christian symbology of the apple, here it is used by the painter as a sexual innuendo between two men. <br>[[Crispin van den Broeck]] (Dutch), ca. 1590; Oil on panel; Fitzwilliam Museum, [[Cambridge]].[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Museum/Europe/deBroeck.htm].]] |
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Another reason for the adoption of the apple as Christian symbol is that in [[Latin]], the words for "apple" and for "evil" are identical (malum). It is often used to symbolise the fall into sin, or sin itself. When Christ is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolises sin. This also reflects the evolution of the symbol in religion. In the [[Old Testament]] the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the [[New Testament]] it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall, and as such is also represented in pictures of [[the Madonna]] and [[Infant Jesus]]. |
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Another Greek mythological figure, [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]], had to give a golden apple inscribed ''[[Kallisti]]'' "To the most beautiful one", (which had come from the goddess of discord, [[Eris]]) to the most beautiful goddess, thus indirectly causing the [[Trojan War]]. [[Atalanta]], also of Greek mythology, was distracted during a race by three golden apples thrown for that purpose by a suitor, [[Hippomenes]]. In ancient Greece, throwing an apple at a person's bed was an invitation for [[sexual intercourse]]. Another instance in [[Roman mythology|Roman]] and [[Greek mythology]] is the story of the [[Pleiades (mythology)|Pleiades]]. |
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At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. It is often an attribute associated with [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] who is shown holding it. |
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According to a popular legend, [[Isaac Newton]], upon witnessing an apple fall from its tree, was inspired to conclude that a similar [[gravity|'universal gravitation']] attracted the moon toward the Earth as well (this legend is discussed in more detail in the article on Isaac Newton). |
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In the European fairy tale ''Snow White'', the titular princess is killed by choking on an apple given to her by her stepmother. Later, the princess is jostled into coughing up the piece, miraculously returning to life. |
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The ancient [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] city of [[Almaty]], 'Father of Apples' ([[Turkic language]] ''alma'', apple, + ''ata'', father), owes its name to the forests of wild apples (''Malus sieversii'') found naturally in the area. |
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The apple blossom is the [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of [[Arkansas]] and [[Michigan]]. |
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[[Image:YablokoLogo.png|thumb|right|90px|[[Yabloko]] party symbol]] |
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The name of the Russian party [[Yabloko]] means "apple". Its logo represents an apple in the [[Constructivism_(art)|constructivist]] style. |
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[[Apple Computer]] and [[Apple records]] have also adopted the apple for their companies. |
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===Traditions=== |
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[[Swiss]] [[folklore]] holds that [[William Tell]] courageously shot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow, defying a tyrannical ruler and bringing freedom to his people. |
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[[Ireland|Irish]] folklore claims that if an apple is peeled into one continuous ribbon and thrown behind a woman's shoulder, it will land in the shape of the future husband's initials. |
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[[Denmark|Danish]] folklore says that apples wither around adulterers{{fact}}. |
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In some places, [[bobbing for apples]] is a traditional [[Halloween]] activity. Apples are said to increase a woman's chances of conception as well as remove birthmarks when rubbed on the skin. |
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In the [[United States]], [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]], an apple (polished) is a traditional gift for a teacher. This stemmed from the fact that teachers during the 16th to 18th centuries were poorly paid, so parents would compensate the teacher by providing food. As apples were a very common crop, teachers would often be given baskets of apples by students. As wages increased, the quantity of apples was toned down to a single fruit. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Nutritional information about the apple]] |
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* [[Fruit tree propagation]] |
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* [[Fruit tree pollination]] |
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* [[Fruit tree forms]] |
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* [[Cooking apple]] |
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* [[Pruning fruit trees]] |
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==External links and references== |
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{{Wiktionary}} |
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{{Commons|Apple}} |
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{{cookbookpar|Apple}} |
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*[http://www.nutritiondata.com/foods-apple009000000000000000000.html Complete nutritional info.] |
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* [http://www.allaboutapples.com/varieties/ Over 700 apple variety listings] from AllAboutApples.com |
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*Wild apples in Kazakhstan: [http://www.ars.usda.gov/Aboutus/docs.htm?docid=6310 1995] and [http://www.ars.usda.gov/Aboutus/docs.htm?docid=6311 1996] expeditions |
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* [http://www.webvalley.co.uk/brogdale/collectionapples.php Over 2000 apples] in the UK's National Fruit Collections |
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* [http://www.usapple.org/consumers/appleguide/guide.shtml U.S Apple Association Guide] with some years and places of cultivar origins |
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* [http://www.ifr.bbsrc.ac.uk/public/FoodInfoSheets/applefacts.html Apple Facts] from the UK's [[Institute of Food Research]] |
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* [http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/027apple.pdf An article about storing apples and the effects. Good for those interested in shipping apples.] from the [[Agricultural Research Service]] |
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* [http://www.orangepippin.com Apple flavours and descriptions] from OrangePippin.com |
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[[Category:Apples| ]] |
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[[Category:Fruit]] |
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[[Category:Grocer's Encyclopedia]] |
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[[ar:تفاح]] |
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[[bg:Ябълка]] |
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[[bs:Jabuka]] |
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[[ca:Poma]] |
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[[cy:Afal]] |
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[[da:Æble (frugt)]] |
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[[de:Äpfel]] |
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[[es:Manzana]] |
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[[eo:Pomo]] |
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[[fr:Pomme]] |
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[[gl:Maceira]] |
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[[he:תפוח]] |
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[[mg:Paoma]] |
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[[lv:Ābols]] |
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[[nl:Appel]] |
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[[ja:リンゴ]] |
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[[ku:Sêv]] |
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[[no:Eple]] |
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[[nn:Eple]] |
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[[pl:Jabłoń]] |
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[[pt:Maçã]] |
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[[ru:Яблоко]] |
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[[simple:Apple]] |
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[[sl:Jabolko]] |
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[[sr:Јабука (воће)]] |
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[[fi:Omena]] |
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[[sv:Äpple]] |
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[[sw:Tofaa]] |
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[[ta:ஆப்பிள்]] |
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[[wa:Peme]] |
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[[zh:苹果]] |
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