Xeromphalina setulipes: Difference between revisions
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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''Xeromphalina setulipes'' was first described in 2010 in an article in ''[[Mycological Progress]]'' by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, both of the [[University of Alcalá]].<ref name="p575">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 575</ref><ref name="p577">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 577</ref> The description was based on specimens collected during 2005 [[field work]] in [[Ciudad Real Province]], [[Spain]].<ref name="p575"/><ref name="p578">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 578</ref> The [[type specimen]] was collected on 17 November.<ref name="p578"/> The [[specific name]] ''setulipes'' is from the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:setula|setula]]'', meaning ''stiff hair'', and ''[[wikt:pes|pes]]'', meaning ''foot'', in reference to the bristly hairs which cover the [[stipe (mycology)|stem]].<ref name="p577"/> |
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' was first described in 2010 in an article in ''[[Mycological Progress]]'' by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, both of the [[University of Alcalá]].<ref name="p575">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 575</ref><ref name="p577">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 577</ref> The description was based on specimens collected during 2005 [[field work]] in [[Ciudad Real Province]], [[Spain]].<ref name="p575"/><ref name="p578">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 578</ref> The [[type specimen]] was collected on 17 November.<ref name="p578"/> The [[specific name]] ''setulipes'' is from the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:setula|setula]]'', meaning ''stiff hair'', and ''[[wikt:pes|pes]]'', meaning ''foot'', in reference to the bristly hairs which cover the [[stipe (mycology)|stem]].<ref name="p577"/> Within ''[[Xeromphalina]]'', ''X. setulipes'' is part of the [[section (botany)|section]] ''Mutabiles'', which also contains ''[[Xeromphalina campanelloides|X. campanelloides]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X. cauticinalis]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cirris|X. cirris]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina cornui|X. cornui]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina fraxinophila|X. fraxinophila]]'' and ''[[Xeromphalina parvibulbosa|X. parvibulbosa]]''.<ref name="p579">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 579</ref> ''X. setulipes'' appears to be most closely related to ''X. fraxinophila'', ''X. cornui'', ''X. campanelloides'' and ''X. cauticinalis''.<ref name="p581">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 581</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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===Similar species=== |
===Similar species=== |
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''Xeromphalina setulipes'' shows some similarities to ''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X. cauticinalis]]''. They share the amber-coloured hair towards the base of the stem and both grow on soil, as opposed to directly onto wood. Further, ''X. cauticinalis'' can display caulocystidia of the same distinctive shape as those of ''X. setulipes'' (though these are mixed with the other shapes more typical of the genus). ''X. cauticinalis'' mushrooms are typically of a different colour; for instance, the area at the top of the stem is paler than the rest, compared to the entirely dark stem of ''X. setulipes''. Furthermore, ''X. cauticinalis'' has a very bitter taste.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 579-80</ref> ''X. setulipes'' shares with ''[[Xeromphalina brunneola|X. brunneola]]'' its dark colouration and some microscopic traits. However, the two clearly differ in the shape of both the cheilocystidia and the pileocystidia, the width of the spores (the spores of ''X. brunneola'' measure between 2 and 3 μm in width) and the fact it is found specifically in [[softwood]] woodland. Furthermore, the two do not appear to be closely related.<ref name="p580">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 580</ref> |
''Xeromphalina setulipes'' shows some similarities to ''[[Xeromphalina cauticinalis|X. cauticinalis]]''. They share the amber-coloured hair towards the base of the stem and both grow on soil, as opposed to directly onto wood. Further, ''X. cauticinalis'' can display caulocystidia of the same distinctive shape as those of ''X. setulipes'' (though these are mixed with the other shapes more typical of the genus). ''X. cauticinalis'' mushrooms are typically of a different colour; for instance, the area at the top of the stem is paler than the rest, compared to the entirely dark stem of ''X. setulipes''. Furthermore, ''X. cauticinalis'' has a very bitter taste.<ref>Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 579-80</ref> ''X. setulipes'' shares with ''[[Xeromphalina brunneola|X. brunneola]]'' its dark colouration and some microscopic traits. However, the two clearly differ in the shape of both the cheilocystidia and the pileocystidia, the width of the spores (the spores of ''X. brunneola'' measure between 2 and 3 μm in width) and the fact it is found specifically in [[softwood]] woodland. Furthermore, the two do not appear to be closely related.<ref name="p580">Esteve-Raventós ''et al'', p. 580</ref> |
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Other potentially similar species include ''X. campanelloides'', which can be differentiated by the shape of the thin-walled caulocystidia and yellow flesh in the stem. ''X. cornui'' grows in softwood forests with ''[[Spgagnum]]'' moss. Both the cap and the top of stem sport yellow grains. ''X. fraxinophila'' produces larger mushrooms and has yellow gills. ''[[Xeromphalina parvibulbosa|X. parvibulbosa]]'' has a bitter or sour taste.<ref name="p580"/> |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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Revision as of 17:07, 6 January 2011
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| Species: | X. setulipes
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| Xeromphalina setulipes Esteve-Rav. & G. Moreno 2010
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| The species is known only from Ciudad Real Province, Spain. | |
Taxonomy
Xeromphalina setulipes was first described in 2010 in an article in Mycological Progress by Fernando Esteve-Raventós and Gabriel Moreno, both of the University of Alcalá.[1][2] The description was based on specimens collected during 2005 field work in Ciudad Real Province, Spain.[1][3] The type specimen was collected on 17 November.[3] The specific name setulipes is from the Latin setula, meaning stiff hair, and pes, meaning foot, in reference to the bristly hairs which cover the stem.[2] Within Xeromphalina, X. setulipes is part of the section Mutabiles, which also contains X. campanelloides, X. cauticinalis, X. cirris, X. cornui, X. fraxinophila and X. parvibulbosa.[4] X. setulipes appears to be most closely related to X. fraxinophila, X. cornui, X. campanelloides and X. cauticinalis.[5]
Description
Xeromphalina setulipes mushrooms have a flattened-convex cap of between 8 and 15 millimetres (0.3 and 0.6 in) in diametre with a depressed centre. It is not particularly hygrophanous, and, unlike the caps of related species, is neither grooved nor translucent at the margin. The cap is coloured dark brown, sometimes with reddish colouration. It becomes paler, turning tobacco-brown, when it dries; this change is more noticable at the cap margin. The caps of young mushrooms are smooth and hairless, but they wrinkle as they age; however, fine, soft hairs are sometimes visible towards the margin (which is rolled inwards) when the cap is dry. The margin is typically not smooth; instead, it undulates. The cylindrical stem measures between 30 and 45 mm (1 and 2 in) in length by 1 and 2 mm (0.04 and 0.08 in) in width, though it is slightly thicker at the very bottom. It is stiff, but can be somewhat flexible. The colour is a dark-brown, sometimes approaching black, with purplish hints. It appears smooth, but is actually covered in minute tufts. The hairs at the base of the stem are somewhat more visible, and are an amber colour. The gills are subdistant (neither close nor distant) and are of a distinctive shape; they are decurrent, that is, they extend down the stem, and are noticeably arched. The gills can be up to 2 mm (0.08 in) thick, and sometimes split into two. The gills are a tobacco brown no matter the age of the mushroom, though the edges can be paler (sometimes whitish) and crenulate. The flesh is firm but flexible, and the same colour as the surface. It has an indistinct smell, and a taste that is not bitter.[3]
Microscopic characteristics
Xeromphalina setulipes has smooth, ellipsoid to somewhat cylindrical spores that measure from 5 to 7.3 micrometres (μm) by 2.9 to 3.7 μm. They are amyloid, meaning that they stain a dark colour in Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution and have thin cell walls. The 4-spored (occasionally two-spored) basidia are shaped like narrow clubs, sometimes approaching cynlindrical, and measure between 21 and 30 μm in length by 4.5 and 5.5 μm wide. The sterigmata, the narrow prongs that connect the spores to the basidia, can measure up to 3 μm in length. The edge of the gill is primarily made up of cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) but there are also some basidia. The hyaline cheilocystidia have an irregular, sometimes vaguely cylindrical shape, and measure between 30 and 80 μm by 3 and 7 μm. They are packed together, extending outwards from the gill in a manner reminscent of coral, as is sometimes seen in members of the genus Mycena. The abundant caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) project prominently, and are responsible for the minute hairs visible on the stem. They measure between 30 and 60 μm by 5 and 10 μm. They are swollen in the middle, tapering at each end, but are irregular in shape and are often curved. The particularly thick cell walls can be as much as 2.5 μm wide. The caulocystidia are coloured a yellowish-brown.[3]
The flesh in the gills is comprised of cylindrical hyphae measuring between 4 and 8 μm thick that run paralell to one another. The hyphae typically have fairly thin, smooth walls, but they can have a small amount of brown coloured pigment, which stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The pileipellis, the uppermost layer of hyphae in the cap, forms a cutis made up of cylindrical, slightly thicker-walled hyphae of between 5 and 10 μm wide. They can be interwoven or primarily extending from the margin to the centre. The pigmentation is yellowish-brown, which stains a reddish-brown in potassium hydroxide. The hyphae below the pileipellis run paralell to one another and measure between 4 and 8 μm in width. Their yellowish-brown pigment stains orange-brown in potassium hydroxide. The stipitipellis, the uppermost layer of hyphae on the stem, also forms a cutis. The cylindrical hyphae run paralell to one another and have thick cell walls. They have a dark red-brown pigment, which stains darker still in potassium hydroxide. Clamp connections are present.[3]
Similar species
Xeromphalina setulipes shows some similarities to X. cauticinalis. They share the amber-coloured hair towards the base of the stem and both grow on soil, as opposed to directly onto wood. Further, X. cauticinalis can display caulocystidia of the same distinctive shape as those of X. setulipes (though these are mixed with the other shapes more typical of the genus). X. cauticinalis mushrooms are typically of a different colour; for instance, the area at the top of the stem is paler than the rest, compared to the entirely dark stem of X. setulipes. Furthermore, X. cauticinalis has a very bitter taste.[6] X. setulipes shares with X. brunneola its dark colouration and some microscopic traits. However, the two clearly differ in the shape of both the cheilocystidia and the pileocystidia, the width of the spores (the spores of X. brunneola measure between 2 and 3 μm in width) and the fact it is found specifically in softwood woodland. Furthermore, the two do not appear to be closely related.[7]
Other potentially similar species include X. campanelloides, which can be differentiated by the shape of the thin-walled caulocystidia and yellow flesh in the stem. X. cornui grows in softwood forests with Spgagnum moss. Both the cap and the top of stem sport yellow grains. X. fraxinophila produces larger mushrooms and has yellow gills. X. parvibulbosa has a bitter or sour taste.[7]
Habitat and distribution
Xeromphalina setulipes is only known from the type locality in Ciudad Real Province, Spain. It was found growing on the forest floor from acid soil. The woodland was made up of Cork Oak and Portuguese Oak, and the undergrowth comprised of Gum Rockrose, Prickly Juniper and various heathers.[3]
Referenes
Worked cited
- Esteve-Raventós, Fernando; Moreno, Gabriel; Manjón, Jose Luis; Alvarado, Pablo (2010). "Xeromphalina setulipes (hygrophoroid clade, Agaricales) a new Mediterranean species" (PDF). Mycological Progress. 9 (3). Springer: 575–583. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0665-6. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
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