Barber: Difference between revisions

Barber
	Nikolaus Gysis, "The Barber"
Occupation
Names	Barber, hairdresser, hairstylist
Occupation type	Vocation
Description
Fields of; employment	Barbershops, hair salons

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A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is someone whose occupation is to cut any type of hair, give shaves, and trim beards. In previous times, barbers also performed surgery and dentistry.^[1] In more recent times, with the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, most barbers primarily cut hair.

File:Lord Clarence Tonsager.jpg

Barbershop 1951

Although many barbers may still deal with facial hair when requested, in American and Commonwealth culture most barbers specialize in the simple cutting of men's hair. They do not generally offer significant styling or 'fancy' haircuts when compared to hairdressers working in hair salons.

The place where a barber works is generally called a barbershop, or simply the "barber's".

Terminology

A hairdresser is a universal term referring to someone whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of hair colouring, haircutting and hair texture techniques.

Some barbers prefer to see themselves as hairdressers or hairstylists. There is a common misbelief that barbers do not perform any service other than hair cutting, and that cosmetologists perform all coloring and perms. In fact, barbers can cut hair, trim beards, color, perm, provide facials, and shave. They are also licensed to work with artificial hair replacement products (toupées, etc). Many working stylists are legally barbers. There is some professional rivalry between barbers and cosmetologists, both of which are licensed and regulated. At one time, both groups were allowed to cut hair, but only barbers were allowed to shave or trim beards: this required mastering the arcane technique of using a straight razor. Today, barbers and stylists may be found working side by side in establishments known as male salons. Male salons have afforded the barber the opportunity to remain traditional in all aspects of the term, yet also progressively contemporary as fashion and trends evolve. In male salons, hairstylists and barbers seek to accommodate the modern male hairstyle trends by employing traditional hair styling and straight razor shaves with modern practices, such as texturizing techniques and color.

In the US state of New Jersey the fields of Cosmetology and Barbering are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology which is a division of Consumer Affairs of the Department of Law & Public Safety. There is no longer a difference in barbers and cosmetologists. They are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, coloring , other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.

History

The barber's trade is an ancient one. Razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (circa 3500 BC) in Egypt.

Shaving, either of the head or face, was not always a voluntary act, for it has been enforced by law in England and elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Cleanliness and vanity were therefore not the sole reasons for a "clean shave"; the origins lie deeper.

Before the Macedonian conquest brought the custom of clean shaving, the κουρευς in the Greek agora would trim and style his patrons' beards, hair, and fingernails, as gossip and debate flowed freely.^[2]

Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 B.C., and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.

A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favorite loci publici of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, owning small storefronts or setting up their stool in the street and offering shaves for a mere quadrans. Some had reputations as clumsy butchers who left their patrons scarred about the cheeks and chin; their dull bronze or copper (never steel) razors must share some of the blame. The better barbers offered depilatories for those customers who refused the razor.

The barbers of former times were also surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth. Thus they were called barber surgeons, and they formed their first organization in 1094.^[1] The barber pole red and white in spiral indicated the two crafts, surgery in red and barbering in white. The barber was paid higher than the surgeon until surgeons were entered into British war ships during its many naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleaning of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.

Animals

The term "barbering" when applied to laboratory mice is a behaviour where a dominant mouse will use her teeth to pluck out hairs from the face of a passive mouse when they groom each other (barbering is practiced mostly by female mice). If moved to a cage with other mice, the "barber" will continue to practice her job and pull out hairs from her new cage-mates. ^[3]

External links

References

^ ^a ^b "History of Barber Poles" page of Barberpolesdirect.com.
^ http://www.barberpole.com/
^ Kurien BT, Gross T, Scofield RH. Barbering in mice: a model for trichotillomania BMJ. 2005 Dec 24;331(7531):1503-5. PMID: 16373730

[Barberpoles-1] "History of Barber Poles" page of Barberpolesdirect.com.

[Hist-2] ttp://www.barberpole.com/

[3] Kurien BT, Gross T, Scofield RH. Barbering in mice: a model for trichotillomania BMJ. 2005 Dec 24;331(7531):1503-5. PMID: 16373730

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Otheruses}}
-{{About|the profession|other uses|Barber (disambiguation)}}
 {{Infobox Occupation
-| name= Hairdresser
+| name= Barber
-| image= [[Image:Gysis 002.jpg|150px]]
+| image= [[Image:Gysis 002.jpg|250px]]
 | caption= [[Nikolaus Gysis]], "The Barber"
-| official_names= Barber, hairdresser
+| official_names= Barber, hairdresser, hairstylist
 <!------------Details------------------->
 | type= [[Vocation]]
@@ Line 15: / Line 16: @@
 }}
+[[Image:Boy meets barber.JPG|right|thumb|A boy visiting a barber.]]
-A '''barber''' (from the [[Latin]] ''barba'', "[[beard]]") is someone, most often male, whose occupation is to cut any type of hair, and to [[shaving|shave]] or trim the [[beard]]s of men. The place of work of a barber is generally called a '''barbershop''', or simply the "barber's"
-In previous times, barbers also performed [[surgery]] and [[dentistry]]. Today, with the development of [[safety razor]]s and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in American and Commonwealth culture most barbers specialize in cutting men's hair. Many barbers may still deal with [[facial hair]] if requested.
+A '''barber''' (from the [[Latin]] ''barba'', "[[beard]]") is someone whose occupation is to cut any type of hair, give [[shaving|shaves]], and trim [[beard]]s. In previous times, barbers also performed [[surgery]] and [[dentistry]].<ref name=Barberpoles>[http://www.barberpolesdirect.com/history-of-barber-poles.html "History of Barber Poles"] page of [http://www.barberpolesdirect.com/ Barberpolesdirect.com].</ref> In more recent times, with the development of [[safety razor]]s and the decreasing prevalence of beards, most barbers primarily cut hair.
+[[File:Lord Clarence Tonsager.jpg|thumb|Barbershop 1951]]
-==Terminology==
-{{unreferenced section|date=January 2011}}
-[[File:Old Barber.jpg‎|thumb|A street barber in [[Shiraz]]]]
-A ''hairdresser'' or ''hairstylist'' is a universal term referring to someone whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of [[hair colouring]], [[haircutting]] and [[hair texture]] techniques. Many hairdressers are actually [[beautician]]s or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
+Although many barbers may still deal with [[facial hair]] when requested, in American and Commonwealth culture most barbers specialize in the simple cutting of men's hair. They do not generally offer significant styling or 'fancy' haircuts when compared to hairdressers working in hair salons.
-US states vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
+The place where a barber works is generally called a '''barbershop''', or simply the "barber's".
-In Australia, the official term for a barber is ''hairdresser''; ''barber'' is only a common title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a ''hairdressing salon''.
-==History==
+==Terminology==
+A '''hairdresser''' is a universal term referring to someone whose occupation is to cut or style [[hair]] in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of [[hair colouring]], [[haircutting]] and [[hair texture]] [[technique]]s.
-[[Image:Bucharest Barbershop 1842.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Barbershop in [[Bucharest]] around 1842. Woodcut. As shown in this image, the barbershop also provides an opportunity for social contacts.]]
-The barber's trade has a long history; razors have been found among relics of the [[Bronze Age]] (circa 3500 [[Anno Domini|BC]]) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits were able to enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave the person/people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
+Some barbers prefer to see themselves as hairdressers or '''hairstylists.''' There is a common misbelief that barbers do not perform any service other than hair cutting, and that [[Beautician|cosmetologists]] perform all coloring and perms. In fact, barbers can cut hair, trim beards, color, perm, provide facials, and shave. They are also licensed to work with artificial hair replacement products ([[toupée]]s, etc). Many working stylists are legally barbers. There is some professional rivalry between barbers and cosmetologists, both of which are licensed and regulated. At one time, both groups were allowed to cut hair, but only barbers were allowed to shave or trim beards: this required mastering the arcane technique of using a [[straight razor]]. Today, barbers and stylists may be found working side by side in establishments known as ''male salons.'' ''Male salons'' have afforded the barber the opportunity to remain traditional in all aspects of the term, yet also progressively contemporary as fashion and trends evolve. In male salons, hairstylists and barbers seek to accommodate the modern male hairstyle trends by employing traditional hair styling and straight razor shaves with modern practices, such as texturizing techniques and color.
-Before the [[Macedon]]ian conquest brought the custom of [[clean-shaven|clean shaving]], men in [[Ancient Greece]] would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρευς, in an ''[[agora]]'', which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
+In the US state of New Jersey the fields of Cosmetology and Barbering are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology which is a division of Consumer Affairs of the Department of Law & Public Safety. There is no longer a difference in barbers and cosmetologists. They are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, coloring , other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
-[[Shaving]], either of the head or face, was not always a voluntary act, for it has been enforced by [[law]] in [[England]] and elsewhere.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}
+==History==
-[[File:Humayun's Tomb, with the Barber's Tomb in the foreground, Delhi, 1858 photograph.jpg|left|160px|thumb|[[Humayun's Tomb]], built 1562 CE, with his Barber's Tomb (''Nai-ka-Gumbad'') in the foreground, [[Delhi]], the only other structure in the royal enclosure. 1858 photograph.]]
+[[Image:Bucharest Barbershop 1842.jpg|thumb|Barbershop in [[Bucharest]] around 1842. Woodcut. As shown in this image, the barbershop also provides an opportunity for social contacts.]]
-Barbering was introduced to [[Roman empire|Rome]] by the [[Magna Grecia|Greek colonies]] in [[Sicily]] in 296 B.C., and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the ''tonsor'' became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the [[thermae|public baths]], and a young man's first shave (''tonsura'') was considered an essential part of his [[coming of age]] ceremony.
+The barber's trade is an ancient one. Razors have been found among relics of the [[Bronze Age]] (circa 3500 [[Anno Domini|BC]]) in Egypt.
+[[Shaving]], either of the head or face, was not always a voluntary act, for it has been enforced by [[law]] in [[England]] and elsewhere.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Cleanliness and [[vanity]] were therefore not the sole reasons for a "clean shave"; the origins lie deeper.
-A few Roman ''tonsores'' became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.
+Before the [[Macedon]]ian conquest brought the custom of [[clean-shaven|clean shaving]], the κουρευς in the Greek ''[[agora]]'' would trim and style his patrons' beards, hair, and [[fingernail]]s, as [[gossip]] and [[debate]] flowed freely.<ref name=Hist>http://www.barberpole.com/</ref>
-[[Image:Old barbershop in West Texas IMG 4596.JPG|200px|right|thumb|The barbershop in Fluvanna, Texas, has been restored as part of a pioneer village in [[Snyder, Texas|Snyder]] in [[Scurry County, Texas|Scurry County]] in [[West Texas]]. Note the rusted tin roof and the horizontal striped pole, instead of the common vertical one.]]
+Barbering was introduced to [[Roman empire|Rome]] by the [[Magna Grecia|Greek colonies]] in [[Sicily]] in 296 B.C., and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the ''tonsor'' became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the [[thermae|public baths]], and a young man's first shave (''tonsura'') was an essential part of his [[coming of age]] ceremony.
-[[Image:TexasRichardson barberShop.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Interior of a barber's shop, circa 1920]]
+[[Image:TexasRichardson barberShop.jpg|thumb|Interior of a barber's shop, circa 1920.]]
-Barbers in the [[Middle Ages]] often served as surgeons and [[dentist]]s. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed [[surgery]], [[bloodletting|bloodletting and leeching]], [[fire cupping]], [[enema]]s, and the [[dental extraction|extraction of teeth]]; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The [[barber pole]], featuring red and white spiraling stripes, indicated the two crafts (surgery in red and barbering in white). Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British war ships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
+A few Roman ''tonsores'' became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favorite ''loci publici'' of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, owning small storefronts or setting up their stool in the street and offering shaves for a mere ''[[quadrans]]''. Some had reputations as clumsy butchers who left their patrons [[scar]]red about the cheeks and chin; their dull [[bronze]] or [[copper]] (never [[steel]]) [[razor]]s must share some of the blame. The better barbers offered [[depilatory|depilatories]] for those customers who refused the razor.
+The barbers of former times were also surgeons and [[dentist]]s. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed [[surgery]], [[bloodletting|bloodletting and leeching]], [[fire cupping]], [[enema]]s, and the [[dental extraction|extraction of teeth]]. Thus they were called [[barber surgeon]]s, and they formed their first organization in 1094.<ref name=Barberpoles />
-==Issues==
+The barber pole red and white in spiral indicated the two crafts, surgery in red and barbering in white. The barber was paid higher than the surgeon until surgeons were entered into British war ships during its many naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleaning of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
-Today, barbers have fewer customers, due to the fashion of growing one's hair out.{{Fact|date=January 2011}} This has raised a problem and forced them to charge a customer more. Barber [[Sam Mature]], whose interview with [[Studs Terkel]] was published in a novel, [[Working]], says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of ‘em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It’s all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don’t seem to care too much."
 ==Animals==
-The term "barbering" when applied to [[laboratory mice]] is a behaviour where a dominant mouse will use her teeth to pluck out hairs from the face of a passive mouse when they [[Personal grooming|groom]] each other (barbering is practised mostly by female mice). If moved to a cage with other mice, the "barber" will continue to practice her job and pull out hairs from her new cage-mates.<ref>Kurien BT, Gross T, Scofield RH. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7531/1503 Barbering in mice: a model for trichotillomania] BMJ. 2005 Dec 24;331(7531):1503-5. PMID: 16373730</ref>
+The term "barbering" when applied to [[laboratory mice]] is a behaviour where a dominant mouse will use her teeth to pluck out hairs from the face of a passive mouse when they [[Personal grooming|groom]] each other (barbering is practiced mostly by female mice). If moved to a cage with other mice, the "barber" will continue to practice her job and pull out hairs from her new cage-mates. <ref> Kurien BT, Gross T, Scofield RH. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7531/1503 Barbering in mice: a model for trichotillomania] BMJ. 2005 Dec 24;331(7531):1503-5. PMID: 16373730 </ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 56: / Line 55: @@
 {{Wikisource1911Enc}}
 * [[Barber's pole]]
-* [[Barber paradox]]
 * [[Barber surgeon]]
 * [[Beauty salon]]
@@ Line 67: / Line 65: @@
 * [[Sweeney Todd]]
 * [[Barber chair]]
-* [[Barbershop music]]
 * [[Birds Barbershop]]
 * [[Straight razor]]
-==Further reading==
-*[http://books.google.com/books?id=_M9HAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Barber+pole+birmingham&source=bl&ots=CsqhrfDPEO&sig=bPetQSCMtIJaXVvQrCMBL7QdS7A&hl=en&ei=0meLTL60ONvhnQfbi-yRCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false Andrews, William.  (Cottingham, Yorkshire: J.R. Tutin, 1904) ''At the sign of the barber's pole: studies in hirsute history''.] 118 pages.  [[Google books]]. and [http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/9/9/2/19925/19925.htm here] for [[Project Gutenberg]].
-* Andrews, William, ''The Sign of the Barber's Pole: Studies in Hirsute History (Illustrated Edition)'' (Dodo Press) William Andrews (Dodo Press, 2009) 90 pages. Lethe Press Paperback 108 pages ISBN 978-1-59021-081-9
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-Barbers-
-State of California, Employment Development, Labor Market Information Division, Information Services Group, (916) 262-2162.
-http://www.calmis.ca.gov/file/occguide/barber.htm
-The Art of Barbering Through the Ages "Barber Shop"
-http://www.barberpole.com/artof.htm
 ==External links==
+*[http://www.hairmasters-stonystratford.co.uk/History-Of-The-Barber History of The Barber]
-{{Commons category|Barber shops}}
+* [http://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Community_NYC Community NYC: A management agency representing hair stylist, colorists, makeup artists, fashion stylists and photographers.]
+* [http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_wsd_sec20.htm [[William Stearns Davis] on the barber shops of Athens]
 * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Barba.html ''Barba'': entry in William Smith's ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'']
+==References==
-{{Human_hair_footer}}
+{{reflist}}
 [[Category:Personal care and service occupations]]
@@ Line 95: / Line 81: @@
 [[ar:حلاق]]
-[[ca:Barber]]
 [[da:Barber]]
 [[de:Friseur]]
@@ Line 103: / Line 88: @@
 [[ga:Gruagaire]]
 [[gd:Gruagaire]]
-[[ko:이발사]]
-[[hi:नाई]]
-[[hr:Frizer]]
 [[it:Barbiere]]
 [[he:ספר (מקצוע)]]
 [[la:Ornatrix]]
-[[lmo:Barbé]]
 [[hu:Borbély]]
 [[nl:Kapper]]
@@ Line 118: / Line 99: @@
 [[pt:Cabeleireiro]]
 [[ru:Парикмахер]]
-[[scn:Varveri]]
 [[simple:Barber]]
 [[sr:Берберин]]
@@ Line 128: / Line 108: @@
 [[tr:Berber]]
 [[vi:Thợ cắt tóc]]
-[[zh-yue:髮型師]]