Shewanella oneidensis: Difference between revisions
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'''''Shewanella oneidensis''''' [[proteobacterium]] was first isolated from [[Lake Oneida]], NY in 1988, thus the derivation of the name.<ref>http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/2/705 Kasthuri Venkateswaran, Duane P. Moser, Michael E. Dollhopf, Douglas P. Lies, Daad A. Saffarini, Barbara J. MacGregor, David B. Ringelberg, David C. White, Miyuki Nishijima, Hiroshi Sano, Jutta Burghardt, Erko Stackebrandt, Kenneth H. Nealson Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Shewanella and description of Shewanella oneidensis sp. nov.// Int J Syst Bacteriol, 1999, № 49</ref> This species is also sometimes referred to as ''Shewanella oneidensis'' '''MR-1''', indicating "metal reducing", a special feature of this particular organism. ''Shewanella oneidesnsis'' is a facultative bacterium, capable of surviving and proliferating in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The special interest in S. oneidensis MR-1 revolves around |
'''''Shewanella oneidensis''''' [[proteobacterium]] was first isolated from [[Lake Oneida]], NY in 1988, thus the derivation of the name.<ref>http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/2/705 Kasthuri Venkateswaran, Duane P. Moser, Michael E. Dollhopf, Douglas P. Lies, Daad A. Saffarini, Barbara J. MacGregor, David B. Ringelberg, David C. White, Miyuki Nishijima, Hiroshi Sano, Jutta Burghardt, Erko Stackebrandt, Kenneth H. Nealson Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Shewanella and description of Shewanella oneidensis sp. nov.// Int J Syst Bacteriol, 1999, № 49</ref> This species is also sometimes referred to as ''Shewanella oneidensis'' '''MR-1''', indicating "metal reducing", a special feature of this particular organism. ''Shewanella oneidesnsis'' is a facultative bacterium, capable of surviving and proliferating in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The special interest in ''S. oneidensis'' MR-1 revolves around its behavior in [[wikt:anaerobic|anaerobic]] an environment contaminated by heavy metals such as [[iron]], [[lead]], and perhaps even [[uranium]]. Cellular respiration for these bacteria is not restricted to heavy metals though; the bacteria can also target [[sulfate]]s, [[nitrate]]s and [[chromate]]s when grown anaerobically. |
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== Applications to metal reduction == |
== Applications to metal reduction == |
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''S. oneidensis'' MR-1 belongs to a class of bacteria |
''S. oneidensis'' MR-1 belongs to a class of bacteria known as "Dissimilatory Metal Reducing Bacteria ('''DMRB''')" because of their ability to couple metal reduction with their metabolism. Their means of reducing the metals is of particular controversy, as current research using [[Scanning Electron Microscopy]] and [[Transmission Electron Microscopy]] has revealed abnormal structural protrusions resembling bacterial filaments that are thought to be involved in the metal reduction. This process of producing an external filament is completely absent from conventional bacterial respiration and is the center of many current studies. |
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== Pellicle formation == |
== Pellicle formation == |
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Pellicle |
Pellicle is a variety of biofilm which is formed between the air and the liquid in which bacteria grow.<ref>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/10/291 Yili Liang, Haichun Gao, Jingrong Chen, Yangyang Dong, Lin Wu, Zhili He, Xueduan Liu, Guanzhou Qiu, Jizhong Zhou, BMC Microbiology 2010, 10:291</ref> In a biofilm, bacterial cells interact with each other to protect their community and co-operate metabolically (Microbial communities).<ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7091/full/441300a.html Kolter R, Greenberg EP: Microbial sciences-The superficial life of microbes. Nature 2006, 441:300-302.</ref> Pellicle is usually formed in three steps: cells attaching to the triple surface of culture device, air and liquid, then developing an one-layered biofilm from the initial cells, and subsequently maturing to a complicated three-dimensional structure.<ref>Lemon KP, Earl AM, Vlamakis HC, Aguilar C, Kolter R: Biofilm development with an emphasis on ''Bacillus subtilis''. In Bacterial Biofilms 2008, 1-16.</ref> In a developed pellicle, there are a number of substances between the cells (extracellular polymeric substances) which help maintain the pellicle matrix. The process of pellicle formation involves a number of significant microbial activities and related substances. For the extracellular polymeric substances, many proteins and other bio-macromolecules are required. However extracellular DNA is not an important factor, as experiments show that proteinase K can stop the forming of pellicle but DNase I cannot. |
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Interestingly, many metal cations are also required in the process. EDTA control and extensive cation presence/absence tests show that Ca(II), Mn(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) are all essential in this process, probably functioning as a part of a coenzyme or prosthetic group. Mg(II) have partial effect, while Fe(II) and Fe(III) are not only un-needed but even inhibitory to some point. As for the cellular structures, flagella are considered to be contributing to the formation of pellicle. This is easy to understand since the biofilm needs bacterial cells to move in a certain manner, while flagella is the organelle which have locomotive function.<ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01061.x/full Pratt LA, Kolter R: Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation: roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili. Mol Microbiol 1998, 30:285-293.</ref> However, mutant strains lacking flagella can still form pellicle, only with a much slower progress speed. |
Interestingly, many metal cations are also required in the process. EDTA control and extensive cation presence/absence tests show that Ca(II), Mn(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) are all essential in this process, probably functioning as a part of a coenzyme or prosthetic group. Mg(II) have partial effect, while Fe(II) and Fe(III) are not only un-needed but even inhibitory to some point. As for the cellular structures, flagella are considered to be contributing to the formation of pellicle. This is easy to understand since the biofilm needs bacterial cells to move in a certain manner, while flagella is the organelle which have locomotive function.<ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01061.x/full Pratt LA, Kolter R: Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation: roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili. Mol Microbiol 1998, 30:285-293.</ref> However, mutant strains lacking flagella can still form pellicle, only with a much slower progress speed. |
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Revision as of 04:11, 17 February 2011
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| Class: | Gamma Proteobacteria
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| Shewanella oneidensis | |
Shewanella oneidensis proteobacterium was first isolated from Lake Oneida, NY in 1988, thus the derivation of the name.[1] This species is also sometimes referred to as Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, indicating "metal reducing", a special feature of this particular organism. Shewanella oneidesnsis is a facultative bacterium, capable of surviving and proliferating in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The special interest in S. oneidensis MR-1 revolves around its behavior in anaerobic an environment contaminated by heavy metals such as iron, lead, and perhaps even uranium. Cellular respiration for these bacteria is not restricted to heavy metals though; the bacteria can also target sulfates, nitrates and chromates when grown anaerobically.
Applications to metal reduction
S. oneidensis MR-1 belongs to a class of bacteria known as "Dissimilatory Metal Reducing Bacteria (DMRB)" because of their ability to couple metal reduction with their metabolism. Their means of reducing the metals is of particular controversy, as current research using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy has revealed abnormal structural protrusions resembling bacterial filaments that are thought to be involved in the metal reduction. This process of producing an external filament is completely absent from conventional bacterial respiration and is the center of many current studies.
Pellicle formation
Pellicle is a variety of biofilm which is formed between the air and the liquid in which bacteria grow.[2] In a biofilm, bacterial cells interact with each other to protect their community and co-operate metabolically (Microbial communities).[3] Pellicle is usually formed in three steps: cells attaching to the triple surface of culture device, air and liquid, then developing an one-layered biofilm from the initial cells, and subsequently maturing to a complicated three-dimensional structure.[4] In a developed pellicle, there are a number of substances between the cells (extracellular polymeric substances) which help maintain the pellicle matrix. The process of pellicle formation involves a number of significant microbial activities and related substances. For the extracellular polymeric substances, many proteins and other bio-macromolecules are required. However extracellular DNA is not an important factor, as experiments show that proteinase K can stop the forming of pellicle but DNase I cannot. Interestingly, many metal cations are also required in the process. EDTA control and extensive cation presence/absence tests show that Ca(II), Mn(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) are all essential in this process, probably functioning as a part of a coenzyme or prosthetic group. Mg(II) have partial effect, while Fe(II) and Fe(III) are not only un-needed but even inhibitory to some point. As for the cellular structures, flagella are considered to be contributing to the formation of pellicle. This is easy to understand since the biofilm needs bacterial cells to move in a certain manner, while flagella is the organelle which have locomotive function.[5] However, mutant strains lacking flagella can still form pellicle, only with a much slower progress speed.
Genome
As a facultative anaerobe with branching electron transport pathway, Shewanella oneidensis is considered a model organism in microbiology. In 2002, the complete genome sequence was published, it has a 4.9Mb circular chromosome that is predicted to encode 4,758 protein open reading frames. It also has a 161kb plasmid with 173 open reading frames.[6] A re-annotation was made in 2003.[7] The genome is accessible on the Internet, such as on NCBI (look at the external links).[8][9]
References
- ^ http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/2/705 Kasthuri Venkateswaran, Duane P. Moser, Michael E. Dollhopf, Douglas P. Lies, Daad A. Saffarini, Barbara J. MacGregor, David B. Ringelberg, David C. White, Miyuki Nishijima, Hiroshi Sano, Jutta Burghardt, Erko Stackebrandt, Kenneth H. Nealson Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Shewanella and description of Shewanella oneidensis sp. nov.// Int J Syst Bacteriol, 1999, № 49
- ^ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/10/291 Yili Liang, Haichun Gao, Jingrong Chen, Yangyang Dong, Lin Wu, Zhili He, Xueduan Liu, Guanzhou Qiu, Jizhong Zhou, BMC Microbiology 2010, 10:291
- ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7091/full/441300a.html Kolter R, Greenberg EP: Microbial sciences-The superficial life of microbes. Nature 2006, 441:300-302.
- ^ Lemon KP, Earl AM, Vlamakis HC, Aguilar C, Kolter R: Biofilm development with an emphasis on Bacillus subtilis. In Bacterial Biofilms 2008, 1-16.
- ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01061.x/full Pratt LA, Kolter R: Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation: roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili. Mol Microbiol 1998, 30:285-293.
- ^ http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v20/n11/abs/nbt749.html Nature Biotechnology 20, 1118 - 1123 (2002) Genome sequence of the dissimilatory metal ion–reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis John F. Heidelberg et al.
- ^ http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089%2F153623103322246566 Reannotation of Shewanella oneidensis Genome N. Daraselia, D. Dernovoy, Y. Tian, M. Borodovsky, R. Tatusov, T. Tatusova. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology. July 2003, 7(2): 171-175. doi:10.1089/153623103322246566.
- ^ Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Genome Page
- ^ Whole genome of Shewanella oneidensis