Queen mother

Queen Mother is a title or position reserved for a widowed queen consort (a queen dowager) whose son or daughter from that marriage is the reigning monarch. The term has been used in England since at least 1577. The title arises in hereditary monarchies.

Status

A queen consort, as wife of a king, has a royal position of great importance but does not normally have any rights to succeed him as monarch after his death.

The queen consort's eldest son (or daughter, if there is no son or if the kingdom practices absolute primogeniture) would normally be crowned as successor upon the king's death, often leaving the new monarch's mother still alive, but no longer holding any official position. A new king, of course, might already be married, or marry subsequently, and would have his own queen consort. A daughter who succeeded would be a queen regnant and normally called simply "the Queen", so a confusion of titles could result.

Therefore, the title of "queen mother" identifies the widow of the deceased former king and mother of the currently reigning king or queen. The title distinguishes the queen mother from the current queen consort, who is the wife of the currently reigning king. It also distinguishes such a person from a monarch's mother who was not previously a queen consort. For example, Victoria, the Duchess of Kent and Strathearn was "the Queen's mother" when her daughter became queen regnant but not "queen mother".

As the king's or queen's mother, the queen mother is typically supported throughout her remaining years and given honour as a beloved relative, but has no official position or power. She is expected to carefully abstain from any involvement in governance or politics.

However in Swaziland, located in Southern Africa, the Queen Mother, or Ndlovukati, reigns alongside her son. She serves as a ceremonial figurehead, while her son serves as the administrative head of state. He has absolute power. She is important at fesivals such as the annual reed dance ceremony.

In many matrilineal societies of West Africa, such as the Ashanti, the queen mother is the one through whom royal descent is reckoned and thus wields considerable power. One of the greatest leaders of Ashanti was Queen Mother Yaa Asantewaa (1840–1921), who led her subjects against the British Empire during the War of the Golden Stool in 1900.

Furthermore, in more symbolically-driven societies such as the kingdoms of the Yoruba peoples, the queen mother may not even be a blood relative of the reigning monarch. She could be a female individual of any age who is vested with the ritual authority of the departed queens in a ceremonial sense, and who is practically regarded as the monarch's mother as a result. A good examle of this is the line of the Erelu Kuti of Lagos, who has been seen as the Iya Oba or queen mother of any given king of that realm as embodied by whoever the current holder of the title is.

In Britain, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother served as a Counsellor of State several times. She had always remained a popular figure of the royal family.

Recent British queen mothers

The following queens became queen mothers, though not all chose to use that style.

• Queen Alexandra (1844–1925) — widow of Edward VII and mother of George V.
• Queen Mary (1867–1953) — widow of George V and mother of kings Edward VIII and George VI. Queen Mary never used the title Queen Mother, choosing instead to be known as "Queen Mary" and that style was used to describe her in the Court Circular. But she was a queen mother just the same. When her granddaughter acceded to the throne as Elizabeth II in 1952, the new queen's mother became queen mother.
• Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother (1900–2002) — the widow of George VI and mother of Queen Elizabeth II. In some of the British media Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother is often referred to as the Queen Mum, and the term "Queen Mother" remains associated with her after her death.

Main article: English and British Queen mothers

Other notable queen mothers in history

The title queen mother has been widely used. Other well-known queen mothers include:

• Bathsheba - queen mother of Ancient Kingdom of Israel
• Blanche of Castile - queen mother of France (1226–1252)
• Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić - queen mother of Bosnia (1463–1478)
• Bona Sforza - queen mother of Poland-Lithuania (1548–1557)
• Catherine de Medici - queen mother of France (1559–1589)
• Maria of Medici - queen mother of France (1610–1642)
• Anne of Austria - queen mother of France (1643–1666)
• Margaret of Savoy - queen mother of Italy (1900–1926)
• Maria Christina of Austria - queen mother of Spain (1906–1929)
• Maria of Romania - queen mother of Yugoslavia (1941–1961)
• Helen of Greece and Denmark - queen mother of Romania (1940–1948)
• Frederica of Hanover - queen mother of Greece (1964–1981)
• Catherine of Valois - queen mother of England and France

Exceptional cases

• Ingeborg of Norway (1301-1361), Duchess of Sweden, acted and ranked as if she were a queen regnant for a year before the Swedish reign of her son, King Magnus IV, and thereafter as if she were his queen mother, serving intermittently on his board of regents. However, she was never officially recognized as queen or queen mother.
• Elena of Greece - wife, from 1921–1928, of the future Charles II of Romania, and mother of King Michael of Romania. In circumstances that read like a soap opera, Michael first ruled from 1927–1930, before his father was king (and again after his father abdicated). When in 1930 Carol returned to Romania and assumed the throne, he actually retrodated his reign to 1927, the year his father (King Ferdinand I) died. As Elena had not yet divorced her playboy husband at the time (that was to happen in the following year), he unwittingly granted her the retroactive title of queen. Thus, in 1940, after his abdication and the second accession of their son, she rightfully became the queen mother of Romania.
• Similarly, Maharani Gayatri Devi of Jaipur was the third wife of her husband, the monarch, but not the mother of his successor, a son by the king's first wife. However, she has been accorded the title of queen mother (Rajmata) anyway.
• The Valide Sultan, the mother of an Ottoman Sultan, is sometimes referred to as queen mother.

Erroneous usage of the title

• Queen Noor of Jordan is sometimes mistakenly referred to as the queen mother of Jordan. But while she is the widow of King Hussein and was his fourth wife, the current king, Abdullah II, is not her son; he's her stepson. His mother is Princess Muna al-Hussein.

King mother

Diana, Princess of Wales, reportedly once suggested to journalist Andrew Morton (author of Diana: Her True Story) that when her son, Prince William of Wales, became king, she would be known as King Mother. No such designation has ever officially existed, nor is there independent evidence that such terminology was ever considered. Queen mother means "queen who is mother to the current monarch", not "mother of the queen"; "king mother" is a contradiction in terms.

However, of note, and possibly Diana's basis for the idea, is the style My Lady The King's Mother, held by Lady Margaret Beaufort during the reign of her son, Henry VII of England.

King father

If a king were to abdicate and pass the throne to his child, then in that case the king could have his son or daughter style him as a king father. King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia was styled as HM King-Father Norodom Sihanouk when he abdicated in favor of his son.

See also

• Empress dowager
• Queen dowager