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In 2006, [[Morgan Stanley]] purchased 20 acres directly north of the [[Showboat Atlantic City|Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino]] for a new $2 billion-plus casino resort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lvrj.com/business/heads-butt-over-plan-for-boardwalk-bounceback-89350382.html |title=Heads butt over plan for Boardwalk bounceback |publisher=ReviewJournal.com - Lvrj.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref> [[Revel Entertainment Group]] was named as the project's developer for the Revel Casino. Revel was hit with many problems, with the biggest blow to the company being in April 2010 when Morgan Stanley, the owner of 90% of Revel Entertainment Group, decided to discontinue funding for continued construction and put its stake in Revel up for sale. Early in 2010 the N.J. state legislature passed a bill offering tax incentives to attract new investors and complete the job, but a poll by [[Fairleigh Dickinson University]]'s [[Fairleigh Dickinson University#PublicMind|PublicMind]] released in March 2010 showed that three of five voters (60%) opposed the legislation, and two of three of those who opposed it "strongly" opposed it.<ref>"[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304620304575166102780084846.html How Odds of Success Got Longer for Morgan Stanley's Casino Plan]," [[Wall Street Journal]]. April 5, 2010, retrieved 2.17.11; "[http://publicmind.fdu.edu/revelbailout/ N.J. Voters Disapprove of Revel Bailout]" Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind. March 31, 2011.</ref> Ultimately, Governor [[Chris Christie]] offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits to assist the casino once it opens. <ref> [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/02/revel_entertainment_gets_over.html "Revel Entertainment gets $1B financing to finish Atlantic City casino"] Associated Press, 17 February 2011, accessed 24 March 2011.</ref> As of March 2011, Revel has completed all of the exterior work and has continued work on the interior after finally receiving the funding necessary to complete construction. It is scheduled to be opened for summer 2012.
In 2006, [[Morgan Stanley]] purchased 20 acres directly north of the [[Showboat Atlantic City|Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino]] for a new $2 billion-plus casino resort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lvrj.com/business/heads-butt-over-plan-for-boardwalk-bounceback-89350382.html |title=Heads butt over plan for Boardwalk bounceback |publisher=ReviewJournal.com - Lvrj.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref> [[Revel Entertainment Group]] was named as the project's developer for the Revel Casino. Revel was hit with many problems, with the biggest blow to the company being in April 2010 when Morgan Stanley, the owner of 90% of Revel Entertainment Group, decided to discontinue funding for continued construction and put its stake in Revel up for sale. Early in 2010 the N.J. state legislature passed a bill offering tax incentives to attract new investors and complete the job, but a poll by [[Fairleigh Dickinson University]]'s [[Fairleigh Dickinson University#PublicMind|PublicMind]] released in March 2010 showed that three of five voters (60%) opposed the legislation, and two of three of those who opposed it "strongly" opposed it.<ref>"[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304620304575166102780084846.html How Odds of Success Got Longer for Morgan Stanley's Casino Plan]," [[Wall Street Journal]]. April 5, 2010, retrieved 2.17.11; "[http://publicmind.fdu.edu/revelbailout/ N.J. Voters Disapprove of Revel Bailout]" Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind. March 31, 2011.</ref> Ultimately, Governor [[Chris Christie]] offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits to assist the casino once it opens. <ref> [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/02/revel_entertainment_gets_over.html "Revel Entertainment gets $1B financing to finish Atlantic City casino"] Associated Press, 17 February 2011, accessed 24 March 2011.</ref> As of March 2011, Revel has completed all of the exterior work and has continued work on the interior after finally receiving the funding necessary to complete construction. It is scheduled to be opened for summer 2012.


In July 2010, Governor [[Chris Christie]] announced that a state take over of the city and local government "was imminent". Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an "antique car", Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Gov. Chris Christie's plan, unveiled on July 22, to reinvigorate an industry mired in a four-year slump in revenue and hammered by fresh competition from casinos in the surrounding states of [[Delaware]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Connecticut]], and more recently, [[Maryland]]. In January 2011, Chris Christie announced the Atlantic City Tourism District, a state-run district encompassing the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the [[Atlantic City Outlets]], and [[Bader Field]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/features5/article_95099d36-95fd-11df-965e-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Experts question need to reform Atlantic City's "model" casino regulatory system |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pressofatlanticcity.com/features5/article_cf609d7a-95dc-11df-a580-001cc4c002e0.html?mode=story |title=Gov. Christie's office releases conceptual "maps" of Atlantic City tourism, entertainment districts |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref>
In July 2010, Governor [[Chris Christie]] announced that a state take over of the city and local government "was imminent". Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an "antique car", Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Gov. Chris Christie's plan, unveiled on July 22, to reinvigorate an industry mired in a four-year slump in revenue and hammered by fresh competition from casinos in the surrounding states of [[Delaware]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Connecticut]], and more recently, [[Maryland]]. In January 2011, Chris Christie announced the Atlantic City Tourism District, a state-run district encompassing the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the [[Atlantic City Outlets]], and [[Bader Field]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/features5/article_95099d36-95fd-11df-965e-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Experts question need to reform Atlantic City's "model" casino regulatory system |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pressofatlanticcity.com/features5/article_cf609d7a-95dc-11df-a580-001cc4c002e0.html?mode=story |title=Gov. Christie's office releases conceptual "maps" of Atlantic City tourism, entertainment districts |publisher=pressofAtlanticCity.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref> [[Fairleigh Dickinson University]]'s [[Fairleigh Dickinson University#PublicMind|PublicMind]] poll surveyed N.J. voters' attitudes on the takeover. The February 16th, 2011 survey showed that 43% opposed the measure while 29% favored direct state oversight <ref name=politiker> Max Pizarro, [http://www.politickernj.com/44899/fdu-voters-oppose-ac-state-takeover-43-29 "FDU: voters oppose AC state takeover, 43-29%], February 16, 2011</ref> Interestingly, the poll also found that even South Jersey voters expressed opposition to the plan; 40% reported they opposed the measure and 37% reported they were in favor of it. <ref name=politiker/>


== Casino resorts ==
== Casino resorts ==

Revision as of 23:04, 24 March 2011

"Atlantic City" redirects here. For other uses, see Atlantic City (disambiguation).
Atlantic City, New Jersey
City
A montage of Atlantic City; clockwise from top: A panorama of the boardwalk casinos, Boardwalk Hall and Tropicana, Trump Taj Mahal, Harrah's Atlantic City, Bally's Atlantic City, The Quarter at Tropicana, and Resorts Atlantic City
A montage of Atlantic City; clockwise from top: A panorama of the boardwalk casinos, Boardwalk Hall and Tropicana, Trump Taj Mahal, Harrah's Atlantic City, Bally's Atlantic City, The Quarter at Tropicana, and Resorts Atlantic City
Flag of Atlantic City, New Jersey
Flag
Official logo of Atlantic City, New Jersey
Nickname(s): 

"AC"
"Las Vegas of the East"
Motto: 
Always Turned On
Map of Atlantic City in Atlantic County (click image to enlarge; also see: state map)
Map of Atlantic City in Atlantic County
(click image to enlarge; also see: state map)
U.S. Census Map
U.S. Census Map
CountryUnited States
StateNew Jersey
CountyAtlantic
IncorporatedMay 1, 1854
Government
 • TypeFaulkner Act (Mayor-Council)
 • MayorLorenzo T. Langford
 • AdministratorRedenia Gillam-Mosee[1]
Area
 • City
17.4 sq mi (53.4 km2)
 • Land11.4 sq mi (38.9 km2)
 • Water6.0 sq mi (15.5 km2)
Elevation
[2]
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2008)[3]
 • City
35,770
 • Density3,569.8/sq mi (1,378.3/km2)
 • Metro
266,268
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
08401-08406
Area code609
FIPS code34-02080Template:GR[4]
GNIS feature ID0885142Template:GR
Websitehttp://www.cityofatlanticcity.org

Atlantic City is a city in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States, and a nationally renowned resort city for gambling, shopping and fine dining. The city also served as the inspiration for the board game Monopoly. Atlantic City is located on Absecon Island on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. As of 2008, the city has a population of 35,770, with 266,268 people living in the Atlantic City–Hammonton metropolitan statistical area. The 3 routes into Atlantic City are the Black Horse Pike/Harding Highway (US 322/40), White Horse Pike (US 30) and the Atlantic City Expressway. Atlantic City is roughly 120 miles south of New York City by road, 62 miles southeast of Philadelphia, and borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor and West Atlantic City (part of Egg Harbor Township).

Atlantic City officially became a city in 1854. The new city contained portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township.[5]

History

Seascape with Distant Lighthouse, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1873, William Trost Richards. Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum

Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City presented itself as prime real estate and a potential resort town for developers. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built. The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. The first boardwalk was built in 1870, along a portion of the beach to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Because of its effectiveness and popularity the boardwalk was expanded and modified several times in the following years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the 1944 hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 kilometres) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.

The first official road from the mainland to the island was completed in 1870, after 17 years of construction. The road, which ran from Pleasantville, had a $0.30 toll. The first free road was Albany Avenue, constructed over the meadows from Pleasantville.

By 1878 because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia-Atlantic City railroad and the Reading railroad were constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and the Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, and were considered quite luxurious for their time. On Wednesday June 16, 1880, Atlantic City was formally opened.

In the 1920s, with tourism at its peak, many historians consider this decade Atlantic City's golden age. During prohibition, liquor flowed freely and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. This era in the city's history has inspired the HBO Original Series Boardwalk Empire.

Historic hotels

Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel from the beach
Haddon Hall Hotel depicted on a postcard.

During the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city’s most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.

In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of conversation, White hired the architectural firm of Price and McLanahan. The firm made use of reinforced concrete, a new building material invented by Jean-Louis Lambot in 1848 (Joseph Monier received the patent in 1867). The hotel’s Spanish and Moorish themes, capped off with its signature dome and chimneys, represented a step forward from other hotels that had a classically designed influence. White named the new hotel the Blenheim and merged the two hotels into the Marlborough-Blenheim. Bally's Atlantic City was later constructed at this location.

The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel’s owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to build an even bigger hotel. Sixteen stories high, the tan brick and gold-capped hotel would become one of the city’s best-known landmarks. The hotel made use of ocean-facing hotel rooms by jutting its wings farther from the main portion of the hotel along Pacific Avenue.

One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. Their original wood-frame structures would be enlarged, and even moved closer to the beach, over the years. The modern Chalfonte Hotel, eight stories tall, opened in 1904. The modern Haddon Hall was built in stages and was completed in 1929, at eleven stories. By this time, they were under the same ownership and merged into the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel, becoming the city's largest hotel with nearly 1,000 rooms. By 1930, the Claridge, the city's last large hotel before the casinos, opened its doors. The 400-room Claridge was built by a partnership that included renowned Philadelphia contractor John McShain. At 24 stories, it would become known as the "Skyscraper By The Sea."

Piers

Piers played a large part of Atlantic City's history. The first pier, Ocean Pier, was built in Atlantic City in 1882.[6] Another famous pier built during that time was Steel Pier, opened in 1898, which once billed itself as "The Showplace of the Nation." It is now located opposite Trump Taj Mahal and is used as an amusement pier. The Million Dollar Pier opened in 1906 and is now opposite Caesars Casino and houses the Pier Shops at Caesars. The final pier that still exists today is Garden Pier, located opposite Revel Casino, which once housed a movie theater, and is now home to the Atlantic City Historical Society and Arts Center. Steeplechase Pier, another amusement pier, once existed just west of Steel Pier. Heinz Pier, located just east of the Garden Pier, was famous for its Pickle Pins, but was destroyed in the Hurricane of 1944.

Decline and resurgence

The Tropicana from the boardwalk

Like many older east coast cities after World War II, Atlantic City became plagued with poverty, crime, corruption, and disinvestment in the mid to late 20th century. The neighborhood known as the "Inlet" became particularly impoverished. The reasons for the resort's decline were multi-layered. First of all, the automobile easily available to many Americans after the war. Atlantic City had initially relied upon visitors coming by train and staying for a couple of weeks. The car allowed them to come and go as they pleased, and many people would spend only a few days, rather than weeks. Also, the advent of suburbia played a huge role. With many families moving to their own private houses, luxuries such as home air conditioning and swimming pools diminished their interest in flocking to the luxury beach resorts during the hot summer. But perhaps the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity came from cheap, fast jet service to other premiere resorts. Places such as Miami Beach and Nassau, Bahamas superseded Atlantic City as favored vacation spots.

Trump Taj Mahal from Pacific Avenue

The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and the Governor of New Jersey at that time, Richard J. Hughes, led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention.

By the late 1960s, many of the resort's once great hotels were were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, many of these hotels were demolished. The Breakers, the Chelsea, the Brighton, the Shelburne, the Mayflower, the Traymore, and the Marlborough-Blenheim were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s. Of the many pre-casino resorts that bordered the boardwalk, only the Claridge, the Dennis, the Ritz-Carlton, and the Haddon Hall survive to this day as parts of Bally's Atlantic City, a condo complex, and Resorts Atlantic City. The old Ambassador Hotel was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City, only reusing the steelwork of the original building. Smaller hotels off the boardwalk also survived.

Borgata is Atlantic City's highest grossing casino.

Legalized gambling

In an effort at revitalizing the city, New Jersey voters in 1976 approved casino gambling for Atlantic City; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass. Imediately after the legislation passed, the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International. It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978.[7] Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and, later, in the marina district for a total of eleven today. The introduction of gambling did not, however, quickly eliminate many of the urban problems that plagued Atlantic City. Many have argued that it only served to magnify those problems, as evidenced in the stark contrast between tourism-intensive areas and the adjacent impoverished working-class neighborhoods.[8] In addition, Atlantic City has played second-fiddle to Las Vegas, Nevada, as a gambling city in the United States, although in the late 1970s and 1980s, when Las Vegas was experiencing a massive drop in tourism due to crime, particularly the Mafia's role, and other economic factors, Atlantic City was favored over Las Vegas. The rise of Mike Tyson in boxing, having most of his fights in Atlantic City in the '80s, also helped Atlantic City burst into the national spotlight as a gambling resort.

Modern day Atlantic City

Aerial view of Atlantic City, 2007

With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, Atlantic City's tourism began to slide. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina. Nicknamed "The Tunnel Project", Steve Wynn planned the proposed 'Mirage Atlantic City' around the idea that he would connect the $330 million, 2.5-mile (4.0 km) tunnel from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort. The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector. The highway funnels incoming traffic off the expressway into the city's marina district and Brigantine, New Jersey.

Although Wynn's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002, the tunnel opened in 2001. The new roadway prompted MGM Mirage to build Atlantic City's newest casino. The Borgata opened in July 2003, and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans on building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city.[9] But due to economic conditions and the late-2000s recession, many proposed mega casinos never moved further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, permanently closing it on November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion, the first of its kind in Atlantic City. While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $1.5–2 billion casino resort, the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land.

View of Atlantic City Boardwalk Hall (top left) and ocean, 2011

The biggest disappointment was when MGM Resorts International announced that it would pull out of all development for Atlantic City, effectively killing their plans for the MGM Grand Atlantic City.[10][11]

In 2005, the Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm opened as New Jersey's first wind farm. consists of five 1.5 megawatt turbine towers, each almost 400 feet (120 metres) high.

In 2006, Morgan Stanley purchased 20 acres directly north of the Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino for a new $2 billion-plus casino resort.[12] Revel Entertainment Group was named as the project's developer for the Revel Casino. Revel was hit with many problems, with the biggest blow to the company being in April 2010 when Morgan Stanley, the owner of 90% of Revel Entertainment Group, decided to discontinue funding for continued construction and put its stake in Revel up for sale. Early in 2010 the N.J. state legislature passed a bill offering tax incentives to attract new investors and complete the job, but a poll by Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind released in March 2010 showed that three of five voters (60%) opposed the legislation, and two of three of those who opposed it "strongly" opposed it.[13] Ultimately, Governor Chris Christie offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits to assist the casino once it opens. [14] As of March 2011, Revel has completed all of the exterior work and has continued work on the interior after finally receiving the funding necessary to complete construction. It is scheduled to be opened for summer 2012.

In July 2010, Governor Chris Christie announced that a state take over of the city and local government "was imminent". Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an "antique car", Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Gov. Chris Christie's plan, unveiled on July 22, to reinvigorate an industry mired in a four-year slump in revenue and hammered by fresh competition from casinos in the surrounding states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and more recently, Maryland. In January 2011, Chris Christie announced the Atlantic City Tourism District, a state-run district encompassing the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field. [15][16] Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind poll surveyed N.J. voters' attitudes on the takeover. The February 16th, 2011 survey showed that 43% opposed the measure while 29% favored direct state oversight [17] Interestingly, the poll also found that even South Jersey voters expressed opposition to the plan; 40% reported they opposed the measure and 37% reported they were in favor of it. [17]

Casino resorts

Atlantic City is considered the "Gambling Capital of the East Coast" and is second to Las Vegas in number of casinos, yearly gaming revenue, & number of rooms.

Casino Opening Date: Theme: Number of Rooms: Parent Company: District:
Atlantic City Hilton December 12, 1980 Beach Resort 800 Resorts International Holdings Downbeach
Bally's Atlantic City December 29, 1979 American Old West 1,753 Caesars Entertainment Midtown
The Borgata July 2, 2003 Tuscany 2,802 Marina District Development The Marina
Caesars Atlantic City June 26, 1979 Roman Empire 1,158 Caesars Entertainment Midtown
Harrah's Atlantic City November 27, 1980 Marina Waterfront 2,588 Caesars Entertainment The Marina
Resorts Atlantic City May 28, 1978 Roaring 20s 942 RAC Atlantic City Holdings Uptown
Showboat April 2, 1987 Mardi Gras 1,331 Caesars Entertainment Uptown
Tropicana November 26, 1981 Old Havana 2,129 Tropicana Entertainment Downbeach
Trump Marina June 19, 1985 Marina Club 728 Trump Entertainment Resorts The Marina
Trump Plaza May 26, 1984 Luxury Resort 906 Trump Entertainment Resorts Midtown
Trump Taj Mahal April 2, 1990 Taj Mahal 2,248 Trump Entertainment Resorts Uptown

Casino Hotels Under Construction

Revel Atlantic City under construction in March 2010.
Casino Opening Date: Theme: Number of Rooms: Parent Company: District:
Revel Casino Hotel June 2012 N/A 1,100 Revel Entertainment Group Uptown
Golden Nugget Atlantic City September 2011 N/A 728 Landry's Marina

Planned casino hotels

Casino Opening Date: Theme: Number of Rooms: Parent Company: District:
Hard Rock Hotel and Casino N/A Rock & Roll 200 Hard Rock Cafe Downbeach

Geography

Atlantic City is located at 39°21′54″N 74°26′21″W / 39.364966°N 74.439034°W / 39.364966; -74.439034.Template:GR

Atlantic City is located on 8.1-mile (13.0 km) long Absecon Island, along with Ventnor City, Margate City and Longport to the southwest.[18]

The city has a total area, according to the United States Census Bureau, of 17.4 square miles (45 square kilometres), of which, 11.4 square miles (30 square kilometres) of it is land and 6.0 square miles (16 square kilometres) of it (34.58%) is water.

Climate

Atlantic City has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen), with some maritime moderation, especially during the summer.

Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.2 °F (24.0 °C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures cooler than inland areas. Near the coast, temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on only 5 days a year.[19] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.2 °F (1.8 °C), with 12 or 13 days with highs that do not break the freezing mark.[19] Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity.

Annual precipitation is 38 inches (965 mm) which is fairly spread throughout the year. Due to its close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location in South Jersey, Atlantic City receives less snow than a good portion of the rest of New Jersey. Even at the airport, snow averages only 14 inches (36 cm) each winter. It is not uncommon for rain to fall in Atlantic City while the northern and western parts of the state are receiving snow.

Climate data for Atlantic City, New Jersey [20]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		72
(22) 		82
(28) 		91
(33) 		94
(34) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		102
(39) 		92
(33) 		90
(32) 		80
(27) 		74
(23) 		102
(39)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 41.4
(5.2) 		43.2
(6.2) 		49.5
(9.7) 		57.5
(14.2) 		66.1
(18.9) 		74.8
(23.8) 		80.6
(27.0) 		79.8
(26.6) 		74.1
(23.4) 		64.5
(18.1) 		55.0
(12.8) 		46.3
(7.9) 		61.1
(16.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 29.0
(−1.7) 		30.6
(−0.8) 		37.0
(2.8) 		45.2
(7.3) 		54.8
(12.7) 		63.9
(17.7) 		69.8
(21.0) 		69.7
(20.9) 		63.6
(17.6) 		52.5
(11.4) 		42.9
(6.1) 		34.0
(1.1) 		49.4
(9.7)
Record low °F (°C) −3
(−19) 		1
(−17) 		4
(−16) 		22
(−6) 		34
(1) 		45
(7) 		53
(12) 		50
(10) 		42
(6) 		27
(−3) 		8
(−13) 		4
(−16) 		−3
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.44
(87) 		2.88
(73) 		3.79
(96) 		3.25
(83) 		3.16
(80) 		2.46
(62) 		3.36
(85) 		4.16
(106) 		3.02
(77) 		2.71
(69) 		2.96
(75) 		3.18
(81) 		38.37
(975)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 4.8
(12) 		5.5
(14) 		1.3
(3.3) 		.3
(0.76) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		trace .2
(0.51) 		1.6
(4.1) 		13.7
(35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.5 9.3 10.7 10.6 11.0 9.0 8.6 8.4 8.0 7.3 9.4 10.4 113.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 2.9 2.6 .9 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 1.2 8.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 151.9 158.2 204.6 219.0 244.6 267.0 275.9 272.8 228.0 201.5 147.0 133.3 2,503.8
Source 1: NOAA (normals, 1971−2000),[19][21] HKO (sun, 1961−1990) [22]
Source 2: Weather.com (extremes) [23]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1860687—
18701,04351.8%
18805,477425.1%
189013,055138.4%
190027,838113.2%
191046,15065.8%
192050,7079.9%
193066,19830.6%
194064,094−3.2%
195061,657−3.8%
196059,544−3.4%
197047,859−19.6%
198040,199−16.0%
199037,986−5.5%
200040,5176.7%
201039,558−2.4%
sources:[24][25]

As of the 2006-2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates,[26] Atlantic City had 34,769 people. The racial makeup of the city was 24.0% White, 40.0% Black or African American, 10.0% Asian, 1.8% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 18.3% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. 24.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.2% of the population was non-Hispanic whites.

There were a total of 20,637 housing units, with 23.9% of them vacant. Atlantic City's unemployment rate was 12.8%. The city had 26.3% of all people living below the poverty line, including 35.2% of those under 18 and 22.5% of those over 65. 61.2% speak only English, while 21.3% of the population speaks Spanish.

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3/km2). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4/sq mi (687.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 44.16% Black or African American, 26.68% White, 0.48% Native American, 10.40% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 13.76% from other races, and 4.47% from two or more races. 24.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.44% of the population was non-Hispanic whites.

There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the city the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,969, and the median income for a family was $31,997. Males had a median income of $25,471 versus $23,863 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,402. About 19.1% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Local government

Atlantic City is governed under the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council) system of municipal government.[27]

The City Council is the governing body of Atlantic City. Members of Council are elected to serve for a term of four years. There are nine Councilmembers, one from each of six wards and three serving at-large. The City Council exercises the legislative power of the municipality for the purpose of holding Council meetings to introduce ordinances and resolutions to regulate City government. In addition, Councilmembers review budgets submitted by the Mayor; provide for an annual audit of the City’s accounts and financial transactions; organize standing committees and hold public hearings to address important issues which impact Atlantic City.[28] Former Mayor Bob Levy created the Atlantic City Ethics Board in 2007, but the Board was dissolved two years later by vote of the Atlantic City Council.

The current Mayor is Lorenzo T. Langford. As of 2010, members of the City Council are G. Bruce Ward (1st ward), Marty Small (2nd ward), Vice-President Steven L. Moore (3rd ward), President William "Speedy" Marsh (4th ward), Dennis Mason (5th ward), Timothy Mancuso (6th ward), Moisse Delgado (at-large), Frank M. Gilliam Jr. (at-large) and George Tibbitt (at-large).[29][1][30]

Mayoral disappearance and resignation

Following questions about false claims he had made about his military record, Mayor Bob Levy left City Hall in September 2007 in a city-owned vehicle for an unknown destination. After a 13 day absence, his lawyer revealed that Levy was in Carrier Clinic, a rehabilitation hospital.[31] Levy resigned in October 2007 and then-Council President William Marsh assumed the office of Mayor[32] and served the six-week remainder of his term.

Federal, state and county representation

Atlantic City is in the 2nd Congressional district. For the 119th United States Congress, New Jersey's 2nd congressional district is represented by Jeff Van Drew (R, Dennis Township).[33] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and Andy Kim (Moorestown, term ends 2031).[34][35]

Atlantic City is in the For the 2024-2025 session, the 2nd legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the New Jersey Senate by Vincent J. Polistina (R, Egg Harbor Township) and in the General Assembly by Don Guardian (R, Atlantic City) and Claire Swift (R, Margate City).[36]

Dennis Levinson is Atlantic County's Executive.

The Board of Chosen Freeholders, the county's legislature, consists of nine members elected to three-year terms on a staggered basis, with three seats coming up for election each year. As of 2010, the current Board of Chosen Freeholders members are:[37]

  • Alisa Cooper, Freeholder At-Large (2011)
  • Chairman James Curcio, Freeholder District 5, including Buena Borough, Buena Vista Township, Corbin City, Egg Harbor City, Estell Manor, Folsom, Hamilton Township (part), Hammonton, Mullica Township and Weymouth. (2012)
  • Richard Dase, Freeholder District 4, including Absecon, Brigantine, Galloway Township and Port Republic. (2010)
  • Frank Giordano, Freeholder At-Large (2012)
  • Charles Garrett, Freeholder District 1, including Atlantic City (part), Egg Harbor Township (part) and Pleasantville. (2010)
  • Joseph McDevitt, Freeholder At-Large (2010)
  • Frank Formica, Freeholder District 2, including Atlantic City (part), Egg Harbor Township (part), Longport, Margate, Somers Point and Ventnor. (2012)
  • Jim Schroeder, Freeholder At-Large (2011)
  • Frank Sutton, Freeholder District 3, including Egg Harbor Township (part), Hamilton Township (part), Linwood and Northfield. (2011)

The New Jersey Casino Control Commission is headquartered in the Arcade Building at Tennessee Avenue and Boardwalk in Atlantic City.[38]

Atlantic City
Crime rates* (2007)
Violent crimes
Homicide15.1
Rape70.4
Robbery1,146.3
Aggravated assault930.1
Total violent crime2,161.9
Property crimes
Burglary1,370.0
Larceny-theft5,422.2
Motor vehicle theft502.8
Arson40.2
Total property crime7,335.2
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.


Source: 2007 FBI UCR Data

Education

The Atlantic City School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grades. Schools in the district (with 2005-06 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[39]) are Brighton Avenue School for preschool (72 students), eight K-8 elementary schools — Chelsea Heights School (383), Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. School Complex (613), New Jersey Avenue School (403), New York Avenue School (587), Richmond Avenue School (378), Sovereign Avenue School (792), Texas Avenue School (411) and Uptown School Complex (732) — Atlantic City High School for grades 9-12 (2,574), along with Venice Park School (35) and Viking Academy.[40]

Students from Brigantine, Longport, Margate City and Ventnor City attend Atlantic City High School as part of sending/receiving relationships with the respective school districts.[41]

Oceanside Charter School, which offers pre-kindergarten through eighth grade, was founded in 1999.[42]

Our Lady Star of the Sea Regional School is a Catholic elementary school, operated under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Camden.[43]

Nearby colleges in the area include Atlantic Cape Community College and Richard Stockton College of New Jersey.

Sports

Club Sport League Venue Year(s)
Atlantic City Diablos Soccer NPSL St. Augustine Prep School 2007–2008
Atlantic City Boardwalk Bullies Ice Hockey ECHL Boardwalk Hall 2001–2005
Atlantic City CardSharks Indoor football NIFL Boardwalk Hall 2004
Atlantic City Surf Baseball Can-Am League Bernie Robbins Stadium 1998–2008
Atlantic City Seagulls Basketball USBL Atlantic City High School 1996–2001

On November 16, 2006, Hal Handel, CEO of Greenwood Racing, announced that the Atlantic City Race Course would increase live racing dates from four days per year, to up to 20 days per year. www.saveacrc.com has been actively involved in expanding racing at the Atlantic City Race Course and created the movement to bring full time racing back to ACRC in 2005.

Media outlets

Newspapers and magazines

See also: Newspapers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Radio stations

Atlantic City's radio market is ranked #139 in the nation.

WAYV 95.1 FM - Top 40
WTTH 96.1 FM - Urban AC (The Touch)
WFPG 96.9 FM - AC (Lite Rock 96.9)
WENJ 97.3 FM - ESPN Radio/Sports
WTKU 98.3 FM - Oldies (Kool 98.3)
WZBZ 99.3 FM - Rhythmic (Kiss FM)
WZXL 100.7 FM - Rock (The Rock Station)
WWAC 102.7 FM - Rhythmic Top 40/Dance (Wild 102.7)
WMGM 103.7 FM - Classic Rock (The Shark)
WSJO 104.9 FM - Hot AC (Sojo 104.9)
WPUR 107.3 FM - Country (Cat Country 107.3)
WWJZ 640 AM - Kids (Radio Disney)
WMID 1340 AM - Oldies
WOND 1400 AM - News/Talk
WENJ 1450 AM - ESPN Radio/Sports
WBSS 1490 AM - Spanish

Television stations

See also: Media of Philadelphia § Television stations

The Federal Communications Commission has recently awarded a license for a full-power digital TV station at Atlantic City on VHF channel 4.

Transportation

Rail and bus

The Atlantic City Convention Center is adjacent to the Atlantic City Rail Terminal
ACJA "Jitney" #29 on a casino shuttle run.
NJ Transit #2514 on the 505.

Atlantic City is connected to other cities in several ways. New Jersey Transit's Atlantic City Line runs from Philadelphia and several smaller South Jersey communities directly to the Atlantic City Rail Terminal at the Atlantic City Convention Center. Within the city, public transportation is provided by New Jersey Transit along thirteen routes, and by the Atlantic City Jitney Association (ACJA) on another four fixed-route lines and on shuttles to and from the rail terminal.

On June 20, 2006, the board of New Jersey Transit approved a three-year trial of express train service between New York Penn Station and the Atlantic City Rail Terminal. The approximate travel time is 2½ hours with a stop at Newark's Penn Station and is part of the Casinos' multi-million dollar investments in Atlantic City. Most of the funding for the new transit line is provided by Harrah's Entertainment (owners of both Harrah's Atlantic City and Caesars Atlantic City) and the Borgata. The line, known as ACES (Atlantic City Express Service), began service on February 6, 2009.[44]

The Atlantic City Bus Terminal is the home to local, intrastate and interstate bus companies including New Jersey Transit and Greyhound bus lines. The Greyhound Lucky Streak Express offers service to Atlantic City from New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C..

Highways

Access to Atlantic City by car is available via the 44 miles (71 kilometres) Atlantic City Expressway, US 30 (commonly known as the White Horse Pike), and US 40/322 (commonly known as the Black Horse Pike). Atlantic City has an abundance of taxi cabs and a local jitney providing continuous service to and from the casinos and the rest of the city.

Airline service

Commercial airlines serve Atlantic City via Atlantic City International Airport, located 9 miles (14 kilometres) northwest of the city in Egg Harbor Township. Many travelers also fly into Philadelphia International Airport or Newark Liberty International Airport, where there are wider selections of carriers from which to choose. The historic downtown Bader Field airport is now permanently closed and plans are in the works to redevelop the land.

The two airlines serving Atlantic City International Airport are AirTran Airways and Spirit Airlines. AirTran Airways provides direct service to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta. Spirit Airlines provides direct service to Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Both are Low-cost carriers.

Shopping


Notable residents

Template:ORList Notable current and former residents of Atlantic City include:

Panoramic view of The Pier Shops at Caesars.
  • Atlantic City boardwalk
    Atlantic City boardwalk
  • Boardwalk in 1917
    Boardwalk in 1917
  • Boardwalk on a rainy day
    Boardwalk on a rainy day
  • Boardwalk facing north
    Boardwalk facing north
  • Atlantic Ocean shore in Atlantic City, New Jersey
    Atlantic Ocean shore in Atlantic City, New Jersey

References

  1. ^ a b Municipal Governments in Atlantic County, Atlantic County, New Jersey. Accessed December 31, 2009.
  2. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Atlantic City, Geographic Names Information System, accessed January 4, 2008.
  3. ^ Census data for Atlantic City, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 2, 2008.
  4. ^ A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed July 14, 2008.
  5. ^ "The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968", John P. Snyder, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 67.
  6. ^ Atlantic City Museum website, accessed November 25, 2006.
  7. ^ Clarity, James F. "It's 'Place Your Bets' at Opening Of First Gambling Casino in East An Inlay of Gaudiness 'So Far, It Looks Good' 'It Rained Quarters' Huge Crowds Expected Minority Groups Complain", The New York Times, May 27, 1978.
  8. ^ Bryant Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams: Atlantic City and the fate of urban America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
  9. ^ "Luxury mega-casinos to transform Atlantic City by 2012". MSNBC. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  10. ^ Rivlin, Gary (October 11, 2007). "MGM Plans Casino Resort to Rival Best of Las Vegas". The New York Times.
  11. ^ "News Releases". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  12. ^ "Heads butt over plan for Boardwalk bounceback". ReviewJournal.com - Lvrj.com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  13. ^ "How Odds of Success Got Longer for Morgan Stanley's Casino Plan," Wall Street Journal. April 5, 2010, retrieved 2.17.11; "N.J. Voters Disapprove of Revel Bailout" Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind. March 31, 2011.
  14. ^ "Revel Entertainment gets $1B financing to finish Atlantic City casino" Associated Press, 17 February 2011, accessed 24 March 2011.
  15. ^ "Experts question need to reform Atlantic City's "model" casino regulatory system". pressofAtlanticCity.com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  16. ^ "Gov. Christie's office releases conceptual "maps" of Atlantic City tourism, entertainment districts". pressofAtlanticCity.com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  17. ^ a b Max Pizarro, "FDU: voters oppose AC state takeover, 43-29%, February 16, 2011
  18. ^ Absecon Island Shore Protection Project, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Accessed May 1, 2008. "Construct an approximate $63 million beach and dune system along the 8.1-mile (13.0 km) oceanfront of Absecon Island that includes, the cities of Atlantic City, Ventnor, Margate and Longport."
  19. ^ a b c "Climatography of the United States No. 20 1971−2000: ATLANTIC CITY MARINA, NJ" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011−01−21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  20. ^ Snow totals and sunshine data were recorded at Atlantic City International Airport, while all else was taken at the Atlantic City marina
  21. ^ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 1971−2000: ATLANTIC CITY AP, NJ" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011−01−21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ^ "Climatological Information for Atlantic City, United States". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  23. ^ "Monthly Averages for Atlantic City, NJ". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2011−01−21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  24. ^ New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930–1990, accessed March 1, 2007.
  25. ^ Wm. C. Hunt, Chief Statistician for Population. "Fourteenth Census of The United States: 1920; Population: New Jersey; Number of inhabitants, by counties and minor civil divisions" (ZIP). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  26. ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=Atlantic+City&_cityTown=Atlantic+City&_state=04000US34&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010
  27. ^ 2005 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, April 2005, p. 12.
  28. ^ City Council of Atlantic City: General Information, Atlantic City. Accessed March 3, 2007.
  29. ^ Michael Clark (2010-01-01). "Atlantic City mayor takes oath of office, lauds new 'spirit of cooperation'". pressofAtlanticCity.com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  30. ^ council&field=department Directory, City of Atlantic City. Accessed December 31, 2009.
  31. ^ Staff report (October 9, 2007). "Atlantic City Mayor Was at Carrier Clinic" (Document). Star-Ledger. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  32. ^ Staff report (October 11, 2007). "Marsh is sworn in as Atlantic City mayor" (Document). Star-Ledger. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  33. ^ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 3, 2019.
  34. ^ U.S. Sen. Cory Booker cruises past Republican challenger Rik Mehta in New Jersey, PhillyVoice. Accessed April 30, 2021. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community."
  35. ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/andy-kim-new-jersey-senate/
  36. ^ Legislative Roster for District 2, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 12, 2024.
  37. ^ Atlantic County Board of Chosen Freeholders, accessed March 1, 2007
  38. ^ "Contact Us." New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Retrieved on March 23, 2009.
  39. ^ Data for the Atlantic City School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 6, 2008.
  40. ^ Atlantic City Board of Education Listing, Atlantic City Board of Education. Accessed August 1, 2006.
  41. ^ Atlantic City High School 2006 Report Card, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed June 14, 2007. "Atlantic City High School is a unique, comprehensive state-of-the-art facility that serves a diverse student population from Atlantic City, Brigantine, Longport, Margate and Ventnor."
  42. ^ [1] Accessed February 9, 2010.
  43. ^ Atlantic County Schools, Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Accessed July 22, 2008.
  44. ^ NJ transit board approves New York – Atlantic City Express Rail Service press release, accessed June 20, 2006.
  45. ^ "Unraveling Abramoff: Key Players in the Investigation of Lobbyist Jack Abramoff", The Washington Post, October 13, 2006. Accessed June 23, 2007. "Born in Atlantic City, N.J., Abramoff, 46, graduated from Brandeis University and Georgetown University Law Center."
  46. ^ Gussow, Mel. "Rosalind Cash, 56, at Home on Stage and Screen", The New York Times, November 3, 1995. Accessed December 3, 2007. "Ms. Cash was born in Atlantic City and attended City College of New York."
  47. ^ Disney, Jo Anne, "Horses Make Dreams Come True at Santa Anita," San Gabriel Valley Weekly, California, April 6, 2007.
  48. ^ "www.chrisfordbasketball.com". www.chrisfordbasketball.com. 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  49. ^ John James Gardner, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed August 27, 2007.
  50. ^ Milton Willits Glenn, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed August 28, 2007.
  51. ^ William green player profile, National Football League Players Association. Accessed July 23, 2007. "Hometown: Atlantic City, NJ."
  52. ^ Pete Hunter player profile, database Football. Accessed June 15, 2007.
  53. ^ Flint, Peter B. "Candy Jones Dies; Ex-Model, Teacher, And Writer Was 64", The New York Times, January 19, 1990. Accessed December 20, 2007.
  54. ^ "Allan Kaprow, an artist who coined the term "happenings" in the late 1950's and whose anti-art, audience-participation works contributed to radical changes in the course of late-20th-century art, died on Wednesday at his home in Encinitas, Calif., near San Diego. He was 78." Accessed May 30, 2009.
  55. ^ "The Man Who Knew", Frontline (U.S. TV series). Accessed December 17, 2008.
  56. ^ [2], Accessed August 12, 2007.
  57. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. "Alfredo Silipigni, 74, Who Founded An Opera Company ", The New York Times, March 29, 2006. Accessed September 2, 2008. "Alfredo Silipigni, a conductor and specialist in lesser-known Italian operas who founded the New Jersey State Opera and ran it for four decades, died on Saturday in Livingston, N.J. He was 74 and lived in West Orange, N.J."
  58. ^ Honoring the Life of Dave Thomas, Senator Carl Levin, Congressional Record 107th Congress Second Session Wednesday, January 23, 2002. Accessed June 23, 2007. "Rex David "Dave" Thomas was born on July 2, 1932, in Atlantic City, NJ, and was adopted soon afterward by Rex and Auleva Thomas, who lived in Kalamazoo, MI."
  59. ^ Assembly Member James 'Jim' Whelan, Project Vote Smart. Accessed August 8, 2007.
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