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Characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder may include:<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/zine2/narcissism/antisocial_sociopath_psychopath.html "Antisocial Personality, Sociopathy, and Psychopathy" ]</ref>
Characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder may include:<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/zine2/narcissism/antisocial_sociopath_psychopath.html "Antisocial Personality, Sociopathy, and Psychopathy" ]</ref>


* Apparent lack of [[remorse]]<ref name="psytoday">{{cite web | title =Antisocial Personality Disorder | publisher=Psychology Today | work =| url=http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/antisocial.html | year = 2005 | accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref> or [[empathy]] for others
* Apparent lack of [[remorse]]<ref name="psytoday">{{cite web | title =Antisocial Personality Disorder | publisher=Psychology Today | work =| url=http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/antisocial.html | year = 2005 | accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref> or [[empathy]] for others. Studies show they self-report the same lack of feeling.<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
*No conscience (no concern for right or wrong)
*No conscience (no concern for right or wrong)<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Persistent [[lie|lying]] or stealing
* Persistent [[lie|lying]] or stealing
*Aggressive and extensive manipulation of others (people used a pawns against individuals selected as targets) towards the end of domination and control at the expense of victims.
*Aggressive and extensive manipulation of others (people used a pawns against individuals selected as targets) towards the end of domination and control at the expense of victims.
*Using ethical standards to entrap others while ignoring all ethics personally (spiderweb tactics, the web is made of ethical rules, and the person with APD is the predator at the center of the web).
*Using ethical standards to entrap others while ignoring all ethics personally (spiderweb tactics, the web is made of ethical rules, and the person with APD is the predator at the center of the web).<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Cruelty to animals<ref>{{Citation | last = Goleman | first = Daniel | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer | newspaper = New York Times | pages = | year = | date = 7 August 1991 | url = }}</ref>
* Cruelty to animals<ref>{{Citation | last = Goleman | first = Daniel | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer | newspaper = New York Times | pages = | year = | date = 7 August 1991 | url = }}</ref>
* Poor behavioral controls &mdash; expressions of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, aggression, and [[verbal abuse]]; inadequate control of [[anger]] and temper
* Poor behavioral controls &mdash; expressions of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, aggression, and [[verbal abuse]]; inadequate control of [[anger]] and temper
* A history of childhood [[conduct disorder]]
* A history of childhood [[conduct disorder]]
* Recurring difficulties with the law (in some cases, others are unethical but avoid prison) <ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Recurring difficulties with the law
* [[Promiscuity]]
* [[Promiscuity]]
* Tendency to violate the [[Personal boundaries|boundaries]] and rights of others
* Tendency to violate the [[Personal boundaries|boundaries]] and rights of others<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights
* Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights
* Inability to tolerate boredom, extreme feelings of emptiness when not stimulated<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Inability to tolerate boredom
*Extreme egotism combined with rage-driven insecurity (rage may be direct or may be poisonous and passive-aggressive/covert).
*Extreme egotism combined with rage-driven insecurity (rage may be direct or may be poisonous and passive-aggressive/covert).<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Poor or abusive relationships
* Poor or abusive relationships
*Extreme arrogance (although it may be hidden in order to deceive others).
*Extreme arrogance (although it may be hidden in order to deceive others).<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Irresponsible work behavior<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Irresponsible work behavior
* Disregard for personal safety<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
* Disregard for personal safety
*May experience fear as a pleasant emotion (a mild thrill) while being incapable of feeling terror, even in situations that would terrify most others.
*May experience fear as a pleasant emotion (a mild thrill) while being incapable of feeling terror, even in situations that would terrify most others.<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
*Thinks everyone else is also sociopath (although less intelligent and more gullible). Doesn't know what love or caring is, so can't imagine that anyone else feels it.
*Thinks that everyone else is like them, only inferior (thinks everyone else is also sociopathic, although less intelligent, and more gullible). Doesn't know what love or caring is, so can't imagine that anyone else really feels it. Others must be faking.<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>
*Emotionally color blind (with the exception of anger, jealously, humour, lust and possibly mild fear). Does feel pleasure when controlling others.
*Emotionally color-blind (with the exception of anger, jealously, humour, lust and possibly mild fear). Does feel pleasure when controlling others.<ref> Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816</ref>


Revision as of 03:02, 5 April 2011

Not to be confused with Avoidant personality disorder or Dissociative identity disorder.
Antisocial personality disorder
SpecialtyPsychiatry, psychology Edit this on Wikidata
Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as "...a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood."[1]

Antisocial personality disorder is sometimes referred to as psychopathy or sociopathy. However, these two are not the same. Rather, psychopathy and sociopathy are generally considered subsets of ASPD. Some researchers believe that ASPD and psychopathy may be separate conditions altogether.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder may include:[3]

  • Apparent lack of remorse[4] or empathy for others. Studies show they self-report the same lack of feeling.[5]
  • No conscience (no concern for right or wrong)[6]
  • Persistent lying or stealing
  • Aggressive and extensive manipulation of others (people used a pawns against individuals selected as targets) towards the end of domination and control at the expense of victims.
  • Using ethical standards to entrap others while ignoring all ethics personally (spiderweb tactics, the web is made of ethical rules, and the person with APD is the predator at the center of the web).[7]
  • Cruelty to animals[8]
  • Poor behavioral controls — expressions of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, aggression, and verbal abuse; inadequate control of anger and temper
  • A history of childhood conduct disorder
  • Recurring difficulties with the law (in some cases, others are unethical but avoid prison) [9]
  • Promiscuity
  • Tendency to violate the boundaries and rights of others[10]
  • Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights
  • Inability to tolerate boredom, extreme feelings of emptiness when not stimulated[11]
  • Extreme egotism combined with rage-driven insecurity (rage may be direct or may be poisonous and passive-aggressive/covert).[12]
  • Poor or abusive relationships
  • Extreme arrogance (although it may be hidden in order to deceive others).[13]
  • Irresponsible work behavior[14]
  • Disregard for personal safety[15]
  • May experience fear as a pleasant emotion (a mild thrill) while being incapable of feeling terror, even in situations that would terrify most others.[16]
  • Thinks that everyone else is like them, only inferior (thinks everyone else is also sociopathic, although less intelligent, and more gullible). Doesn't know what love or caring is, so can't imagine that anyone else really feels it. Others must be faking.[17]
  • Emotionally color-blind (with the exception of anger, jealously, humour, lust and possibly mild fear). Does feel pleasure when controlling others.[18]


Other common characteristics of those with Antisocial Personality Disorder include superficial charm, shallowed emotions, a distorted sense of self, a constant search for new sensations (which can have bizarre consequences), a tendency to physically or verbally abuse peers or relatives, and manipulation of others without remorse or empathy for the victim. Egocentrism, megalomania, lack of responsibility, extroversion, excessive hedonism, high impulsivity, and the desire to experience sensations of control and power can also be present. This type of disorder does not relate to assaults of panic or to schizophrenia. [citation needed]

Diagnosis

DSM

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, DSM IV-TR = 301.7, a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines antisocial personality disorder (in Axis II Cluster B) as:[1]

A) There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring for as long as either childhood, or in the case of many who are influenced by environmental factors, around age 15, as indicated by three or more of the following:
  1. failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest;
  2. deceitfulness, as indicated by repeatedly lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure;
  3. impulsivity or failure to plan ahead;
  4. irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults;
  5. reckless disregard for safety of self or others;
  6. consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations;
  7. lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another;
B) The individual is at least 18 years of age.
C) There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.
D) The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or a manic episode.

New evidence points to the fact that children often develop Antisocial Personality Disorder as a cause of their environment, as well as their genetic line. The individual must be at least 18 years of age to be diagnosed with this disorder (Criterion B), but those commonly diagnosed with ASPD as adults were diagnosed with Conduct Disorder as children. The prevalence of this disorder is 3% in males and 1% from females, as stated from the DSM IV-TR.

Criticism

Researchers have heavily criticized the ASPD DSM-IV criteria because not enough emphasis was placed on traditional psychopathic traits such as a lack of empathy, superficial charm, and inflated self appraisal.[citation needed]

These latter traits are harder to assess than behavioral problems (like impulsivity and acting out). Thus, the DSM-IV framers sacrificed validity for reliability. That is, the ASPD diagnosis focuses on behavioral traits, but only limited emphasis is placed on affective and unemotional interpersonal traits.

Researchers debate about whether psychopathy/sociopathy are incorrectly put together under ASPD. These clinicians and researchers who believe that it was incorrect to label the two in the same category are upset that an important distinction has been lost between these two disorders. In other words, the DSM-IV-TR considers ASPD and psychopathy to be the same, or similar. However, they are not the same since antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed via behavior and social deviance, whereas psychopathy also includes affective and interpersonal personality factors.[19]

Also, ASPD, unlike psychopathy, does not have biological markers confirmed to underpin the disorder.[citation needed] Other criticisms of ASPD are that it is essentially synonymous with criminality. Nearly 80%–95% of felons will meet criteria for ASPD — thus ASPD predicts nothing in criminal justice populations, whereas psychopathy (using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)) is found in only roughly 20% of inmates and PCL-R is considered one of the best predictors of violent recidivism. [20] Also, the DSM-IV field trials never included incarcerated populations.

The official stance of the American Psychiatric Association as presented in the DSM-IV-TR is that "psychopathy" and "sociopathy" are obsolete synonyms. The World Health Organization takes a similar stance in its ICD-10 by referring to psychopathy, antisocial personality, asocial personality, and amoral personality as synonyms for dissocial personality disorder.[21]

WHO

The World Health Organization's ICD-10 defines a conceptually similar disorder to antisocial personality disorder called (F60.2) Dissocial personality disorder.[22]

It is characterized by at least 3 of the following:
  1. Callous unconcern for the feelings of others and lack of the capacity for empathy.
  2. Gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules, and obligations.
  3. Incapacity to maintain enduring relationships.
  4. Very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence.
  5. Incapacity to experience guilt and to profit from experience, particularly punishment.
  6. Markedly prone to blame others or to offer plausible rationalizations for the behavior bringing the subject into conflict.
  7. Persistent irritability.
The criteria specifically rule out conduct disorders.[23] Dissocial personality disorder criteria differ from those for antisocial and sociopathic personality disorders.[24]

It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.

Millon's subtypes

Theodore Millon identified five subtypes of antisocial behavior.[25][26] Any antisocial individual may exhibit none, one or more than one of the following:

  • covetous antisocial - variant of the pure pattern where individuals feel that life has not given them their due.
  • reputation-defending antisocial - including narcissistic features
  • risk-taking antisocial - including histrionic features
  • nomadic antisocial - including schizoid, avoidant features
  • malevolent antisocial - including sadistic, paranoid features.

Differential diagnosis

The following conditions commonly coexist with antisocial personality disorder:[21]

When combined with alcoholism, people may show frontal function deficits on neuropsychological tests greater than those associated with each condition.[27]

Treatment

To date there have been no controlled studies reported which found an effective treatment for ASPD, although contingency management programs, or a reward system, has been shown moderately effective for behavioral change.[28] Some studies have found that the presence of ASPD does not significantly interfere with treatment for other disorders, such as substance abuse,[29] although others have reported contradictory findings.[30] Schema therapy is being investigated as a treatment for antisocial personality disorder, as well as medicinal marijuana treatments.[31]

Epidemiology

Antisocial personality disorder in the general population is about 3% in males and 1% in females.[1][21]

It is seen in 3% to 30% of psychiatric outpatients.[1][21] The prevalence of the disorder is even higher in selected populations, such as people in prisons (who include many violent offenders).[32] Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) abuse treatment programs than in the general population (Hare 1983), suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD abuse and dependence.[33]

Psychopathy and sociopathy are terms related to ASPD. Psychopathy once referred to ASPD in general, but is now (like sociopathy) generally considered a subset of ASPD.

Psychopathy

Main article: Psychopathy

Psychopathy (/saɪˈkɒpəθi/[34][35]) was, until 1980, the term used for a personality disorder characterized by an abnormal lack of empathy combined with strongly amoral conduct but masked by an ability to appear outwardly normal. The publication of DSM-III changed the name of this mental disorder to Antisocial Personality Disorder and also broadened the diagnostic criteria considerably by shifting from clinical inferences to behavioral diagnostic criteria.[36] However, the DSM-V working party is recommending a revision of Antisocial Personality Disorder to include "Antisocial/Psychopathic Type", with the diagnostic criteria having a greater emphasis on character than on behavior.[37] The ICD-10 diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization also lacks psychopathy as a personality disorder, its 1992 manual including Dissocial (Antisocial) Personality Disorder, which encompasses amoral, antisocial, asocial, psychopathic, and sociopathic personalities.[38]

Sociopathy

Hare writes that the difference between sociopathy and psychopathy may "reflect the user's views on the origins and determinates of the disorder."[39]

In the preface to the fifth edition of The Mask of Sanity, Cleckly stated, "... revisions of the nomenclature have been made by the American Psychiatric Association. The classification of psychopathic personality was changed to that of sociopathic personality in 1958", suggesting that he did not recognize any difference between the conditions.

David T. Lykken proposed psychopathy and sociopathy are two distinct kinds of antisocial personality disorder. He believed psychopaths are born with temperamental differences such as impulsivity, cortical underarousal, and fearlessness that lead them to risk-seeking behavior and an inability to internalize social norms. On the other hand, he claimed that sociopaths have relatively normal temperaments; their personality disorder being more an effect of negative sociological factors like parental neglect, delinquent peers, poverty, and extremely low or extremely high intelligence. Both personality disorders are the result of an interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental factors, but psychopathy leans towards the hereditary whereas sociopathy tends towards the environmental.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Antisocial personality disorder - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) American Psychiatric Association (2000) - pages 645–650
  2. ^ Blair, J; Mitchel D; Blair K (2005). Psychopathy: Emotion and the Brain. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16. ISBN 0631233369.
  3. ^ "Antisocial Personality, Sociopathy, and Psychopathy"
  4. ^ "Antisocial Personality Disorder". Psychology Today. 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  5. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  6. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  7. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  8. ^ Goleman, Daniel (7 August 1991), "Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer", New York Times
  9. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  10. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  11. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  12. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  13. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  14. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  15. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  16. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  17. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  18. ^ Stout, Martha, PHD, "The Sociopath Next Door" 1 edition (February 8, 2005) ISBN-10: 076791581X ISBN-13: 978-0767915816
  19. ^ Hare, R.D., Hart, S.D., Harpur, T.J. Psychopathy and the DSM—IV Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (pdf file)
  20. ^ Serin, Ralph C. "Violent recidivism in criminal psychopaths". Law and Human Behavior. 20 (2). Springer Netherlands: 207–217. doi:10.1007/BF01499355. ISSN (Print) 1573-661X (Online) 0147-7307 (Print) 1573-661X (Online). {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ a b c d Internet Mental Health - antisocial personality disorder
  22. ^ Dissocial personality disorder - International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)
  23. ^ 602 "F60.2 Dissocial personality disorder". World Health Organization. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  24. ^ Early Prevention of Adult Antisocial Behavior. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. Retrieved 12 January 2008. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Millon, Theodore, Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004
  26. ^ Millon, Theodore - Personality Subtypes
  27. ^ Oscar-Berman M (2009). "Frontal brain dysfunction in alcoholism with and without antisocial personality disorder". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2009 (5): 309–326. PMC 2699656. PMID 19557141. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ^ J. E. Fisher & W. T. O'Donohue (eds). (2006). Practitioner's Guide to Evidence-Based Psychotherapy, p63
  29. ^ S. Darke, R. Finlay-Jones, S. Kaye, & T. Blatt. Anti-social personality disorder and response to methadone maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, vol. 15, 271-276 (1996)
  30. ^ A. I. Alterman, M. J. Rutherford, J. S. Cacciola, J. R. McKay, & C. R. Boardman. Prediction of 7 months methadone maintenance treatment response by four measures of antisociality. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, vol. 49, 217-223 (1998)
  31. ^ iafmhs.org (PDF)
  32. ^ Hare 1983
  33. ^ Moeller, F. Gerard; Dougherty, Donald M. (2006). "Antisocial Personality Disorder, Alcohol, and Aggression" (PDF). Alcohol Research & Health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  34. ^ American Heritage Dictionary
  35. ^ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary
  36. ^ http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/dsm-iv/content/article/10168/54831
  37. ^ http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=16#
  38. ^ http://www.mentalhealth.com/icd/p22-pe04.html
  39. ^ Hare, Robert D. Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of Psychopaths Among Us, (New York: Pocket Books, 1993) pg 23.
  40. ^ Lykken, David T. The Antisocial Personalities. Hillsdale N.J: L. Erlbaum, 1995. Print.}} {{Page needed|date=September 2010}
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