Gymnosporangium: Difference between revisions

Gymnosporangium
	A Gymnosporangium species
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Urediniomycetes
Order:	Uredinales
Family:	Pucciniaceae
Genus:	Gymnosporangium

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 22:54, 9 April 2011

Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus (junipers), and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Maloideae (apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, hawthorns, rowans and their relatives). According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there are about 57 species in the genus.^[1]

In junipers (the primary hosts) (see photo), some species of the fungus form a ball like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling^[2] such as in G. clarvariforme . The spores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, or hawthorn tree.

On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head. These are the spore tubes. The spores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle.

The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.^[3]

Selected species

Species	Primary host	Secondary host
Gymnosporangium amelanchieris	Juniperus sect. Juniperus	Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme	Juniperus sect. Juniperus	Amelanchier, Crataegus, Pyrus
Gymnosporangium clavipes	Juniperus	Cydonia
Gymnosporangium confusum	Juniperus	Crataegus, Cydonia, Mespilus, Pyrus
Gymnosporangium cornutum	Juniperus sect. Juniperus	Sorbus subgen. Sorbus
Gymnosporangium cupressi	Cupressus	Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium dobroznakovii	Juniperus sect. Juniperus	Pyrus
Gymnosporangium fuscum (syn. G. sabinae)	Juniperus sect. Sabina	Pyrus
Gymnosporangium fusisporum	Juniperus sect. Sabina	Cotoneaster
Gymnosporangium gaeumannii	Juniperus communis	(not known)
Gymnosporangium globosum	Juniperus	Crataegus
Gymnosporangium gracile	Juniperus	Amelanchier, Crataegus, Cydonia
Gymnosporangium harknessianum	Juniperus	Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium inconspicuum	Juniperus	Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae	Juniperus	Malus
Gymnosporangium kernianum	Juniperus	Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium libocedri	Calocedrus	Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium malyi	(not known)	Crataegus
Gymnosporangium multiporum	Juniperus	(not known)
Gymnosporangium nelsonii	Juniperus	Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium nidus-avis	Juniperus sect. Sabina	Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus
Gymnosporangium torminalis-juniperinum	Juniperus sect. Juniperus	Sorbus torminalis
Gymnosporangium tremelloides	Juniperus sect. Juniperus	Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus
Gymnosporangium yamadae	Juniperus	Malus

References

^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 298. ISBN 9780851998268.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ SORTING OUT GYMNOSPORANGIUM SPECIES - The aecial stage, Field Mycology Volume 7(4), October 2006, Brand, Brand and Shattock.
^ Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week

Phillips, D. H., & Burdekin, D. A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan.
Scharpf, R. F., ed. (1993). Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521.

External links

[Kirk2008-1] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 298. ISBN 9780851998268.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] SORTING OUT GYMNOSPORANGIUM SPECIES - The aecial stage, Field Mycology Volume 7(4), October 2006, Brand, Brand and Shattock.

[3] Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | genus = '''''Gymnosporangium'''''
 | subdivision_ranks = Species
 | subdivision =
-''G.  alpinum '' <br>
-''G.   amelanchieris'' <br>
-''G.   asiaticum '' <br>
-''G.   atlanticum '' <br>
-''G.   aurantiacum'' <br>
-''G.   bermudianum'' <br>
-''G.   bethelii'' <br>
-''G.   biseptatum'' <br>
-''G.   blasdaleanum'' <br>
-''G.   bonanseae '' <br>
-''G.   chinense '' <br>
-''G.   clavariiforme'' <br>
-''G.   clavipes '' <br>
-''G.   confusum'' <br>
-''G.   conicum '' <br>
-''G.   connersii'' <br>
-''G.   corniculans'' <br>
-''G.   corniforme'' <br>
-''G.   cornutum'' <br>
-''G.   cunninghamianum'' <br>
-''G.   cupressi'' <br>
-''G.   davisii '' <br>
-''G.   distortum'' <br>
-''G.   dobrozrakovae'' <br>
-''G.   durum'' <br>
-''G.   effusum'' <br>
-''G.   ellisii '' <br>
-''G.   exiguum'' <br>
-''G.  exterum '' <br>
-''G.  fenzelianum '' <br>
-''G.  floriforme '' <br>
-''G.  formosanum '' <br>
-''G.  fraternum '' <br>
-''G.  fuscum  '' <br>
-''G.  fusisporum'' <br>
-''G.  gaeumannii'' <br>
-''G.  germinale'' <br>
-''G.  gjaeri '' <br>
-''G.  gjaerumii'' <br>
-''G.  globosum '' <br>
-''G.  gracile '' <br>
-''G.  gracilens'' <br>
-''G.  guaraniticum '' <br>
-''G.  guatemalianum'' <br>
-''G.  haraeanum '' <br>
-''G.  harknessianum'' <br>
-''G.  hemisphaericum'' <br>
-''G.  hyalinum'' <br>
-''G.  idetae '' <br>
-''G.  inconspicuum '' <br>
-''G.  inquinans'' <br>
-''G.  japonicum'' <br>
-''G.  juniperi'' <br>
-''G.  juniperi-virginianae'' <br>
-''G.  juniperinum '' <br>
-''G.  juvenescens '' <br>
-''G.  kernianum'' <br>
-''G.  koreensis '' <br>
-''G.  leve      '' <br>
-''G.  libocedri'' <br>
-''G.  macropus'' <br>
-''G.  magnum'' <br>
-''G.  malyi        '' <br>
-''G.  meridissimum '' <br>
-''G.  mespili '' <br>
-''G.  minus '' <br>
-''G.  miyabei'' <br>
-''G.  monticola'' <br>
-''G.  multiporum '' <br>
-''G.  nanwutaianum'' <br>
-''G.  nelsonii'' <br>
-''G.  nidus-avis'' <br>
-''G.  nipponicum'' <br>
-''G.  nootkatense '' <br>
-''G.  orientale '' <br>
-''G.  oxycedri'' <br>
-''G.  padmarense'' <br>
-''G.  paraphysatum'' <br>
-''G.  photiniae'' <br>
-''G.  sabinae'' <br>
-''G.  sabinum'' <br>
-''G.  shiraianum '' <br>
-''G.  sikangense '' <br>
-''G.  solenoides '' <br>
-''G.  sorbi '' <br>
-''G.  speciosum '' <br>
-''G.  spiniferum '' <br>
-''G.  taianum '' <br>
-''G.  tauricum '' <br>
-''G.  tianschanicum'' <br>
-''G.  torminali-juniperini'' <br>
-''G.  trachysorum'' <br>
-''G.  transformans'' <br>
-''G.  tremelloides'' <br>
-''G.  tsingchenense'' <br>
-''G.  tubulatum '' <br>
-''G.  turkestanicum'' <br>
-''G.  unicorne'' <br>
-''G.  vauqueliniae'' <br>
-''G.  virginianum '' <br>
-''G.  wenshanense'' <br>
-''G.  yamadae'' <br>
 }}
-'''''Gymnosporangium''''' is a genus of [[heteroecious]] [[Phytopathology|plant-pathogenic]] [[fungus|fungi]] which alternately infect members of the family [[Cupressaceae]], primarily species in the genus ''[[Juniper]]us'' ([[juniper]]s), and members of the family [[Rosaceae]] in the subfamily [[Maloideae]] ([[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[quince]]s, [[shadbush]], [[Crataegus|hawthorns]], [[rowan]]s and their relatives). There are known to be at least 100 species in the genus<ref>[http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=80579 MycoBank - ''Gymnosporangium'']</ref>
+'''''Gymnosporangium''''' is a genus of [[heteroecious]] [[Phytopathology|plant-pathogenic]] [[fungus|fungi]] which alternately infect members of the family [[Cupressaceae]], primarily species in the genus ''[[Juniper]]us'' ([[juniper]]s), and members of the family [[Rosaceae]] in the subfamily [[Maloideae]] ([[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[quince]]s, [[shadbush]], [[Crataegus|hawthorns]], [[rowan]]s and their relatives). According to the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008), there are about 57 species in the genus.<ref name=Kirk2008/>
 In junipers (the primary hosts) (see photo), some species of the fungus form  a ball like [[gall]] about 2–4&nbsp;cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like [[spore]] tubes called [[ telia|telial horns]]. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species the telia  are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling<ref>SORTING OUT GYMNOSPORANGIUM
@@ Line 229: / Line 127: @@
 |}
-== References and external links ==
+==References==
+{{Reflist|refs=
-<references/>
+<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=298 |isbn=9780851998268}}</ref>
+}}
 * Phillips, D. H., & Burdekin, D. A. (1992). ''Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees''. Macmillan.
 * Scharpf, R. F., ed. (1993). ''Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers''. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521.
+==External links==
 * [http://www.ppath.cas.psu.edu/EXTENSION/PLANT_DISEASE/pdf%20Woody/Cedar%20apple%20and%20related%20rusts.pdf Penn State Extension Gymnosporangium Fact Sheet]
 * [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/genus.cfm?id=Gymnosporangium Forestry Images: ''Gymnosporangium'']