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More than 500 people were involved in the post-production work, including 200 inker and hand-painters in Taiwan's [[Cuckoo's Nest Studio]].<ref name="Ansen2"/> (Unusually for an English-language production, in the end credits these personnel are listed with their names written in [[Chinese characters]].)
More than 500 people were involved in the post-production work, including 200 inker and hand-painters in Taiwan's [[Cuckoo's Nest Studio]].<ref name="Ansen2"/> (Unusually for an English-language production, in the end credits these personnel are listed with their names written in [[Chinese characters]].)


This film features parts of the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]; the multi-story ENCOM laser bay was the target area for the [[Shiva laser|SHIVA]] solid-state multi-beamed laser. Also, the stairway that Alan, Lora, and Flynn use to get to Alan's office is the stairway in Building 451 near the entrance to the main machine room. The cubicle scenes were shot in another room of the lab. ''Tron'' is the only movie to have scenes filmed inside this lab.
This film features parts of the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]; the multi-story ENCOM laser bay was the target area for the [[Shiva laser|SHIVA]] solid-state multi-beamed laser. Also, the stairway that Alan, Lora, and Flynn use to get to Alan's office is the stairway in Building 451 near the entrance to the main machine room. The cubicle scenes were shot in another room of the lab. ''Tron'' is the only movie to have scenes filmed inside this lab.<ref>[https://lasers.llnl.gov/about/people/people_of_nif/rod_saunders.php]</ref>


The original script called for "good" programs to be colored yellow and "evil" programs (those loyal to Sark and the MCP) to be colored blue. Partway into production, this coloring scheme was changed to blue for good and red for evil, but some scenes were produced using the original coloring scheme: Clu, who drives a tank, has yellow circuit lines, and all of Sark's tank commanders are blue (but appear green in some presentations). Also, the light-cycle sequence shows the heroes driving yellow (Flynn), orange (Tron) and red (Ram) cycles, while Sark's troops drive blue cycles; similarly, Clu's tank is red, while tanks driven by crews loyal to Sark are blue.
The original script called for "good" programs to be colored yellow and "evil" programs (those loyal to Sark and the MCP) to be colored blue. Partway into production, this coloring scheme was changed to blue for good and red for evil, but some scenes were produced using the original coloring scheme: Clu, who drives a tank, has yellow circuit lines, and all of Sark's tank commanders are blue (but appear green in some presentations). Also, the light-cycle sequence shows the heroes driving yellow (Flynn), orange (Tron) and red (Ram) cycles, while Sark's troops drive blue cycles; similarly, Clu's tank is red, while tanks driven by crews loyal to Sark are blue.

Revision as of 19:21, 11 April 2011

This article is about the first film in the franchise. For the franchise as a whole, see Tron (franchise).
TRON
Theatrical release poster
Directed bySteven Lisberger
Screenplay bySteven Lisberger
Story bySteven Lisberger
Bonnie MacBird
Produced byDonald Kushner
Ron Miller (executive)
StarringJeff Bridges
Bruce Boxleitner
David Warner
Cindy Morgan
Barnard Hughes
Dan Shor
CinematographyBruce Logan
Edited byJeff Gourson
Music byWendy Carlos (score)
Journey (songs)
Production
company
Distributed byBuena Vista Distribution
Release date
  • July 9, 1982 (1982-07-09)
Running time
96 minutes
CountryTemplate:Film US
LanguageEnglish
Budget$17,000,000
Box office$33,000,000

Tron is a 1982 American science fiction film written and directed by Steven Lisberger. It stars Jeff Bridges as the protagonist Kevin Flynn, Bruce Boxleitner in a dual role as security program Tron and Tron's "User", computer programmer Alan Bradley, Cindy Morgan in a dual role as program Yori and her "User", Dr. Lora Baines, Barnard Hughes in a dual role as the tower guardian Dumont and his "User", Dr. Walter Gibbs and Dan Shor as Ram. David Warner plays all three main antagonists: the program Sark, his "User", Ed Dillinger, and the voice of the artificially intelligent Master Control Program. The film tells the story of Flynn as he attempts to hack into the ENCOM mainframe to prove that Dillinger has appropriated his work, but ends up being transported into the Digital World itself as a unique program/User. There, he teams up with Tron to defeat the Master Control Program, who has been controlling the Digital World.

Development of Tron began in 1976 when Lisberger became fascinated with Pong. Along with producer Donald Kushner, he set up an animation studio to develop Tron with the intention of making it an animated film. Lisberger decided to include live-action elements with the computer animation. Various film studios had rejected the storyboards for the film before the project was set up at Disney. There, backlighted animation was combined with the computer animation and live-action. Tron was released on July 9, 1982 in 1,091 theaters in the United States.

The film received positive reviews from critics. Critics praised the visuals and acting, but criticized the storyline. The film also was a box office success, grossing $33 million in the United States (approx. $74 Million in 2010 dollars). Tron received nominations for Best Costume Design and Best Sound at the 55th Academy Awards, and received the Academy Award for Technical Achievement 14 years later. Over time, Tron developed into a cult film and eventually spawned into a franchise, which consists of multiple video games, comic books and an animated television series.[1] A sequel titled Tron: Legacy was directed by Joseph Kosinski and was released on December 17, 2010; it also saw the return of Lisberger, Bridges, and Boxleitner to the franchise.

Plot

Kevin Flynn (Jeff Bridges) is a young and gifted software engineer attempting to hack into the mainframe of software company ENCOM in order to find evidence that senior executive Ed Dillinger (David Warner) stole Flynn's code and presented it as his own, earning him a rapid series of promotions. Flynn is blocked by the Master Control Program (MCP), an artificial intelligence that controls the ENCOM mainframe.

When ENCOM employees Alan Bradley (Bruce Boxleitner) and Lora Baines (Cindy Morgan) tell Flynn that Dillinger has tightened security clearances in response to Flynn's hacking attempts, Flynn convinces them to let him into ENCOM so that he can forge a higher security clearance for Bradley's security program "Tron," which would monitor communications between the MCP and the outside world. They take him to the ENCOM laboratory. When Flynn attempts to hack his way into the system, the MCP takes control of a nearby laser, being developed for 'quantum teleportation' and uses it to digitize Flynn into the ENCOM mainframe.

In the mainframe, Programs appear in the likeness of the Users who created them. However, the MCP and its commander, Sark (Warner) have long intimidated most Programs into renouncing their belief in the Users. Programs that refuse to do so are forced to play in gladiatorial games in which losers are destroyed. In the process of playing such games, Flynn meets Tron (Boxleitner); the two escape into the mainframe during a Light Cycle match, and are later split up. While he attempts to reunite with Tron, Flynn discovers that, as a User, he is capable of manipulating the physical laws of the digital world.

Upon receiving instructions from Bradley to destroy the MCP, Tron and another Program, Yori (Morgan), board a solar sailer simulation and make their way toward the MCP core. Flynn boards the sailer just before it departs, and along the way, he reveals his identity as a User. Before they reach the MCP, Sark's command ship destroys the sailer, capturing Flynn and Yori. Sark then leaves the command ship and orders its self-destruction, but Flynn keeps it intact while Sark flies to the MCP's core on a shuttle, carrying a number of captured Programs. Tron, thought to have been killed in the collision, has snuck aboard the shuttle and confronts Sark just outside the core while the MCP tells the Programs of their impending fate. Tron severely damages Sark and attacks the MCP directly, and Flynn distracts the MCP long enough to reveal a gap in its shield. Tron throws his disc through the gap, destroying both the MCP and Sark, and freeing the digital world. Input/Output towers begin to light up all over the landscape as programs begin to communicate with their users.

Flynn is sent back to the real world, reconstructed by the digitization laser. A nearby printer prints out the evidence that Dillinger had "annexed" his code. Dillinger arrives the next morning to find the MCP non-functional and the evidence of his wrongdoing displayed on his screen. Some time later, Flynn is shown to have become the CEO of ENCOM.

Cast

See also: List of characters in Tron
  • Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn, a former employee of ENCOM and owner of an arcade which features several games that he created during his time at ENCOM. While trying to find evidence of his works, which have been stolen by Ed Dillinger, Flynn is transported into the digital world himself. Bridges also portrays Clu (Codified Likeness Utility), a hacking program intending to find evidence of Dillinger's wrongdoing in the mainframe.
  • Bruce Boxleitner as Alan Bradley, a friend of Kevin Flynn and employee of ENCOM. Boxleitner also plays Tron, a security program developed by Bradley.
  • David Warner as Ed Dillinger, the Senior Executive of ENCOM who stole Kevin Flynn's games from the mainframe. Dillinger shuts down Group 7 access at ENCOM after a hacking attempt by Flynn is blocked. Warner also plays Sark, a command program, and provides the uncredited voice of the Master Control Program, an artificial intelligence created by Dr. Walter Gibbs and expanded by Dillinger.
  • Cindy Morgan as Dr. Lora Baines, Alan's girlfriend and Flynn's ex-girlfirend and co-worker at ENCOM. Morgan also plays Yori, a program created by Baines, and a confidante of Tron.
  • Barnard Hughes as Dr. Walter Gibbs, a founder and employee of ENCOM. Hughes also plays Dumont, a guardian program in the mainframe.
  • Dan Shor as Ram, an actuarial program for a big insurance company and close friend of Tron and Crom in the mainframe.
  • Peter Jurasik as Crom, an accounting program.

Production

Origins

The inspiration for Tron occurred in 1976 when Steven Lisberger, then an animator of drawings with his own studio, looked at a sample reel from a computer firm called MAGI and saw Pong for the first time.[2] He was immediately fascinated by video games and wanted to do a film incorporating them. According to Lisberger, "I realized that there were these techniques that would be very suitable for bringing video games and computer visuals to the screen. And that was the moment that the whole concept flashed across my mind".[3] "Everybody was doing backlit animation in the 70s, you know. It was that disco look. And we thought, what if we had this character that was a neon line, and that was our Tron warrior - Tron for electronic. And what happened was, I saw Pong, and I said, well, that's the arena for him. And at the same time I was interested in the early phases of computer generated animation, which I got into at MIT in Boston, and when I got into that I met a bunch of programmers who were into all that. And they really inspired me, by how much they believed in this new realm."[4] He was frustrated by the clique-like nature of computers and video games and wanted to create a film that would open this world up to everyone. Lisberger and his business partner Donald Kushner moved to the West Coast in 1977 and set up an animation studio to develop Tron.[3] They borrowed against the anticipated profits of their 90-minute animated television special Animalympics to develop storyboards for Tron with the notion of making an animated film.[2]

The film was then conceived to be predominantly an animated film with live-action sequences acting as book ends.[3] The rest would involve a combination of computer generated visuals and back-lit animation. Lisberger planned to finance the movie independently by approaching several computer companies but had little success. However, one company, Information International, Inc., was receptive.[3] He met with Richard Taylor, a representative, and they began talking about using live-action photography with back-lit animation in such a way that it could be integrated with computer graphics. At this point, Lisberger already had a script written and the film entirely storyboarded with some computer animation tests completed.[3] He had spent approximately $300,000 developing Tron and had also secured $4–5 million in private backing before reaching a standstill. Lisberger and Kushner took their storyboards and samples of computer-generated films to Warner Bros., MGM, and Columbia Pictures—all of which turned them down.[2]

In 1980, they decided to take the idea to Disney, which was interested in producing more daring productions at the time.[3] However, Disney executives were uncertain about giving $10–12 million to a first-time producer and director using techniques which, in most cases, had never been attempted. The studio agreed to finance a test reel which involved a flying disc champion throwing a rough prototype of the discs used in the film.[3] It was a chance to mix live-action footage with back-lit animation and computer generated visuals. It impressed the executives at Disney and they agreed to back the film. The script was subsequently re-written and re-storyboarded with the studio's input.[3] At the time, Disney rarely hired outsiders to make films for them and Kushner found that he and his group were given a less than warm welcome because "we tackled the nerve center–the animation department. They saw us as the germ from outside. We tried to enlist several Disney animators but none came. Disney is a closed group. . . ."[5]

Pre-production

Because of the many special effects, Walt Disney Pictures decided in 1981 to film Tron completely in 65-mm Super Panavision (Except for the computer-generated layers, which were shot in Vistavison). Three designers were brought in to create the look of the computer world.[3] Renowned French comic book artist Jean Giraud (aka Moebius) was the main set and costume designer for the movie. Most of the vehicle designs (including Sark's aircraft carrier, the light cycles, the tank and the solar sailer) were created by industrial designer Syd Mead, of Blade Runner fame. Peter Lloyd, a high-tech commercial artist, designed the environments.[3] However, these jobs often overlapped with Giraud working on the solar sailer and Mead designing terrain, sets and the film's logo. The original Program character design was inspired by the main Lisberger Studios logo, a glowing body builder hurling two discs.[3]

To create the computer animation sequences of Tron, Disney turned to the four leading computer graphics firms of the day: Information International Inc. of Culver City, California, who owned the Super Foonly F-1 (the fastest PDP-10 ever made and the only one of its kind); MAGI of Elmsford, New York; Robert Abel and Associates of California; and Digital Effects of New York City.[3] Bill Kovacs worked on this movie while working for Robert Abel before going on to found Wavefront Technologies. The work was not a collaboration, resulting in very different styles used by the firms. Tron was one of the first movies to make extensive use of any form of computer animation, and is celebrated as a milestone in the computer animation industry. However, the film contains less computer-generated imagery than is generally supposed: Only fifteen to twenty minutes of actual animation were used,[6] mostly scenes that show digital "terrain" or patterns or include vehicles such as light-cycles, tanks and ships. Because the technology to combine computer animation and live action did not exist at the time, these sequences were intercut with the filmed characters.

The computer they had to work with had only 2MB of memory, with a disc that had no more than 330MB of storage. This put a limit on how detailed the background could be, and at a certain distance, they had a procedure of mixing in black to fade things out, a process called "depth cueing." The movie's Computer Effects Supervisor Richard Taylor told them "When in doubt, black it out!", which became their motto.[7]

Most of the scenes, backgrounds and visual effects in the film were created using more traditional techniques and a unique process known as "backlit animation."[3] In this process, live-action scenes inside the computer world were filmed in black-and-white on an entirely black set, printed on large format Kodalith high-contrast film, then colorized with photographic and rotoscopic techniques to give them a "technological" feel.[5] With multiple layers of high-contrast, large format positives and negatives, this process required truckloads of sheet film and a workload even greater than that of a conventional cel-animated feature. The Kodalith was specially produced as large sheets by Kodak for the film and came in numbered boxes so each batch of the film could be used in order of manufacture for a consistent image, however due to a mix up, this was not understood by the filmmakers, explaining why glowing outlines and circuit traces occasionally flicker as the film speed varied between batches. After the reason was discovered, this was no longer a problem as the batches were used in order and 'zinger' sounds were used during the flickering parts to represent the computer world malfunctioning as Lisberger described it.[8] Due to its difficulty and cost, this process would never be repeated for another feature film.[3]

Sound design and creation for the film was assigned to Frank Serafine,[9] who was responsible for the sound design on Star Trek: The Motion Picture in 1979. Tron was a 1983 Academy Awards nominee for Best Sound.[10]

At one point in the film a small entity called "Bit" advises Flynn with only the words "yes" and "no" created by a Votrax speech synthesizer.

More than 500 people were involved in the post-production work, including 200 inker and hand-painters in Taiwan's Cuckoo's Nest Studio.[5] (Unusually for an English-language production, in the end credits these personnel are listed with their names written in Chinese characters.)

This film features parts of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; the multi-story ENCOM laser bay was the target area for the SHIVA solid-state multi-beamed laser. Also, the stairway that Alan, Lora, and Flynn use to get to Alan's office is the stairway in Building 451 near the entrance to the main machine room. The cubicle scenes were shot in another room of the lab. Tron is the only movie to have scenes filmed inside this lab.[11]

The original script called for "good" programs to be colored yellow and "evil" programs (those loyal to Sark and the MCP) to be colored blue. Partway into production, this coloring scheme was changed to blue for good and red for evil, but some scenes were produced using the original coloring scheme: Clu, who drives a tank, has yellow circuit lines, and all of Sark's tank commanders are blue (but appear green in some presentations). Also, the light-cycle sequence shows the heroes driving yellow (Flynn), orange (Tron) and red (Ram) cycles, while Sark's troops drive blue cycles; similarly, Clu's tank is red, while tanks driven by crews loyal to Sark are blue.

Budgeting the production was difficult because they were constantly breaking new ground as they progressed with additional challenges, like an impending Directors Guild of America strike and a fixed release date.[3] Disney predicted at least $400 million in domestic sales of merchandise, including an arcade game by Bally Midway and three Mattel Intellivision home video games.[5]

The producers also added Easter eggs: during the scene where Tron and Ram escape from the Light Cycle arena into the system, Pac-Man can be seen behind Sark; after embarking on the solar sailing ship, a "Mickey" outline can be seen below as they travel toward the MCP.

Music

Main article: Tron (soundtrack)

The soundtrack for Tron was written by pioneer electronic musician Wendy Carlos, who is best known for her album Switched-On Bach and for the soundtracks to many films, including A Clockwork Orange and The Shining. The music, which was the first collaboration between Carlos and her partner Annemarie Franklin,[12] featured a mix of an analog Moog synthesizer and Crumar's GDS digital synthesizer (complex additive and phase modulation synthesis), along with non-electronic pieces performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra (hired at the insistence of Disney, which was concerned that Carlos might not be able to complete her score on time). Two additional musical tracks were provided by the band Journey after British band Supertramp pulled out of the project.

Reaction

Box office

Tron was released on July 9, 1982, in 1,091 theaters grossing USD $4 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $33 million in North America, moderately successful considering its $17-million budget.[13]

Critical reception

Critical reviews were mostly positive; Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars and described the film as "a dazzling movie from Walt Disney in which computers have been used to make themselves romantic and glamorous. Here's a technological sound-and-light show that is sensational and brainy, stylish, and fun".[14] However, near the end of his review, he noted (in a positive tone), "This is an almost wholly technological movie. Although it's populated by actors who are engaging (Bridges, Cindy Morgan) or sinister (Warner), it is not really a movie about human nature. Like [the last two Star Wars films], but much more so, this movie is a machine to dazzle and delight us".[14] Ebert was so convinced that this film had not been given its due credit by both critics and audiences that he decided to close his first annual Overlooked Film Festival with a showing of Tron.[15] Perhaps unsurprisingly, InfoWorld's Deborah Wise was impressed, writing that "it is hard to believe the characters acted out the scenes on a darkened soundstage... We see characters throwing illuminated Frisbees, driving 'lightcycles' on a video-game grid, playing a dangerous version of jai alai and zapping numerous fluorescent tanks in arcade-game-type mazes. It's exciting, it's fun, and it's just what video-game fans and anyone with a spirit of adventure will love—despite plot weaknesses."[16]

On the other hand, Variety disliked the film and said in its review, "Tron is loaded with visual delights but falls way short of the mark in story and viewer involvement. Screenwriter-director Steven Lisberger has adequately marshalled a huge force of technicians to deliver the dazzle, but even kids (and specifically computer game geeks) will have a difficult time getting hooked on the situations".[17] In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin criticized the film's visual effects: "They're loud, bright and empty, and they're all this movie has to offer".[18] The Washington Post's Gary Arnold wrote, "Fascinating as they are as discrete sequences, the computer-animated episodes don't build dramatically. They remain a miscellaneous form of abstract spectacle".[19] In his review for the Globe and Mail, Jay Scott wrote, "It's got momentum and it's got marvels, but it's without heart; it's a visionary technological achievement without vision".[20]

In the year it was released, the Motion Picture Academy refused to nominate Tron for a special-effects award because, according to director Steven Lisberger, "The Academy thought we cheated by using computers".[21] The film did, however, earn Oscar nominations in the categories of Best Costume Design and Best Sound. In 1997, Ken Perlin of the Mathematical Applications Group, Inc. won an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for his invention of Perlin noise for Tron.[22]

Books

A novelization of Tron was released in 1982, written by American science fiction novelist Brian Daley. It included eight pages of color photographs from the movie.[23] Also that year, Disney Senior Staff Publicist Michael Bonifer authored a book entitled The Art of Tron which covered aspects of the pre-production and post-production aspects of Tron.[24][25]

Cultural impact

The film, considered groundbreaking, has inspired several individuals in numerous ways. John Lasseter, head of Pixar and Disney's animation group, described how the film helped him see the potential of computer-generated imagery in the production of animated films stating "without Tron there would be no Toy Story".[26][27] The two members of the French house group Daft Punk, who scores the sequel, have held a joint, life-long fascination with the film.[28] Tron developed into a cult film and was ranked as 13th in a 2010 list of the top 20 cult films published by The Boston Globe.[29] Ron Moore has included several references to Tron like "end of line" and "derezzed" in his television series Battlestar Galactica and Caprica.[30]

Sequel

Main article: Tron: Legacy

On January 12, 2005, Disney announced it had hired screenwriters Brian Klugman and Lee Sternthal to write a sequel to Tron.[31] In 2008, director Joseph Kosinski negotiated to develop and direct "TR2N", described as "the next chapter" of the 1982 film and based on a preliminary teaser trailer shown at that year's San Diego Comic-Con, with Lisberger co-producing.[32] Filming began in Vancouver, British Columbia in April 2009.[33] During the 2009 Comic-Con, the title of the sequel was revealed to be changed to Tron: Legacy.[34][35] The second trailer (also with the "Tron: Legacy" logo) was released in 3D with Alice In Wonderland. A third trailer premiered at Comic-Con 2010 on July 22. At Disney's D23 Expo September 10-13, 2009 they also debuted teaser trailers for Tron:Legacy as well as having light cycle and other props from the movie there. The film was released on December 17, 2010.[Tron-Legacy-Release 1]

Home media

Tron was first released on DVD in 2000 with no special features. In 2002, the film received a 20th Anniversary Collector's Edition re-release in a 2-Disc DVD set.

To tie in with Tron's sequel, Tron: Legacy, the movie was re-released on Special Edition DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray Combo on April 5, 2011. The film is being marketed as "The Original Classic", in contrast to it being released on the date of the Tron: Legacy home video release. Tron was also featured in a 5-Disc Blu-ray Combo with the 3D copy of Tron: Legacy.

See also

{{{inline}}}

Notes

  1. ^ Anderson, Kyle. "'Tron: Legacy' Soundtrack: Get Ready For The Game With Daft Punk". MTV. Retrieved 30 December 2010.

References

  1. ^ Michael Schneider (4 November 2010). "Disney XD orders 'Tron: Legacy' toon". Variety. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Culhane, John (July 4, 1982). "Special Effects are Revolutionizing Film". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-28. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Patterson, Richard (August 1982). "The Making of Tron". American Cinematographer. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ Interview: Justin Springer and Steven Lisberger, co-producers of Tron: Legacy
  5. ^ a b c d Ansen, David (July 5, 1982). "When You Wish Upon a Tron". Newsweek. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ Interview with Harrison Ellenshaw, supplemental material on Tron DVD
  7. ^ The influence of Disney's Tron in filmmaking | Tron and CG moviemaking
  8. ^ The Making of Tron (DVD Feature)
  9. ^ Tron Wiki - interview about Tron sound effects
  10. ^ imdb.com
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ Moog, Robert (1982). "The Soundtrack of TRON" (PDF). Keyboard Magazine: 53–57. Retrieved 2009-07-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Tron". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1982). "Tron". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ "Roger Ebert's Overlooked Film Festival #1 Schedule". Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  16. ^ Deborah Wise, "Unabashed fan and critics' critic talk about Disney's Tron," InfoWorld Vol. 4, No. 30 (Aug 2, 1982): 70-71.
  17. ^ "Tron". Variety. January 1, 1982. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Maslin, Janet (July 9, 1982). "Tron". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ Arnold, Gary (July 10, 1982). "Duel of Two Disneys". Washington Post. pp. C1. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ Scott, Jay (July 10, 1982). "Tron Beautiful but Heartless". Globe and Mail. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Helfand, Glen (January 9, 2002). "Tron 20th Anniversary". San Francisco Gate. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ Kerman, Phillip. Macromedia Flash 8 @work: Projects and Techniques to Get the Job Done. Sams Publishing. 2006.
  23. ^ Daley, Brian (1 October 1982). Tron. New English Library Ltd. ISBN 0450055507.
  24. ^ Bonifer, Michael (November 1982). The Art of Tron. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671455753.
  25. ^ Tron Sector Biography of Mike Bonifer
  26. ^ Thompson, Anne (December 9, 2010). "What Will Tron: Legacy's 3D VFX Look Like in 30 Years?". Tron Legacy VFX – Special Effects in Tron Legacy. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 24 December 2010. {{cite web}}: C1 control character in |work= at position 17 (help)
  27. ^ Lyons, Mike (1998). "Toon Story: John Lasseter's Animated Life". Animation World Magazine. Retrieved 13 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ^ IGN Staff (12 October 2010). "Listen to Daft Punk in TRON: Legacy". IGN. Retrieved 13 October 2010. Having grown up with admiration of Disney's original 1982 film Tron...
  29. ^ Boston.com Staff. "Top 20 cult films, according to our readers". boston.com. The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
  30. ^ Torn_(Battlestar_Galactica)
  31. ^ Fleming, Michael (January 12, 2005). "Mouse uploads Tron redo". Variety. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ Kit, Borys (September 11, 2007). "New Tron races on". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  33. ^ "Feature films currently filming in BC".
  34. ^ "Comic Con: Disney Panel, Tron 2 Revealed Live From Hall H!". Cinemablend.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  35. ^ Roush, George (23 July 2009). "Comic-Con 2009: Disney Panel TRON Legacy & Alice In Wonderland!". Latino Review. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
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