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==Biochemistry==
==Biochemistry==
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=left|image1=Ibotenic acid2.png|image2=Muscimol chemical structure.svg|width=140|caption1=Ibotenic acid|caption2=Muscimol}}The European Panther contains [[ibotenic acid]] and [[muscimol]],<ref name=Barceloux>{{cite book|last=Barceloux D. G.|title=Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons Inc.|location=Canada|isbn=978-0-471-72761-3|pages=298|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA298&dq=amanita+pantherina&hl=en&ei=ygmGTZzcBIb0vQO3xtzeCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=amanita%20pantherina&f=false|format=PDF|chapter=41 (Isoxazole-containing mushrooms and pantherina syndrome)}}</ref> it is used as an [[entheogen]] much less often than the related [[Amanita muscaria]] because of the extremely high levels of these compounds found in the mushroom. It also contains some [[alkaloid]]s.<ref name=Journal1>{{cite journal|last=Brady L. R.|first=Tyler V. E.|title=Alkaloidal fraction of Amanita pantherina|journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association|year=1959|volume=48|pages=417|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=PyO0AAAAIAAJ&q=amanita+pantherina&dq=amanita+pantherina&hl=en&ei=ygmGTZzcBIb0vQO3xtzeCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg|publisher=American Pharmaceutical Association|format=PDF}}</ref> Still they aren't deadly.<ref>http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_pantherina.html By Michael Wood & Fred Stevens</ref> They are however sometimes dried or cooked at a low temperature and ingested.<ref>{{Cite book | last = North| first = Pamela | year = 1967 | title = Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour | publisher = Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain |pages=114}}</ref><ref>Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others by IPCS INCHEM http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/fungi/pimg026.htm#SectionTitle:7.2%20%20Toxicity</ref>
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=left|image1=Ibotenic acid2.png|image2=Muscimol chemical structure.svg|width=140|caption1=Ibotenic acid|caption2=Muscimol}}The European Panther contains [[ibotenic acid]] and [[muscimol]],<ref name=Barceloux>{{cite book|last=Barceloux D. G.|title=Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons Inc.|location=Canada|isbn=978-0-471-72761-3|pages=298|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA298&dq=amanita+pantherina&hl=en&ei=ygmGTZzcBIb0vQO3xtzeCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=amanita%20pantherina&f=false|format=PDF|chapter=41 (Isoxazole-containing mushrooms and pantherina syndrome)}}</ref> it is used as an [[entheogen]] much less often than the related [[Amanita muscaria]] because of the extremely high levels of these compounds found in the mushroom. It also contains some [[alkaloid]]s,<ref name=Journal1>{{cite journal|last=Brady L. R.|first=Tyler V. E.|title=Alkaloidal fraction of Amanita pantherina|journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association|year=1959|volume=48|pages=417|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=PyO0AAAAIAAJ&q=amanita+pantherina&dq=amanita+pantherina&hl=en&ei=ygmGTZzcBIb0vQO3xtzeCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg|publisher=American Pharmaceutical Association|format=PDF}}</ref> though these are in non-deadly concentrations.<ref>http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_pantherina.html By Michael Wood & Fred Stevens</ref> They are however sometimes dried or cooked at a low temperature and ingested.<ref>{{Cite book | last = North| first = Pamela | year = 1967 | title = Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour | publisher = Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain |pages=114}}</ref><ref>Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others by IPCS INCHEM http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/fungi/pimg026.htm#SectionTitle:7.2%20%20Toxicity</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 19:52, 28 April 2011

European Panther
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Subclass:
Hymenomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Amanitaceae
Genus:
Amanita
Species:
A. pantherina var. pantherina
Binomial name
Amanita pantherina var. pantherina
Amanita pantherina var. pantherina
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is flat
Hymenium is free
Stipe has a ring and volva
Spore print is white
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is poisonous or psychoactive

Amanita pantherina var. pantherina, also known as the Panther cap and False Blusher due to its similarity to the true Blusher (Amanita rubescens), is a species of Europe and western Asia. Material described as A. pantherina in the Americas seems to belong to a number of distinct taxa only some of which have been described.

Description

Closer view of the stipe and warts of A. pantherina.
  • Cap: 4 – 11 cm wide, Hemispheric at first, then convex to plano-convex, deep brown to hazel-brown to pale ochraceous brown, densely distributed warts that are pure white to sordid cream, minutely verruculose, floccose, easily removable. Viscid when wet, with a short striate margin, The flesh is white, unchanging when injured.
  • Gills: free, close to crowded, white becoming grayish, truncate.
  • Spores: white in deposit, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid to elongate, infrequently globose. 8 — 12 × 5.5 — 8 µm.
  • Stipe: 5 – 14 cm long × .6 – 2 cm wide, subcyclindric, somewhat narrowing upward, white, becoming slightly tannish in age, stuffed then hollow, finely floccose becoming smooth above the ring, and with small appressed squamules or creamy floccose material below. The volva is white, becoming gray with age, forming one or sometimes two narrow hoop-like rings just above the bulbous base. The flesh is white, unchanging when injured.
  • Odor: Unpleasant or like raw potatoes
  • Microscopic features: Spores are 8-14 x 6-10 µ, smooth, elliptical and inamyloid.[1]

Other than the brownish cap with white warts, distinguishing features of Amanita pantherina include the collar-like roll of volval tissue at the top of the basal bulb, and the elliptical, inamyloid spores.

Habitat and distribution

The panther cap is an uncommon mushroom, found in both deciduous, especially beech and, less frequently, coniferous woodland and rarely meadows throughout Europe, western Asia in late summer and autumn.[2] It has also been recorded from South Africa, where it is thought to have been accidentally introduced with trees imported from Europe.[3]

It is an ectomycorrhizal fungus, living in root symbiosis with a tree, deriving photosynthesised nutrients from it and providing soil nutrients in return.

Biochemistry

Ibotenic acid
Muscimol

The European Panther contains ibotenic acid and muscimol,[4] it is used as an entheogen much less often than the related Amanita muscaria because of the extremely high levels of these compounds found in the mushroom. It also contains some alkaloids,[5] though these are in non-deadly concentrations.[6] They are however sometimes dried or cooked at a low temperature and ingested.[7][8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kuo, M. (2005, March). Amanita pantherina. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_pantherina.html
  2. ^ Jordan P & Wheeler S (2001). The Ultimate Mushroom Book. Hermes House.
  3. ^ Reid DA, Eicker A (1991). "South African fungi: the genus Amanita" (PDF). Mycological Research. 95: 80–95. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81364-6. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
  4. ^ Barceloux D. G. (2008). "41 (Isoxazole-containing mushrooms and pantherina syndrome)". Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals (PDF). Canada: John Wiley and Sons Inc. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-471-72761-3.
  5. ^ Brady L. R., Tyler V. E. (1959). "Alkaloidal fraction of Amanita pantherina" (PDF). Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 48. American Pharmaceutical Association: 417.
  6. ^ http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_pantherina.html By Michael Wood & Fred Stevens
  7. ^ North, Pamela (1967). Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour. Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain. p. 114.
  8. ^ Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others by IPCS INCHEM http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/fungi/pimg026.htm#SectionTitle:7.2%20%20Toxicity
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