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|image = [[Image:Túpac Amaru.jpg|55px|Túpac Amaru II]] [[Image:San Martin de Porres huaycan.jpg|55px|San Martín de Porres]] [[Image:Miguel Grau 01.jpg|55px|Miguel Grau]] [[Image:Franbolog.jpg|55px|Francisco Bolognesi]] <br/>
|image = [[Image:Túpac Amaru.jpg|55px|Túpac Amaru II]] [[Image:San Martin de Porres huaycan.jpg|55px|San Martín de Porres]] [[Image:Miguel Grau 01.jpg|55px|Miguel Grau]] [[Image:Franbolog.jpg|55px|Francisco Bolognesi]] <br/>
[[File:Andrés Avelino Cáceres.jpg|55px|Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] [[Image:RamonCastilla.jpg|55px|Ramón Castilla]] [[File:Cesar vallejo 1929 RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|55px|César Vallejo]] [[File:Palma1.jpg|55px|Ricardo Palma]] <br/>
[[File:Andrés Avelino Cáceres.jpg|55px|Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] [[Image:RamonCastilla.jpg|55px|Ramón Castilla]] [[File:Cesar vallejo 1929 RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|55px|César Vallejo]] [[File:Palma1.jpg|55px|Ricardo Palma]] <br/>
[[Image:Alejandro Toledo (8682).jpg|55px|Alejandro Toledo]] [[Image:Mulanovich.jpeg|55px|Sofía Mulánovich]] [[File:Maria Julia Mantilla - Miss World 2004.jpg|55px|María Julia Mantilla]] [[File:Cecilia_Tait_1.jpg|55px|Cecilia Tait]] <br/>
[[Image:Alejandro Toledo (8682).jpg|55px|Alejandro Toledo]] [[Image:Mulanovich.jpeg|55px|Sofía Mulánovich]] [[File:Maria Julia Mantilla - Miss World 2004.jpg|55px|María Julia Mantilla]] [[File:Cecilia_Tait_1.jpg|55px|Cecilia Tait]] <br/>
[[Image:Mario Vargas Llosa 1985.jpg|55px|Mario Vargas Llosa]] [[Image:Garciaalan09112006-1.jpg|55px|Alan García]] [[File:Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg|55px|Keiko Fujimori]] [[Image:Juan Diego Flórez by Pietro Spagnoli, july-2009.jpg|55px|Juan Diego Flórez]] <br/>
[[Image:Mario Vargas Llosa 1985.jpg|55px|Mario Vargas Llosa]] [[Image:Garciaalan09112006-1.jpg|55px|Alan García]] [[File:Gaston acurio.jpg|55px|Gastón Acurio]] [[Image:Juan Diego Flórez by Pietro Spagnoli, july-2009.jpg|55px|Juan Diego Flórez]] <br/>
[[File:Vargas.JPG|110px|Juan Manuel Vargas]] [[File:Schalke Jefferson Farfan 1.jpg|110px|Jefferson Farfán]]
[[File:Vargas.JPG|110px|Juan Manuel Vargas]] [[File:Schalke Jefferson Farfan 1.jpg|110px|Jefferson Farfán]]
|caption = <small>
|caption = <small>
1st row: [[Túpac Amaru II]] • [[San Martín de Porres]] • [[Miguel Grau]] • [[Francisco Bolognesi]]<br>
1st row: [[Túpac Amaru II]] • [[San Martín de Porres]] • [[Miguel Grau]] • [[Francisco Bolognesi]]<br>
2nd row: [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] • [[Ramón Castilla]] • [[César Vallejo]] • [[Ricardo Palma]] <br>
2nd row: [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] • [[Ramón Castilla]] • [[César Vallejo]] • [[Ricardo Palma]] <br>
3rd row: [[Alejandro Toledo]] • [[Sofía Mulánovich]] • [[María Julia Mantilla]] • [[Cecilia Tait]] <br>
3rd row: [[Alejandro Toledo]] • [[Sofía Mulánovich]] • [[María Julia Mantilla]] • [[Cecilia Tait]] <br>
4th row: [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] • [[Alan García]] • [[Keiko Fujimori]] • [[Juan Diego Flórez]]<br>
4th row: [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] • [[Alan García]] • [[Gastón Acurio]] • [[Juan Diego Flórez]]<br>
5th row:[[Juan Manuel Vargas]] • [[Jefferson Farfán]]
5th row:[[Juan Manuel Vargas]] • [[Jefferson Farfán]]
</small>
</small>
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==See also==
==See also==


* [[Peruvian of European descent|European Peruvian]]
* [[Asian Peruvian]]
* [[Afro-Peruvian]]
* [[Quechua people|Quechuas]]
* [[Aymara people|Aymaras]]
* [[Mestizo]]
* [[Latin Americans]]
* [[Latin Americans]]
* [[Peruvian American]]
* [[Peruvian American]]
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Peru topics}}
{{Ethnic groups in Peru}}

Revision as of 14:12, 6 May 2011

Peruvians
Peruanos
Túpac Amaru II San Martín de Porres Miguel Grau Francisco Bolognesi

Andrés Avelino Cáceres Ramón Castilla César Vallejo Ricardo Palma
Alejandro Toledo Sofía Mulánovich María Julia Mantilla Cecilia Tait
Mario Vargas Llosa Alan García Gastón Acurio Juan Diego Flórez

Juan Manuel Vargas Jefferson Farfán

1st row: Túpac Amaru II • San Martín de Porres • Miguel Grau • Francisco Bolognesi
2nd row: Andrés Avelino Cáceres • Ramón Castilla • César Vallejo • Ricardo Palma
3rd row: Alejandro Toledo • Sofía Mulánovich • María Julia Mantilla • Cecilia Tait
4th row: Mario Vargas Llosa • Alan García • Gastón Acurio • Juan Diego Flórez
5th row:Juan Manuel Vargas • Jefferson Farfán

Regions with significant populations
 Peru        29,496,000
 United States435,363
 Argentina138,355
 Spain137,154
 Chile125,000
 Venezuela95,871
 Italy87,747
 Japan60,000
 Australia47,000
 Brazil20,000
 United Kingdom15,000
 Canada10,000 - 19,000
 France5,000 - 9,000
Languages
Peruvian Coast Spanish, Quechua
Religion
Catholicism, Evangelical, minorities of other religions.

Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; according to historian David N. Cook their population decreased from an estimated 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases.[1] Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples.

With about 29.5 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America.[2] Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.[3] As of 2007, 75.9% lived in urban areas and 24.1% in rural areas.[4] Major cities include Lima, home to over 8 million people, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the 2007 census.[5]

The largest Peruvian communities are in the United States (Peruvian Americans), South America (Argentina, Chile, Venezuela and Brazil), Europe (Spain, Italy, United Kingdom and France), Japan, Australia and Canada.

Ethnic structure of Peru

Peru is a multiethnic country, which means that it is home to people of many different historical backgrounds. Therefore, it is a multicultural country as well. Since it is a multiethnic society, Peruvian people usually treat their nationality as a citizenship instead of an ethnicity. The Peruvian census does not contain information about ethnicity so only rough estimates are available. Its population can be composed of Amerindians: 45%,[6] Mestizos: 37%,[7] European: 15%,[7] Afro-Peruvians: 2%,[8] Asians and others: 1%.[9] Amerindians are found in the southern Andes, though a large portion, also to be found in the southern and central coast due to the massive internal labor migration from remote Andean regions to coastal cities,during the past four decades. While the Andes are the "heart" of the indigenous populations of Peru, White people are mostly found in the coast and are mostly of Spanish, Italian, British, French, German, Irish and Croatian descent. [citation needed]

Immigration after independence

Main article: Immigration to Peru

After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain.[10] Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.[11] Other immigrant groups include Arabs and Japanese.


Languages

Spanish, the first language of 83.9% of Peruvians aged five and older in 2007, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most common of which is Quechua, spoken by 13.2% of the population. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 2.7% and 0.1% of Peruvians, respectively.[12] Literacy was estimated at 92.9% in 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).[13] Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools.[14]


Religions

Lord of Miracles

In the 2007 census, 81.3% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as Catholic, 12.5% as Evangelical, 3.3% as of other denominations, and 2.9% as non-religious.[15] Lord of Miraclesis a mural painted by a black slave in the 17th century of Jesus Christ that is venerated in Lima and the main Catholic festivity in Peru and one of the biggest processions around the world.

Every year, in October, hundreds of thousands of faithful from all races and economic backgrounds dresses in purple to celebrate the also known "Black Christ" in a religious procession through the streets of Lima. Without doubt the earthquakes by Lima during the 17th and 18th Centuries, which destroyed most of the city leaving only that mural standing up, contributed to the growth and the solidification of devoted veneration to the mural known as as "Christ of Pachacamilla".


Culture

Main article: Culture of Peru
Anonymous Cuzco School painting, 18th century

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions,[16] though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions.[17] During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative.[18] Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century.[19] Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.[20]

Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma.[21] In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría,[22] José María Arguedas,[23] and César Vallejo.[24] During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom.[25]

Ceviche is a lime marinated seafood dish.

Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking.[26] Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche and pachamanca. Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking.[27] Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques.[28]

Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots.[29] In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments.[30] Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the charango.[31] African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument.[32] Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero and huayno.[33]


See also

References

  1. ^ Noble David Cook, Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620, p. 114.
  2. ^ United Nations, Template:PDFlink, pp. 44–48. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  3. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050, pp. 37–38, 40.
  4. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 13.
  5. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 24.
  6. ^ CIA - The World Factbook
  7. ^ a b Universia, Poblacion de Peru
  8. ^ Afro-Latino Roots
  9. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Peru". Retrieved 2008-11-22.
  10. ^ Mario Vázquez, "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru", pp. 79–81.
  11. ^ Magnus Mörner, Race mixture in the history of Latin America, p. 131.
  12. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 111.
  13. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 93.
  14. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 17.
  15. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 132..
  16. ^ Víctor Andrés Belaunde, Peruanidad, p. 472.
  17. ^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of colonial Latin America, pp. 72–74.
  18. ^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of colonial Latin America, p. 263.
  19. ^ Edward Lucie-Smith, Latin American art of the 20th century, pp. 76–77, 145–146.
  20. ^ Damián Bayón, "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980", pp. 425–428.
  21. ^ Gerald Martin, "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870", pp. 37–39.
  22. ^ Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 151–152.
  23. ^ Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 178–179.
  24. ^ Jaime Concha, "Poetry, c. 1920–1950", pp. 250–253.
  25. ^ Gerald Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188.
  26. ^ Tony Custer, The Art of Peruvian Cuisine, pp. 17–22.
  27. ^ Tony Custer, The Art of Peruvian Cuisine, pp. 25–38.
  28. ^ Embassy of Peru in the United States, The Peruvian Gastronomy. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
  29. ^ Raúl Romero, "Andean Peru", p. 385–386.
  30. ^ Dale Olsen, Music of El Dorado, pp. 17–22.
  31. ^ Thomas Turino, "Charango", p. 340.
  32. ^ Raúl Romero, "La música tradicional y popular", pp. 263–265.
  33. ^ Raúl Romero, "La música tradicional y popular", pp. 243–245, 261–263.
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