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John T. Draper (born 1944), also known as Captain Crunch, Crunch or Crunchman (after Cap'n Crunch, the mascot of a breakfast cereal), was a phone phreaker.

A blind friend of John Draper's named Joe Engressia (now known as Joybubbles) informed him that a toy whistle that was, at the time, packaged in boxes of Cap'n Crunch cereal could be easily modified to emit a tone at precisely 2600 hertz—the same frequency that was used by AT&T long lines to indicate that a trunk line was ready and available to route a new call. This would effectively disconnect one end of the trunk, allowing the still connected side to enter an operator mode. Experimenting with this whistle inspired Draper to build blue boxes: electronic devices capable of reproducing other tones used by the phone company.

“I don't do that. I don't do that anymore at all. And if I do it, I do it for one reason and one reason only. I'm learning about a system. The phone company is a System. A computer is a System, do you understand? If I do what I do, it is only to explore a system. Computers, systems, that's my bag. The phone company is nothing but a computer.” — From Secrets of the Little Blue Box by Ron Rosenbaum, Esquire Magazine (October 1971)

The class of vulnerabities Draper and others discovered was limited to call routing switches that employed in-band signaling, whereas newer equipment relies almost exclusively on out-of-band signaling, the use of separate circuits to transmit voice and signals. Though they could no longer serve practical use, the Cap'n Crunch whistles did become valued collector's items. Some hackers sometimes go by the handle “Captain Crunch ” even today; as a result of this incident 2600 The Hacker Quarterly is named after this whistle frequency. The expense of sustaining the unbilled phone calls, the redesign of the line protocols and the accelerated equipment replacement due to the blue box is difficult to calculate, or even to separate from something as complex and dynamic as the telephone long-distance network, but it is generally acknowledged to be a huge sum.

Draper was arrested on toll fraud charges in 1972 and sentenced to five years' probation. In the mid 1970s he taught his phone phreaking skills to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who later founded Apple Computer. He was briefly employed at Apple, and created a telephone interface board for the Apple II personal computer. The board was never marketed, however, partially due to Draper's arrest and conviction for wire fraud in 1977. He served his four-month sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc, California, where he wrote EasyWriter, the first word processor for the Apple II.

Draper later ported EasyWriter to the IBM PC, beating Bill Gates on the bid for the IBM contract. Currently he writes computer security software, is senior developer of KanTalk VoIP software for teen singer/software model Kandice Melonakos, and he hosts an Internet TV show, Crunch TV.

One oft-repeated story featuring Captain Crunch goes as follows: Draper picked up a public phone, then proceeded to "phreak" his call around the world. At no charge, he routed a call through different phone "servers" in countries such as Japan, Russia and England. Once he had set the call to go through tenths of countries, he dialed the number of the public phone next to him. A few minutes later, the phone next to him rang. Draper spoke into the first phone, and, after quite a few seconds, he heard his own voice very faintly on the other phone. This is just one example of his career in phreaking exploits.

External links

John Draper's homepage
CrunchTV.net
En2go.com, John Draper is currently CTO
The Origins of Phreaking - An article from Blacklisted! 411 Magazine by Gary D. Robson
Interview with John Draper (circa 1995)

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 : &ldquo;I don't do that. I don't do that anymore at all. And if I do it, I do it for one reason and one reason only. I'm learning about a system. The phone company is a System. A computer is a System, do you understand? If I do what I do, it is only to explore a system. Computers, systems, that's my bag. The phone company is nothing but a computer.&rdquo; &mdash; From ''Secrets of the Little Blue Box'' by Ron Rosenbaum, ''[[Esquire Magazine]]'' ([[1971#October|October 1971]])
-This feature of the older phone call routing switches has long since been corrected by using separate circuits to transmit voice and signals, and by using more sensitive equipment, but it resulted in the ''Cap'n Crunch'' whistles becoming valued [[collector's item]]s.  Some hackers sometimes go by the handle &ldquo;Captain Crunch&rdquo; even today; as a result of this incident ''[[2600 The Hacker Quarterly]]'' is named after this whistle frequency.  The expense of sustaining the unbilled phone calls, the redesign of the line protocols and the accelerated equipment replacement due to the blue box is difficult to calculate, or even to separate from something as complex and dynamic as the telephone long-distance network, but it is generally acknowledged to be a huge sum.
+The class of vulnerabities Draper and others discovered was limited to call routing switches that employed [[in-band signaling]], whereas newer equipment relies almost exclusively on [[out-of-band signaling]], the use of separate circuits to transmit voice and signals.  Though they could no longer serve practical use, the ''Cap'n Crunch'' whistles did become valued [[collector's item]]s.  Some hackers sometimes go by the handle &ldquo;Captain Crunch &rdquo; even today; as a result of this incident ''[[2600 The Hacker Quarterly]]'' is named after this whistle frequency.  The expense of sustaining the unbilled phone calls, the redesign of the line protocols and the accelerated equipment replacement due to the blue box is difficult to calculate, or even to separate from something as complex and dynamic as the telephone long-distance network, but it is generally acknowledged to be a huge sum.
 Draper was arrested on [[phone fraud|toll fraud]] charges in [[1972]] and sentenced to five years' probation.  In the mid [[1970s]] he taught his phone phreaking skills to [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]], who later founded [[Apple Computer]].  He was briefly employed at Apple, and created a telephone interface board for the [[Apple II]] personal computer.  The board was never marketed, however, partially due to Draper's arrest and conviction for wire fraud in [[1977]].  He served his four-month sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, [[Lompoc, California|Lompoc]], [[California]], where he wrote ''[[EasyWriter]]'', the first word processor for the Apple II.