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*[[Commander (United States)|Commander]] [[Richard Marcinko]] – Nov 1980 to July 1983
*[[Commander (United States)|Commander]] [[Richard Marcinko]] – Nov 1980 to July 1983
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Robert A. Gormly]] – 1983 to 1986
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] Robert A. Gormly – 1983 to 1986
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Thomas E. Murphy]] – 1986 to 1987
*Captain Thomas E. Murphy – 1986 to 1987
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Richard T.P. Woolard]] – 1987 to 1990
*Captain Richard T.P. Woolard – 1987 to 1990
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Ronald E. Yeaw]] – 1990 to 1992
*Captain Ronald E. Yeaw – 1990 to 1992
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Thomas G. Moser]] – 1992 to 1994
*Captain Thomas G. Moser – 1992 to 1994
*[[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[Eric T. Olson]] – 1994 to 1997
*[[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[Eric T. Olson]] – 1994 to 1997
*[[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]] [[Albert Calland|Albert M. Calland III]] – June 1997 to June 1999
*[[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]] [[Albert Calland|Albert M. Calland III]] – June 1997 to June 1999
*[[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]] [[Joseph D. Kernan]] – 1999 to 2002
*|Vice Admiral [[Joseph D. Kernan]] – 1999 to 2002
*[[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] [[Edward G. Winters, III]] – 2002 to 2004
*[[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] Edward G. Winters, III – 2002 to 2004
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Scott P. Moore]] – 2004 to 2006
*Captain Scott P. Moore – 2004 to 2006
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


Revision as of 22:39, 3 June 2011

Naval Special Warfare Development Group
ActiveNovember 1980 – present
Country United States
Branch United States Navy
TypeSpecial Operations
RoleTier One Special Operations Force
SizeUnknown (classified)
Part ofUnited States Special Operations Command
Joint Special Operations Command
United States Naval Special Warfare Command
Garrison/HQDam Neck Annex, Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia
Nickname(s)DEVGRU, SEAL Team Six
EngagementsSEAL Team Six

DEVGRU

Insignia
Unit Shoulder FlashFile:DEVGRU Shoulder Flash copy.png

The United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NSWDG), commonly known as DEVGRU and informally by its former name SEAL Team Six (ST6),[1][2] is one of the United States' two secretive Tier One counter-terrorism and Special Mission Units (SMUs); the other such group is 1st SFOD-D (Delta Force).

The vast majority of information about DEVGRU is highly classified, and details of its activities are not commented on by either the White House or the Department of Defense.[3] While DEVGRU is administratively supported by the Naval Special Warfare Command, it is operationally commanded by the Joint Special Operations Command. It is based at Training Support Center Hampton Roads, Virginia Beach, Virginia, known as FTC Dam Neck until 2004.[4]

History

The origins of ST6 can be traced to the aftermath of Operation Eagle Claw, the failed 1980 attempt to rescue American hostages at the U.S. Embassy in Iran.[5][6][7] During the Iran hostage crisis in 1979, Richard Marcinko was one of two U.S. Navy representatives for a Joint Chiefs of Staff task force known as the TAT (Terrorist Action Team). The purpose of the TAT was to develop a plan to free the American hostages held in Iran, which culminated in Operation Eagle Claw. In the wake of the operation's disaster at the Desert One base in Iran, the Navy saw the need for a full-time dedicated Counter-Terrorist Team, and tasked Marcinko with its design and development.

Marcinko was the first commanding officer of this new unit, which he named SEAL Team Six. At the time there were only two United States Navy SEAL ( Sea, Air and Land) teams; Marcinko purportedly named the unit Team Six in order to confuse Soviet intelligence as to the number of SEAL teams.[7] [8] The men in the unit were hand-picked by Marcinko from across the U.S. Navy's Special Operations personnel. SEAL Team Six became known as the U.S. Navy's primary counter-terrorist unit. It has been compared to the U.S. Army's Delta Force.[3][6] Marcinko held the command of SEAL Team Six for three years, from 1980 to 1983, instead of the typical two-year command stint in the Navy at the time.[7] SEAL Team Six was formally created in October 1980, and an intense, progressive work-up training program made the unit mission-ready six months later. The existing SEAL teams, including 12 platoons in SEAL Team One on the West Coast, had already begun counter-terrorism training; they formed a dedicated two-platoon group known as "MOB Six" (Mobility Six) in anticipation of a maritime scenario requiring a counter-terrorism response, and had begun training to that end.[8] The main area that separates SEAL Team Six/DevGru from the other "regular" SEAL teams is its funding. The team was given a large amount of money and are able to buy the best weapons and equipment available.[9]

File:Richard Marcinko.jpg
Richard Marcinko, founder of SEAL Team Six, and its first C.O.

In 1987, a new unit was formed, given the official title of "Naval Special Warfare Development Group" (abbreviated to NAVSPECWARDEVGRU, or DEVGRU) after SEAL Team Six was dissolved. Reasons for the disbanding are varied,[7] but the name SEAL Team Six is often used in reference to DEVGRU because of their similarities as a maritime counter-terrorism unit.[8]

Renaming

In a 2010 article, Marc Ambinder wrote that DEVGRU's designation had been changed by the Defense Department to a new name;[10] the name itself was classified. 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Delta Force), was renamed Army Compartmented Elements (ACE).[11] Despite the official name changes, Team 6's original name remains widely recognized; Disney filed to trademark "SEAL Team 6" the day after the bin Laden raid.[12] The Disney trademark applications reserve use of the name for entertainment products, toys and clothing (Disney withdrew the trademark applications about two weeks later). There are no trademarks or applications to trademark DEVGRU.

Recruitment, selection, and training

In the early stages of creating SEAL Team Six, Marcinko was given only six months to get ST6 up and running. This meant that there was a timing issue and Marcinko had little time to create a proper selection course, similar to that of Delta Force, and as a result hand-picked the first plankowners of the unit after assessing their Navy records and interviewing each man. It has been said that Marcinko regretted not having enough time to set up a proper selection process and course. All applicants came from the Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs) and East and West Coast SEAL teams. Marcinko's criteria for recruiting applicants was combat experience so he would know they could perform under fire; language skills were vital, as the unit would have a worldwide mandate to communicate with the local population if needed; union skills, to be able to blend in as civilians during an operation; and finally SEAL skills. Members of SEAL Team Six were selected in part because of the different specialist skills of each man.

The training schedule was intense. A former Team member claims that in one year SEAL Team Six fired more rounds of ammunition than the entire U.S. Marine Corps.[13] The emphasis was on shooting skills, range firing, close-quarters battle (CQB), and stress shooting in a variety of conditions.

Information about the unit is mostly highly classified, so little information is available about recruitment and selection. It is known is that the selection and training for the unit has not changed dramatically since its creation. All applicants come from the "regular" SEAL teams and the Navy's Explosive Ordnance Disposal units, unless applying for support positions (there have been open advertisements on the web for support personnel).

It can be inferred from the quality of their pool of applicants that those considered are in peak physical condition, maintain an excellent reputation as operators within the Naval Special Warfare community, and have done operational deployments with a SEAL Team that provided invaluable experience. As a result, the candidate will usually be in his 30s. As ST6 was recruiting the best and brightest SEALs/UDTs from the regular teams, this created animosity between the unit and the "regular" teams, who considered that their best SEALs were being poached for the unit.

Those who pass the stringent recruitment and selection process will be selected to attend a six- to seven-month Operators Training Course. Candidates will join the unit's training wing known as "Green Team." The training course attrition rate is high; during one selection course, out of the original 20 candidates, 12 completed the course.[13] All candidates are watched closely by DEVGRU instructors and evaluated on whether they are suitable to join the individual squadrons. Howard Wasdin, a former member of SEAL Team Six said in a recent interview that 16 applied for SEAL Team Six selection course and only two were accepted.[14]

Like all Special Operations Forces units that have an extremely intensive and high-risk training schedule, there can be serious injuries and deaths. SEAL Team Six/DEVGRU has lost several operators during training, including parachute accidents and close-quarters battle training accidents. It is presumed that the unit's assessment process for potential new recruits is different from what a SEAL operator experienced in his previous career, and much of the training tests the candidate's mental capacity rather than his physical condition, as he will have already completed Basic Underwater Demolitions/SEAL training.

Candidates are put through a variety of advanced training courses led by civilian or military instructors. These can include free-climbing, advanced unarmed combat techniques, defensive and offensive driving, advanced diving, and Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training. All candidates must perform at the top level during selection, and the unit instructors evaluate the candidate during the training process. Selected candidates are assigned to one of the Tactical Development and Evaluation Squadrons; the others are returned to their previous units.

Commanding Officers

Roles and responsibilities

When SEAL Team Six was first created it was devoted exclusively to counter-terrorism with a worldwide maritime responsibility; its objectives typically included targets such as ships, oil rigs, naval bases, or other civilian or military bases that were accessible from the sea or inland waterways.

SEAL Team Six was originally also tasked with covertly infiltrating international hot spots in order to carry out reconnaissance or security assessments of U.S. military bases and U.S. Embassies.

Although the unit was created as a maritime counter-terrorism unit, it has become a multi-functional Special Operations unit with multiple roles that include high-risk personnel/hostage extractions. Such operations include the failed rescue of Linda Norgrove, the successful rescue of an American businessman,[15] and in 1991 the successful recovery of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his family during a coup that deposed him.

After SEAL Team Six was disbanded and renamed, the official mission of the currently operating NSWDG is to test, evaluate, and develop technology and maritime, ground, and airborne tactics applicable to Naval Special Warfare forces such as Navy SEALs; however, it is presumed this is only a small part of the group's work assignment.

DEVGRU's full mission is classified but is thought to include pre-emptive, pro-active counter-terrorist operations, counter-proliferation (efforts to prevent the spread of both conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction), as well as assassination or recovery of high-value targets (HVTs) from unfriendly nations.[16][17] DEVGRU is one of only a handful of U.S. special mission units authorized to use pre-emptive actions against terrorists and their facilities.[18]

DEVGRU and the Army's Delta Force (now called COG: Combat Operations Group) train together and deploy together on counter-terrorist missions usually as part of a joint special operations task force (JSOTF).[3][8][19][20]

The CIA's highly secretive Special Activities Division (SAD) and more specifically its elite Special Operations Group (SOG) recruits operators from SEAL Team Six.[21] Joint Navy SEALs and CIA operations go back to the famed MACV-SOG group during the Vietnam War.[22] This cooperation still exists today and is seen in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.[23][24]

Operational deployments

The majority of the operations assigned to the NSWDG are classified and may never be known to the public. However, there are some operations in which the unit has been involved where certain details have been made public.

Grenada 1983

Main article: Invasion of Grenada

On 13 March 1979 the People's Revolutionary Army, led by Maurice Bishop, overthrew the newly-independent government of the small island of Grenada and established a new regime based on socialist principles. This brought it into continuing conflict with the United States, as the administration of US President Reagan considered the leftist government to be too closely allied to Cuba and the Soviet Union.[25]

On 12 October 1983 a hard-line faction of the Central Committee of the Revolutionary Government of Grenada, controlled by former Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard, took control of the government from Bishop and placed him under house arrest. Within days, Bishop and many of his supporters were dead, and the nation had been placed under martial law. The severity of the violence, coupled with Coard's hard-line Marxism, caused deep concern among neighboring Caribbean nations, as well as in Washington, D.C. Adding to the US's concern was the presence of nearly 1,000 American medical students in Grenada. On 25 October the United States invaded Grenada, an operation codenamed Operation Urgent Fury.

SEAL Team Six's Assault Group Three was to conduct a static line drop with boats a few miles away from the Grenadian coast.[26] One of two C-130 cargo planes transporting the SEALs to their drop point veered far off course. A rain squall accompanied by high winds broke out just before the SEALs conducted the drop. Four out of the eight SEALs that made the drop drowned and were never seen again.[26] After the disastrous insertion, Assault Group Three was told to stand-by and began preparing for the next mission. The next mission was to go to the governor's mansion and secure Governor-General Paul Scoon, protect him and his family and move them out of the combat area.[27] A second mission was to capture and secure Grenada's only radio station so that it couldn't be used by the local military to incite the population or coordinate military actions.[27] There was almost no intelligence for either of these operations.[26]

Governor-General's mansion

To reach the governor-general's mansion, the SEALs were flown in on Black Hawk helicopters that morning, and fast-roped to the ground while under fire.[26] As they approached from the back of the mansion, the team found Scoon hiding. The SEALs then continued to clear the rest of the house and began to set up a perimeter to ensure security.[26] Soon the mansion started to take fire from men armed with AK-47s and RPGs. As the incoming fire started to increase, Governor-General Scoon and his family were moved to a safer location in the house. After the incoming fire had decreased, three men wearing Cuban uniforms approached the mansion, all of them carrying AK-47s. The SEALs shouted for the three men to stop where they were. When the three men heard the yells, they raised their weapons. The SEALs opened fire on the Cubans and killed them almost instantly.[26]

Soon afterward, two BTR-60PBs rolled up to the mansion's gates. One of the BTRs at the mansion's front gate opened fire. Just as the SEALs were about to fire a LAW anti-tank rocket, the BTR backed off and left with the other BTR.[26] When the SEALs had been inserted into the compound, they left behind their long-range SATCOM radio on a helicopter;[26] the only communications the team had were through MX-360 radios. The team used the radios to communicate with a SEAL command post on the island to call in air strikes. As the radios' batteries started to fade, communications with the SEAL command post became weak. Once all the radios had died, when the SEALs urgently needed air support, they used a regular house phone to call JSOC,[26] which was able to get an AC-130 Spectre gunship to hold station over the SEALs' position to provide air support.

When morning came, a group of Force Recon Marines arrived to escort the SEALs, Governor-General Scoon, and his family to a point from where they were evacuated by helicopter.[26]

Radio station

A Soviet-made BTR-60PB armored personnel carrier

Assault Group Three and another squad from SEAL Team Six flew to the radio station on a Black Hawk helicopter.[28] The helicopter took small-arms fire on the insertion. Once the team unloaded, it overran the radio station compound. The SEALs were told to hold the station until Governor Scoon and a broadcast team could be brought in.[26] After the team took control of the compound, it was not able to make radio contact with the SEAL command post. The SEALs set up a perimeter while they continued to try to make radio contact. As this was happening, a BTR-60 armoured personnel carrier arrived, and 20 Grenadian soldiers disguised as station workers got out.[28] The soldiers carried weapons even in disguise.[28] The SEALs ordered the soldiers to drop the weapons. The soldiers opened fire but were shot down almost instantly.

The SEALs continued trying to make radio contact, then another BTR and three trucks, carrying a dozen soldiers each, were spotted coming towards the station;[28] the soldiers flanked the building and the BTR covered the front entrance with its 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun. The incoming fire on the SEALs' position was becoming devastatingly heavy, and they were running out of ammunition: the team knew that their only option was to change their original plan of holding the radio station, and instead destroy the radio transmitter, then head to the water following their pre-planned escape route out behind the station across a broad meadow that led to a path that cut between cliffs and a beach.[28] The meadow was very exposed to Grenadian fire. The team leapfrogged across the exposed ground and took heavy fire, finally reaching the end of the field, cut through a chain-link fence, ran into dense brush, and followed the path to the beach. One SEAL had been wounded in the arm. The Grenadians were still in pursuit, so the SEALs waded into the water and began swimming parallel to the shore until they found cliff ledges in which to hide;[28] once the Grenadians had given up the search they swam out to sea, where they were in the water for nearly six hours until a rescue plane spotted them and vectored a Navy ship to pick them up.[28]

Somalia 1992–3

During Operation Restore Hope and Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia, DEVGRU was a part of Task Force Ranger. TF Ranger was made up of operators from Delta Force, the 75th Ranger Regiment, the 160th SOAR, the 24th Special Tactics Squadron, and unknown number of SEALs from DEVGRU. Eric T. Olson, John Gay, Howard Wasdin, Homer Nearpass, and Richard Kaiser were the five SEALs that fought in the Battle of the Black Sea during the last mission of Operation Gothic Serpent to capture the warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid.[20]

NATO intervention in Bosnia, 1992–5

During NATO's intervention in the Bosnian War, the NSWDG operated alongside other members of NATO's Implementation Force, such as its Army counterpart Delta Force and the British SAS. These units were tasked with finding and apprehending persons indicted for war crimes (PIFWC) and returning them to The Hague to stand trial. Some of DEVGRU's PIFWC operations included apprehending Goran Jelisić, Simo Zaric, Milan Simic and Miroslav Tadic. [citation needed]

Afghanistan from 2001

In Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), U.S. Special Operations forces played a central role in the fighting.[16] During the crucial Battle of Takur Ghar part of Operation Anaconda a small team of DEVGRU assigned to an Advanced Force Operations task force were tasked with establishing observation positions (OPs) on the high ground above the proposed landing zones of U.S. conventional forces. It was one of the most violent battles of Operation Anaconda. Late at night on 2 March 2002 a MH-47 Chinook helicopter piloted by the 160th SOAR was carrying a team from DEVGRU. The original plan was that DEVGRU would be inserted at a point 1300 meters east of the peak, but circumstances led the SEALs to choose the summit of Takur Ghar itself as the insertion point. As the helicopter was nearing its landing zone both the pilots and the men in the back observed fresh tracks in the snow, goatskins, and other signs of recent human activity. As the pilots and team discussed a mission abort, an RPG struck the side of the aircraft, wounding one crewman as machine gun bullets ripped through the fuselage, cutting hydraulic and oil lines. Fluid spewed about the ramp area of the helicopter. As the pilot struggled to get the helicopter away Neil C. Roberts, a DEVGRU SEAL in the ramp area of the aircraft, was hit and slipped on the oil as the helicopter took off. He fell approximately 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3.0 m) to the snowy ground below. Roberts immediately engaged enemy forces with his weapons including a M249 light machine gun, SIG Sauer 9mm pistol and grenades. He survived at least 30 minutes before he was shot and killed at close range. [citation needed]

Killing of Osama bin Laden, May 2011

Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden

On 1–2 May 2011 DEVGRU undertook the covert operation codenamed Neptune's Spear,[29] under the CIA's authority, and killed Osama bin Laden, leader of the terrorist organization known as "Al Qaeda", at his compound in the affluent Islamabad suburb of Abbottabad, Pakistan.[30][31][32] The attack itself lasted 38 minutes, and there were no casualties to the team. They had practiced the mission "on both American coasts" and in a segregated section of Camp Alpha at Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan in early April 2011, using a one-acre replica of bin Laden's compound.[33] Modified MH-60 helicopters from the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment carried DEVGRU operators and paramilitary operatives from the CIA's Special Activities Division. Other personnel supported with tactical signals, intelligence collectors, and navigators using highly classified hyperspectral imagers from Ghazi Air Base in Pakistan.[34]

The raid was a CIA operation with DEVGRU being transferred under CIA authority for its duration.[35][36] A 1 May memo from CIA Director Leon Panetta thanked the National Security Agency and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, whose mapping and pattern recognition software was likely used to determine that there was "high probability" that Bin Laden lived in the compound. Members of these agencies were paired with JSOC units in forward-deployed fusion cells to "exploit and analyze" battlefield data instantly using biometrics, facial recognition systems, voice print databases, and predictive models of insurgent behavior based on surveillance and computer-based pattern analysis.[37] The operation was a result of years of intelligence work that included the capture of Khalid Sheik Mohammad (KSM),[38] the tracking of the courier to the Abbottobad compound by CIA paramilitary operatives, and the establishing of a CIA safe house that provided critical ground intelligence.[39][40][40] The raid force killed Bin Laden, an adult son, an unknown woman, and two couriers.[41]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Spec ops raids into Pakistan halted". Navy Times. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  2. ^ "Special ops 'surge' sparks debate". Army Times. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Emerson, Steven (13 November 1988). "Stymied Warriors". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ "SEAL Team Six". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  5. ^ Fallows, James (13 December 1981). "Iran from five American viewpoints". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ a b Halloran, Richard (26 November 1986). "U.S. moving to expand unconventional forces". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d Marcinko, Richard (1992). Rogue Warrior. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0671795937.
  8. ^ a b c d Gerth, Jeff (8 June 1984). "U.S. military creates secret units for use in sensitive tasks abroad". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Wasdin, Howard (9 May 2011). "'SEAL Team Six' And Other Elite Squads Expanding". NPR. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  10. ^ Marc Ambinder (12 October 2010). "Delta Force Gets a Name Change". The Atlantic.
  11. ^ North, Oliver (2010). American Heroes in Special Operations. B&H Publishing Group. p. 9. ISBN 9780805447125.
  12. ^ Lisa Merriam (14 May 2011). "Disney Trademarks SEAL Team 6 name but not DEVGRU or Delta Force".
  13. ^ a b Pfarrer, Chuck. Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy Seal. New York: Random House. pp. 325–326. ISBN 0891418636. In one year, the operators of SEAL Six fire more bullets than entire USMC.
  14. ^ "The iron will of Seal Team 6 – CBS News Video". Cbsnews.com. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  15. ^ "Inside a U.S. hostage rescue mission – Army News , News from Afghanistan & Iraq". Army Times. 7 November 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  16. ^ a b Shanker, Thom; Risen, James (12 August 2002). "Rumsfeld weighs new covert acts by military units". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  17. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". LT Michael P. Murphy USN. United States Navy. Retrieved 20 May 2008. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ U.S. Special Ops: America's elite forces in the 21st century, Fred J. Pushies, MBI Publishing Company, 2003.
  19. ^ Couch, Dick (2005). The Finishing School: Earning the Navy SEAL Trident. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0609810464. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ a b Bowden, Mark (2001). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Signet. ISBN 0451203933. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Waller, Douglas (3 February 2003). "The CIA Secret Army." TIME (Time Inc). http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101030203/
  22. ^ SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam by John L. Plaster
  23. ^ Haney, Eric L. (2002). Inside Delta Force. New York: Delacorte Press
  24. ^ Efran, Shawn (producer), "Army Officer Recalls Hunt For Bin Laden," 60 Minutes, CBS News, 5 October 2008.
  25. ^ Smith, Michael (2007). Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America's Most Secret Special Operations Team. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312362722. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chalker, Dennis; Dockery, Kevin (2002). One Perfect Op: Navy Seal Special Warfare Teams. New York: Avon Books. ISBN 0380809206.
  27. ^ a b Pfarrer, Chuck. Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy Seal. New York: Random House. ISBN 0891418636.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Couch, Dick (2001). The Warrior Elite: The Forging of SEAL Class 228. Crown. ISBN 0609607103. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ^ Jake Tapper (2 May 2011). "Osama Bin Laden Operation Ended With Coded Message 'Geronimo-E KIA'". ABC News. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  30. ^ Harnden, Toby (2 May 2011). "Osama bin Laden killed: how the deadly U.S. raid unfolded". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  31. ^ "Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation". The Washington Post. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  32. ^ "Al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden dead – Barack Obama". BBC News. 2 May 2011. On Sunday, U.S. forces said to be from the elite Navy SEAL Team Six undertook the operation in Abbottabad, 100 kilometers (62 miles) northeast of Islamabad.
  33. ^
  34. ^ "US forces kill Osama bin Laden in Pakistan". MSNBC. 5 February 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  35. ^ Dilanian, Ken (2 May 2011). "CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  36. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  37. ^ Marc Ambinder (2 May 2011). "The Secret Team That Killed bin Laden". National Journal.
  38. ^ By  Gloria Borger, CNN Senior Political Analyst (20 May 2011). "Debate rages about role of torture". CNN. Retrieved 19 May 2011. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help); no-break space character in |author= at position 3 (help)
  39. ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Cooper, Helene; Baker, Peter (2 May 2011). "Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden". The New York Times.
  40. ^ a b "CIA spied on bin Laden from safe house". The Washington Post. 11 September 2001. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  41. ^ Oliver Tree (17 May 2011). "Osama Bin Laden dead: Who are Obama's Navy SEALS Team 6?". The Daily Mail. UK. Retrieved 19 May 2011.

References

  • Gormly, Robert A. (1999). Combat Swimmer: Memoirs of a Navy SEAL. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 0451193024.
  • MacPherson, Malcolm (2006). Roberts Ridge: A Story of Courage and Sacrifice on Takur Ghar Mountain, Afghanistan. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 0553586807.
  • Shipler, David K. (26 November 1985). "Terror: Americans as targets". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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