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== Memoirs of the Apostles (Justin Martyr) ==
== Memoirs of the Apostles (Justin Martyr) ==
=== Name ===
=== Name ===
[[Justin Martyr]], in his [[First Apology of Justin Martyr|''First Apology'']] (ca. 150–155) and ''[[Dialogue with Trypho]]'' (ca. 160), sometimes refers to written sources consisting of narratives of the life of [[Jesus]] and quotations of the [[sayings of Jesus]] as ''apomnemoneumata'', (memoirs) of the [[Apostles]], and less frequently as ''[[evangelium|euaggelion]]'' (gospels). The designation "memoirs of the Apostles" occurs twice in Justin's ''First Apology'' (66.3, 67.3–4) and thirteen times in the ''Dialogue'' in his interpretation of Psalm 22, whereas the term "gospel" is used only three times, once in ''1 Apol.'' 66.3 and twice in the ''Dialogue''. The single passage where Justin uses both terms (''1 Apol.'' 66.3) makes it clear that "memoirs of the Apostles" and "gospels" are equivalent, and the use of the plural indicates Justin's awareness of more than one written gospel. ("The apostles in the memoirs which have come from them, which are also called gospels, have transmitted that the Lord had commanded...").<ref name="Koester 1990 pp.38,40–41">Koester (1990) ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' pp.38,40–41; p.38 – ''Dial.'' 100.4; 101.3; 102.5; 103.6,8; 104.1; 105.1,5,6; 106.1,3,4; 107.1 "In each instance the materials quoted derive from written gospels, usually from Matthew and Luke, in one instance from Mark, and each time the term serves to quote, or to refer to, gospel materials which demonstrate that the prophesy of the Psalm has been fulfilled in the story of Jesus. The "Memoirs of the Apostles" are used as reliable historical records." p40 – "Justin uses the term gospel only three times ''1 Apol.'' 66.3, ''Dial.'' 10.2; 100.1." p.41 – "It is evident that "gospel" refers to the same literature that Justin otherwise calls "Memoirs of the Apostles". The use of the plural in ''1 Apol.'' 66.3 indicates that Justin knew of more than one written gospel."</ref> Justin may have preferred the designation "memoirs of the Apostles" as a contrast to the "gospel" of his contemporary [[Marcion]] to emphasize the connections between the historical testimony of the gospels and the [[Old Testament]] prophesies which Marcion rejected.<ref name="Koester 1990 pp.36–37,43">Koester 1990 ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' pp.36–37,43; pp.36–37 - "...there is no evidence that anyone before Marcion had used the term "gospel" as a designation for a written document. ...those writings of Justin which are preserved, his two ''Apologies'' and his ''Dialogue with Trypho'', clearly show the effects of Marcion's challenge." p.43 – "In direct antithesis to Marcion's use of the written gospel, Justin binds these gospels to the prophetic revelation in the Old Testament scriptures."</ref>
[[Justin Martyr]], in his [[First Apology of Justin Martyr|''First Apology'']] (ca. 150–155) and ''[[Dialogue with Trypho]]'' (ca. 160), sometimes refers to written sources consisting of narratives of the life of [[Jesus]] and quotations of the [[sayings of Jesus]] as ''apomnemoneumata'', (memoirs) of the [[Apostles]], and less frequently as ''[[evangelium|euaggelion]]'' (gospels). The designation "memoirs of the Apostles" occurs twice in Justin's ''First Apology'' (66.3, 67.3–4) and thirteen times in the ''Dialogue'', mostly in his interpretation of Psalm 22, whereas the term "gospel" is used only three times, once in ''1 Apol.'' 66.3 and twice in the ''Dialogue''. The single passage where Justin uses both terms (''1 Apol.'' 66.3) makes it clear that "memoirs of the Apostles" and "gospels" are equivalent, and the use of the plural indicates Justin's awareness of more than one written gospel. ("The apostles in the memoirs which have come from them, which are also called gospels, have transmitted that the Lord had commanded...").<ref name="Koester 1990 pp.38,40–41">Koester (1990) ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' pp.38,40–41; p.38 – ''Dial.'' 100.4; 101.3; 102.5; 103.6,8; 104.1; 105.1,5,6; 106.1,3,4; 107.1 "In each instance the materials quoted derive from written gospels, usually from Matthew and Luke, in one instance from Mark, and each time the term serves to quote, or to refer to, gospel materials which demonstrate that the prophesy of the Psalm has been fulfilled in the story of Jesus. The "Memoirs of the Apostles" are used as reliable historical records." p40 – "Justin uses the term gospel only three times ''1 Apol.'' 66.3, ''Dial.'' 10.2; 100.1." p.41 – "It is evident that "gospel" refers to the same literature that Justin otherwise calls "Memoirs of the Apostles". The use of the plural in ''1 Apol.'' 66.3 indicates that Justin knew of more than one written gospel."</ref> Justin may have preferred the designation "memoirs of the Apostles" as a contrast to the "gospel" of his contemporary [[Marcion]] to emphasize the connections between the historical testimony of the gospels and the [[Old Testament]] prophesies which Marcion rejected.<ref name="Koester 1990 pp.36–37,43">Koester 1990 ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' pp.36–37,43; pp.36–37 - "...there is no evidence that anyone before Marcion had used the term "gospel" as a designation for a written document. ...those writings of Justin which are preserved, his two ''Apologies'' and his ''Dialogue with Trypho'', clearly show the effects of Marcion's challenge." p.43 – "In direct antithesis to Marcion's use of the written gospel, Justin binds these gospels to the prophetic revelation in the Old Testament scriptures."</ref>


The origin of Justin's use the name "memoirs of the Apostles" as a synonym for the "gospels" is uncertain. Scholar [[David Aune]] has argued that the gospels were modeled after classical [[Greco-Roman]] biographies, and Justin's use of the term ''apomnemoneumata'' to mean all the [[Synoptic Gospels]] should be understood as referring to a written biography such as the [[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilia of Xenophon]] because they preserve the authentic teachings of Jesus.<ref name="Aune 1987 p.67">Aune (1987) ''The New Testament in its Literary Environment'' p.67 – "Justin Martyr (writing ca. 155) described the Gospels as 'reminiscences [apomnemoneumata] of the apostles' (1 Apology 66.3; 67.3) and 'reminiscences of Peter' (Dialogue with Trypho 106.3). Thus Justin, like Matthew, Luke, and Papias, prefers to designate the Gospels by a recognized literary form. Though ''apomnemoneumata'' are not carefully defined in rhetorical handbooks, they are essentially expanded chreiai, i.e., sayings and/or actions of or about specific individuals, set in a narrative framework and transmitted by ''memory'' (hence "reliable"). ... His use of the term "reminiscences", therefore, suggests a connection to Xenophon's ''Memorabilia'' (in Greek ''apomnemoneumata''), a "biography" of Socrates."</ref> However, scholar [[Helmut Koester]] has pointed out the Greek title "Memorabilia" was not applied to Xenophon's work until the middle ages, and it is more likely ''apomnemoneumata'' was used to describe the oral transmission of the sayings of Jesus in [[early Christianity]]. [[Papias of Hierapolis|Papias]] uses a similar term meaning "remembered" (''apomnemoneusen'') when describing how [[St. Mark|Mark]] accurately recorded the "recollections of [[St. Peter|Peter]]", and Justin also uses it in reference to Peter in ''Dial.'' 106.3, followed by a quotation found only in the [[Gospel of Mark]] (Mk 3:16–17). Therefore, according to Koester, it is likely that Justin applied the name "memoirs of the Apostles" analogously to indicate the trustworthy recollections of the Apostles found in the written record of the Synoptic Gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], Mark, and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], and probably also an [[apocryphal gospels|apocryphal gospel]].<ref name="Koester 1990 pp.33–34, 38–40">Koester 1990 ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' pp.33–34,38–40; pp.33-34 - "What Papias says about Mark reflects the use of categories which are drawn from the oral tradition. ... The written gospels' authority is assured by the same technical terms which had been established for the oral tradition. ... The term "remember" (mnemoneuein/apomnemoneuein) was decisive for the trustworthiness of the oral tradition." pp.39-40 - "The composite form of the verb "to remember" (apomnemoneuein) had been used by Papias of Hierapolis as a technical term for the transmission of oral materials about Jesus. If Justin's term "Memoirs of the Apostles" is derived from this usage, it designates the written gospels as the true recollections of the apostles, trustworthy and accurate, and more reliable than any oral tradition which they are destined to replace."</ref> Justin expounded on the gospel texts as an accurate recording of the [[Bible prophecy|fulfillment of prophesy]], which he combined with quotations of the [[Nevi%27im|prophets of Israel]] from the [[LXX]] to demonstrate a proof from prophesy of the [[Kerygma|Christian kerygma]].<ref name="Koester 1990 p.377">Koester 1990 ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' p.377 – "The Christian proclamation about Jesus as Son of God, however, is true (in contrast to pagan myths), because the Christians possess trustworthy historical documents – "Remembrances of the Apostles" – from which it can be shown that everything in Christ's appearance and work happened in complete agreement with prophesy. What is demonstrated to be true is the Christian kerygma, not the story of the gospels. The reports contained in the gospels are used to show that the facts about Christ which the kerygma proclaims happened in complete agreement with the prophesy that announced them."</ref>
The origin of Justin's use the name "memoirs of the Apostles" as a synonym for the "gospels" is uncertain. Scholar [[David Aune]] has argued that the gospels were modeled after classical [[Greco-Roman]] biographies, and Justin's use of the term ''apomnemoneumata'' to mean all the [[Synoptic Gospels]] should be understood as referring to a written biography such as the [[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilia of Xenophon]] because they preserve the authentic teachings of Jesus.<ref name="Aune 1987 p.67">Aune (1987) ''The New Testament in its Literary Environment'' p.67 – "Justin Martyr (writing ca. 155) described the Gospels as 'reminiscences [apomnemoneumata] of the apostles' (1 Apology 66.3; 67.3) and 'reminiscences of Peter' (Dialogue with Trypho 106.3). Thus Justin, like Matthew, Luke, and Papias, prefers to designate the Gospels by a recognized literary form. Though ''apomnemoneumata'' are not carefully defined in rhetorical handbooks, they are essentially expanded chreiai, i.e., sayings and/or actions of or about specific individuals, set in a narrative framework and transmitted by ''memory'' (hence "reliable"). ... His use of the term "reminiscences", therefore, suggests a connection to Xenophon's ''Memorabilia'' (in Greek ''apomnemoneumata''), a "biography" of Socrates."</ref> However, scholar [[Helmut Koester]] has pointed out the Greek title "Memorabilia" was not applied to Xenophon's work until the middle ages, and it is more likely ''apomnemoneumata'' was used to describe the oral transmission of the sayings of Jesus in [[early Christianity]]. [[Papias of Hierapolis|Papias]] uses a similar term meaning "remembered" (''apomnemoneusen'') when describing how [[St. Mark|Mark]] accurately recorded the "recollections of [[St. Peter|Peter]]", and Justin also uses it in reference to Peter in ''Dial.'' 106.3, followed by a quotation found only in the [[Gospel of Mark]] (Mk 3:16–17). Therefore, according to Koester, it is likely that Justin applied the name "memoirs of the Apostles" analogously to indicate the trustworthy recollections of the Apostles found in the written record of the Synoptic Gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], Mark, and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], and probably also an [[apocryphal gospels|apocryphal gospel]].<ref name="Koester 1990 pp.33–34, 38–40">Koester 1990 ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' pp.33–34,38–40; pp.33-34 - "What Papias says about Mark reflects the use of categories which are drawn from the oral tradition. ... The written gospels' authority is assured by the same technical terms which had been established for the oral tradition. ... The term "remember" (mnemoneuein/apomnemoneuein) was decisive for the trustworthiness of the oral tradition." pp.39-40 - "The composite form of the verb "to remember" (apomnemoneuein) had been used by Papias of Hierapolis as a technical term for the transmission of oral materials about Jesus. If Justin's term "Memoirs of the Apostles" is derived from this usage, it designates the written gospels as the true recollections of the apostles, trustworthy and accurate, and more reliable than any oral tradition which they are destined to replace."</ref> Justin expounded on the gospel texts as an accurate recording of the [[Bible prophecy|fulfillment of prophesy]], which he combined with quotations of the [[Nevi%27im|prophets of Israel]] from the [[LXX]] to demonstrate a proof from prophesy of the [[Kerygma|Christian kerygma]].<ref name="Koester 1990 p.377">Koester 1990 ''Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development'' p.377 – "The Christian proclamation about Jesus as Son of God, however, is true (in contrast to pagan myths), because the Christians possess trustworthy historical documents – "Remembrances of the Apostles" – from which it can be shown that everything in Christ's appearance and work happened in complete agreement with prophesy. What is demonstrated to be true is the Christian kerygma, not the story of the gospels. The reports contained in the gospels are used to show that the facts about Christ which the kerygma proclaims happened in complete agreement with the prophesy that announced them."</ref>

Revision as of 14:58, 7 June 2011

Origen who lists the Gospel of the Twelve

The Gospel of the Twelve (Template:Lang-el), possibly also referred to as the Gospel of the Apostles, is a lost gospel mentioned by Origen in Homilies in Luke as part of a list of heretical works.

Memoirs of the Apostles (Justin Martyr)

Name

Justin Martyr, in his First Apology (ca. 150–155) and Dialogue with Trypho (ca. 160), sometimes refers to written sources consisting of narratives of the life of Jesus and quotations of the sayings of Jesus as apomnemoneumata, (memoirs) of the Apostles, and less frequently as euaggelion (gospels). The designation "memoirs of the Apostles" occurs twice in Justin's First Apology (66.3, 67.3–4) and thirteen times in the Dialogue, mostly in his interpretation of Psalm 22, whereas the term "gospel" is used only three times, once in 1 Apol. 66.3 and twice in the Dialogue. The single passage where Justin uses both terms (1 Apol. 66.3) makes it clear that "memoirs of the Apostles" and "gospels" are equivalent, and the use of the plural indicates Justin's awareness of more than one written gospel. ("The apostles in the memoirs which have come from them, which are also called gospels, have transmitted that the Lord had commanded...").[1] Justin may have preferred the designation "memoirs of the Apostles" as a contrast to the "gospel" of his contemporary Marcion to emphasize the connections between the historical testimony of the gospels and the Old Testament prophesies which Marcion rejected.[2]

The origin of Justin's use the name "memoirs of the Apostles" as a synonym for the "gospels" is uncertain. Scholar David Aune has argued that the gospels were modeled after classical Greco-Roman biographies, and Justin's use of the term apomnemoneumata to mean all the Synoptic Gospels should be understood as referring to a written biography such as the Memorabilia of Xenophon because they preserve the authentic teachings of Jesus.[3] However, scholar Helmut Koester has pointed out the Greek title "Memorabilia" was not applied to Xenophon's work until the middle ages, and it is more likely apomnemoneumata was used to describe the oral transmission of the sayings of Jesus in early Christianity. Papias uses a similar term meaning "remembered" (apomnemoneusen) when describing how Mark accurately recorded the "recollections of Peter", and Justin also uses it in reference to Peter in Dial. 106.3, followed by a quotation found only in the Gospel of Mark (Mk 3:16–17). Therefore, according to Koester, it is likely that Justin applied the name "memoirs of the Apostles" analogously to indicate the trustworthy recollections of the Apostles found in the written record of the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, and probably also an apocryphal gospel.[4] Justin expounded on the gospel texts as an accurate recording of the fulfillment of prophesy, which he combined with quotations of the prophets of Israel from the LXX to demonstrate a proof from prophesy of the Christian kerygma.[5]

Composition

Justin relies on two main sources for his compositions that probably circulated as collections of scriptural testimonies within his Christian school. Scholar Oskar Skarsaune refers to Justin's primary source for demonstrating scriptural proofs in the First Apology and parallel passages in the Dialogue as the "kerygma source". A second source, which was used only in the Dialogue, may be identical to the lost dialogue of Aristo of Pella, The Disputation Between Jason and Papiscus (ca. 140). Justin brings in biblical quotes verbatim from these sources, and he often appears to be paraphrasing his sources very closely, even in his interpretive remarks.[6]

The following are excerpts from the Dialogue with Trypho of the baptism (Dial. 88:3-8) and temptation (Dial. 103:5-6) of Jesus, which are believed to have originated from the Disputation of Jason and Papiscus. They illustrate the use of gospel narratives and sayings of Jesus in a testimony source and how Justin has adopted these "memoirs of the Apostles" for his own purposes.

Gospel of the Twelve (Origen)

Main article: Jewish-Christian Gospels

Schneemelcher's standard edition of the New Testament Apocrypha states that "On the basis of a wrongly interpreted passage in Jerome (Dial. adv. Pelag. III 2)[7] an abortive attempt was made to link the Gospel of the Twelve with the Gospel of the Hebrews, but the majority of critics today are inclined to identify it with the Gospel of the Ebionites."[8]

Gospel of the Apostles (Jerome)

Main article: Gospel of the Hebrews

This has caused scholars such as Cassels (1874) and Parker (1940) to consider it a different "edition" of Matthew's Gospel of the Hebrews.[9][10] In regard to the "Memoirs of the Apostles," which are referred to some fifteen or twenty times by Justin, as the source of many of his quotations, Arthur Lillie (1882) and Waite Burlingame (1881) contends that Justin meant the Gospel of the Hebrews, as the Gospel of the Hebrews was also known as The Gospel of the Twelve Apostles. This was The Memoirs of the Apostles, referred to by Justin Martyr.[11][12]

Notes

  1. ^ Koester (1990) Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development pp.38,40–41; p.38 – Dial. 100.4; 101.3; 102.5; 103.6,8; 104.1; 105.1,5,6; 106.1,3,4; 107.1 "In each instance the materials quoted derive from written gospels, usually from Matthew and Luke, in one instance from Mark, and each time the term serves to quote, or to refer to, gospel materials which demonstrate that the prophesy of the Psalm has been fulfilled in the story of Jesus. The "Memoirs of the Apostles" are used as reliable historical records." p40 – "Justin uses the term gospel only three times 1 Apol. 66.3, Dial. 10.2; 100.1." p.41 – "It is evident that "gospel" refers to the same literature that Justin otherwise calls "Memoirs of the Apostles". The use of the plural in 1 Apol. 66.3 indicates that Justin knew of more than one written gospel."
  2. ^ Koester 1990 Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development pp.36–37,43; pp.36–37 - "...there is no evidence that anyone before Marcion had used the term "gospel" as a designation for a written document. ...those writings of Justin which are preserved, his two Apologies and his Dialogue with Trypho, clearly show the effects of Marcion's challenge." p.43 – "In direct antithesis to Marcion's use of the written gospel, Justin binds these gospels to the prophetic revelation in the Old Testament scriptures."
  3. ^ Aune (1987) The New Testament in its Literary Environment p.67 – "Justin Martyr (writing ca. 155) described the Gospels as 'reminiscences [apomnemoneumata] of the apostles' (1 Apology 66.3; 67.3) and 'reminiscences of Peter' (Dialogue with Trypho 106.3). Thus Justin, like Matthew, Luke, and Papias, prefers to designate the Gospels by a recognized literary form. Though apomnemoneumata are not carefully defined in rhetorical handbooks, they are essentially expanded chreiai, i.e., sayings and/or actions of or about specific individuals, set in a narrative framework and transmitted by memory (hence "reliable"). ... His use of the term "reminiscences", therefore, suggests a connection to Xenophon's Memorabilia (in Greek apomnemoneumata), a "biography" of Socrates."
  4. ^ Koester 1990 Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development pp.33–34,38–40; pp.33-34 - "What Papias says about Mark reflects the use of categories which are drawn from the oral tradition. ... The written gospels' authority is assured by the same technical terms which had been established for the oral tradition. ... The term "remember" (mnemoneuein/apomnemoneuein) was decisive for the trustworthiness of the oral tradition." pp.39-40 - "The composite form of the verb "to remember" (apomnemoneuein) had been used by Papias of Hierapolis as a technical term for the transmission of oral materials about Jesus. If Justin's term "Memoirs of the Apostles" is derived from this usage, it designates the written gospels as the true recollections of the apostles, trustworthy and accurate, and more reliable than any oral tradition which they are destined to replace."
  5. ^ Koester 1990 Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development p.377 – "The Christian proclamation about Jesus as Son of God, however, is true (in contrast to pagan myths), because the Christians possess trustworthy historical documents – "Remembrances of the Apostles" – from which it can be shown that everything in Christ's appearance and work happened in complete agreement with prophesy. What is demonstrated to be true is the Christian kerygma, not the story of the gospels. The reports contained in the gospels are used to show that the facts about Christ which the kerygma proclaims happened in complete agreement with the prophesy that announced them."
  6. ^ Skarsaune (2007) Jewish Believers in Jesus pp.380–81
  7. ^ e.g. Sabine Baring-Gould, The Lost And Hostile Gospels, 1874; Print on demand Nabu Press, undated. p.122
  8. ^ Wilhelm Schneemelcher, R. McL. Wilson New Testament Apocrypha Vol.1 p.372 cf. Vol 2 Writings relating to the Apostles 2003 p17 "In gnostic and Manichean literature there are references to a Gospel of the Twelve (cf. vol. I, pp.374ff.), where the title is evidently intended to underline the comprehensive revelation content"
  9. ^ Walter Richard Cassels, Supernatural Religion - An Inquiry Into the Reality of Divine Revelation, 1874 reprint Read Books, 2010. Vol. 1, p 419- 422
  10. ^ Pierson Parker, A Proto-Lukan Basis for the Gospel According to the Hebrews, Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 59, No. 4, 1940. pp 471
  11. ^ Arthur Lillie, Buddha and early Buddhism 1882 extract The Gospel According to the Hebrews, Kessinger Publishing, 2005. pp 111–134
  12. ^ Waite Burlingame, History of the Christian Religion, to the Year Two Hundred, 1881 reprint BiblioBazaarPub, 2009. p 278

References

  • Aune, David (1987). The New Testament in its Literary Environment. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664219123.
  • Koester, Helmut (1990). Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development. SCM Press/Trinity Press. ISBN 978-0334024590.
  • Skarsaune, Oskar (2007). Jewish Believers in Jesus. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 9781565637634.
  • Skarsaune, Oskar (1987). The Proof From Prophesy: A Study in Justin Martyr's Proof Text Tradition. Brill. ISBN 90 04 07468 6.
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