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|sovereignty_note =
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = Established by the [[American Colonization Society|American {{nowrap|Colonization Society}}]]
|established_event1 = Established by the [[American Colonization Society|American {{nowrap|Colonization Society}}]]
|established_event2 = [[Liberian Declaration of Independence|Independence]]
|established_event2 = [[Liberian Declaration of Independence|Independence]] from [[United States]]
|established_event3 = [[Constitution of Liberia|Current constitution]]
|established_event3 = [[Constitution of Liberia|Current constitution]]
|established_date1 = 1822
|established_date1 = 1822

Revision as of 01:26, 20 June 2011

This article is about the country in Africa. For the city, see Liberia, Costa Rica.
Republic of Liberia
Motto: The love of liberty brought us here
Anthem: "All Hail, Liberia, Hail!"
Location of Liberia within the African Union
Location of Liberia within the African Union
Capital
and largest city
Monrovia
Official languagesEnglish
Demonym(s)Liberian
GovernmentPresidential republic
• President
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Joseph Boakai
Johnnie Lewis
LegislatureLegislature of Liberia
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Formation
• Established by the American Colonization Society
1822
26 July 1847
6 January 1986
Area
• Total
111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) (103rd)
• Water (%)
13.514
Population
• Estimate
3,955,000[1]
• 2008 census
3,476,608 (130th)
• Density
35.5/km2 (91.9/sq mi) (180th)
GDP (PPP)2010 estimate
• Total
$1.691 billion[2]
• Per capita
$392[2]
GDP (nominal)2010 estimate
• Total
$974 million[2]
• Per capita
$226[2]
HDI (2010)Increase 0.300
Error: Invalid HDI value (162nd)
CurrencyLiberian dollar1 (LRD)
Time zoneGMT
• Summer (DST)
not observed
Drives onRight
Calling code231
ISO 3166 codeLR
Internet TLD.lr
1 United States dollar also in common usage.

Liberia (/[invalid input: 'En-us-Liberia.ogg']laɪˈbɪəriə/), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone on the West, Guinea on the north, Côte d'Ivoire on the east, and the Atlantic Ocean on the south. As of the 2008 Census, the nation is home to 3,476,608 people.[3] Its area is 111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi).[4]

Liberia's capital is Monrovia. Liberia has a hot equatorial climate with most rainfall arriving in the rainy season and harsh harmattan winds in the dry season. Liberia's populated Pepper Coast is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the sparsely populated inland is composed of forest that open to a plateau of drier grasslands.

The history of Liberia is unique among African nations because of its relationship with the United States. It is one of only two countries in sub-Sahara Africa, along with Ethiopia, without roots in the European Scramble for Africa. It was founded and colonized by freed American slaves with the help of a private organization called the American Colonization Society in 1821–1822, on the premise that former American slaves would have greater freedom and equality there.[5]

Slaves freed from slave ships were also sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin.[6] These colonists formed an elite group in Liberian society, and, in 1847, they founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States, naming Monrovia, their capital city, after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and a prominent supporter of the colonization.

A military-led coup in 1980 overthrew then-president William R. Tolbert, which marked the beginning of a period of instability that eventually led to two civil wars that left hundreds of thousands of people dead and devastated the country's economy. Today, Liberia is recovering from the lingering effects of the civil war and related economic dislocation. Statistics indicate that about 85% of the population live on less than $1.25 a day.

Etymology

The name Liberia denotes "liberty". The newly arrived settlers formed a new ethnic group called the Americo-Liberians.[7] However, this introduction of a new ethnic mix resulted in ethnic tensions with the sixteen other main ethnicities already residing in Liberia.[8] From the 16th century until 1822, European explorers and traders had multiple names for Liberia, varying by language.

During the spice trade, in non-English speaking Europe, Liberia was called the Malaguetta Coast or Pepper Coast in English. It earned its name from the melegueta pepper found in rural Liberia that was dubbed the "Grains of paradise" since it was a rare spice in high demand throughout continental Europe. In late 18th century English explorers referred to the country as the Windward Coast because of notoriously unnavigable, choppy waters off the coast of Cape Palmas at the tip of Southern Liberia that were difficult for European ships to sail through.[9]

History

Main article: History of Liberia

Indigenous tribes 1200-1800

European map of the Pepper Coast, 1736

Anthropological and archeological research shows the region of Liberia was inhabited at least as far back as the 12th century, perhaps earlier. Mende-speaking people expanded westward, forcing many smaller ethnic groups southward towards the Atlantic ocean. The Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola and Kissi were some of the earliest recorded arrivals.[10] This influx was compounded during the ancient decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and later in 1591 with the Songhai Empire. Additionally, inland regions underwent desertification, and inhabitants were pressured to move to the wetter Pepper Coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai Empires.[11]

Shortly after the Manes conquered the region, there was a migration of the Vai people into the region of Grand Cape Mount. The Vai were part of the Mali Empire who were forced to migrate when the empire collapsed in the 14th century. The Vai chose to migrate to the coastal region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai. An alliance of the Manes and Kru was able to stop further influx of Vai, but the Vai remained in the Grand Cape Mount region (where the city of Robertsport is now located).

People of the Littoral coast built canoes and traded with other West Africans from Cap-Vert to the Gold Coast. Later European traders would barter various commodities and goods with local people, sometimes hoisting their canoes aboard. When the Kru began trading with Europeans, they initially traded in commodities, but later they actively participated in the African slave trade.

Kru laborers left their territory to work as paid laborers on plantations and in construction. Some even worked building the Suez and Panama canals.

Another ethnic group in the area was the Grebo. The Grebo were driven, as a result of the Manes invasion, to migrate to the coast of what later became Liberia.

Between 1461 and late 17th century, Portuguese, Dutch and British traders had contacts and trading posts in what became Liberia. The Portuguese had named the area Costa da Pimenta (meaning Pepper Coast), later translated as Grain Coast, because of the abundance of grains of melegueta pepper.

Settlers from the United States

Joseph Jenkins Roberts, First President of Liberia.

In 1822, the American Colonization Society (A.C.S.), working to "repatriate" black Americans to greater freedom in Africa, established Liberia[12] as a place to send people who were formerly enslaved.[5][13] This movement of black people by the A.C.S. had broad support nationwide among white people in the United States, including politicians such as Henry Clay and James Monroe. They believed this was preferable to emancipation of slaves in the United States. Clay said, because of "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off."[14] The institution of slavery in the U.S. had grown, reaching almost four million slaves by the mid 19th century.[15] Some free African Americans chose to emigrate to Liberia.[16] The immigrants became known as Americo-Liberians, and about 5% of present-day Liberians trace their ancestry to them. On July 26, 1847, Americo-Liberian settlers declared the independence of the Republic of Liberia.[17][18]

The settlers regarded Africa as a "promised land". However, they did not choose to integrate into African society. They still referred to themselves as Americans, and were recognized as such by local Africans and by British colonial authorities in neighboring Sierra Leone. The symbols of their nation — its flag, motto, and seal, and the form of government that they chose—all reflected their American background and diaspora experience. Ashmun Institute, founded in Pennsylvania in 1854 for the education of black Americans, played an important role in supplying Americo-Liberians with leadership for the new nation. The first graduating class of Ashmun Institute (later renamed Lincoln University in honor of the slain president), consisting of James R. Amos, his brother Thomas H. Amos, and Armistead Miller, sailed for Liberia shortly after graduation on the brig Mary C. Stevens in April 1859.

The former Executive Mansion, an example of American South architectural influence.

The religious practices, social customs and cultural standards of the Americo-Liberians had their roots in the antebellum American South. These ideals strongly influenced the attitudes of the settlers toward the indigenous African people. The new nation, as they perceived it, was coextensive with the settler community and with those Africans who were assimilated into it. Mutual mistrust and hostility between the "Americans" along the coast and the "Natives" of the interior was a recurrent theme in the country's history. The Americo-Liberian minority worked to dominate the native people, whom they considered savage primitives. The immigrants named the country "Liberia", which in Latin means "Land of the Free", as an homage to their freedom from slavery.

Historically, Liberia has enjoyed the support and unofficial cooperation of the United States government.[19] Liberia's government, modeled after that of the U.S., was democratic in structure, if not always in substance. In 1877, the True Whig Party monopolized political power in the country. Competition for office was usually contained within the party, whose nomination virtually ensured election. Two problems confronting successive administrations were pressure from neighboring colonial powers, Britain and France, and the threat of financial insolvency, both of which challenged the country's sovereignty. Liberia retained its independence during the Scramble for Africa, but lost its claim to extensive territories that were annexed by Britain and France. Economic development was hindered by the decline of markets for Liberian goods in the late 19th century and by indebtedness on a series of loans, payments on which drained the economy.

Mid-20th century

President Edwin Barclay (right) and President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, 1943

Two events were particularly important in releasing Liberia from its self-imposed isolation. The first was the grant in 1926 of a large concession to the American-owned Firestone Plantation Company, which became a first step in the (limited) modernization of the Liberian economy. The second occurred during World War II, when the United States began providing technical and economic assistance that enabled Liberia to make economic progress and introduce social change. Both the Freeport of Monrovia and Roberts International Airport were built by U.S. personnel during World War II.

Samuel Doe with Caspar Weinberger on a 1982 visit to the United States

On April 12, 1980, a successful military coup was staged by a group of non-commissioned army officers led by Master Sergeant Samuel Kanyon Doe. The soldiers were a mixture of the various ethnic groups that claimed marginalization at the hands of the minority Americo-Liberian settlers. In a late-night raid on the Executive Mansion in Monrovia, they killed William R. Tolbert, Jr., who had been president for nine years, and later executed a majority of his cabinet. Constituting themselves as the People's Redemption Council, Doe and his associates seized control of the government and brought an end to Africa's first (but not only) republic. Significantly, Doe was the first Liberian head of state who was not a member of the Americo-Liberian elite.

In October 1985, Liberia held the first post-coup elections, ostensibly to legitimize Doe's regime. Virtually all[who?] international observers agreed that the Liberia Action Party (LAP) led by Jackson Doe (no relation) had won the election by a clear margin. After a week of counting the votes, however, Samuel Doe fired the count officials and replaced them with his own Special Election Committee (SECOM), which announced that Samuel Doe's ruling National Democratic Party of Liberia had won with 50.9% of the vote. In response, on November 12 a counter-coup was launched by Thomas Quiwonkpa, whose soldiers briefly occupied the Executive Mansion and the national radio station, with widespread support throughout the country. Three days later, Quiwonkpa's coup was overthrown. Government repression intensified, as Doe's troops killed more than 2,000 civilians and imprisoned more than 100 opposing politicians, including Jackson Doe and BBC journalist Isaac Bantu.

1989 and 1999 civil wars

In late 1989, the First Liberian Civil War began. The harsh dictatorial atmosphere that gripped the country was due largely to Samuel Doe's rule. Americo-Liberian Charles Taylor, with the backing of neighboring countries such as Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire, entered Nimba County with around 100 men.[20] These fighters quickly gained control of much of the country, thanks to strong support from the local population who were disillusioned with the Doe government. By then, a new player also emerged: Prince Yormie Johnson (former ally of Taylor) had formed his own army and had gained tremendous support from the Gio and Mano ethnic groups.

In August 1990, the Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) organized its own military task force to intervene in the crisis. The troops were largely from Nigeria, Guinea and Ghana. On his way out after a meeting, Doe, who was traveling only with his personal staff, was ambushed and captured by members of the Gio Tribe who were loyal to Johnson. The soldiers took him to Johnson's headquarters in neighboring Caldwell, where they tortured and killed him.

By then, Taylor was a prominent warlord and leader of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia. After some prompting from Taylor that the anglophone Nigerians and Ghanaians were opposed to him, Senegalese troops were brought in with some financial support from the United States.[21] But their service was short-lived, after a major confrontation with Taylor's forces in Vahun, Lofa County on 28 May 1992, when six were killed when a crowd of NPFL supporters surrounded their vehicle and demanded they surrender the vehicle and weapons.[22]

United States Marine Corps helicopters during Joint Task Force Liberia in 2003

By September 1990, Doe's forces controlled only a small area just outside the capital, Monrovia. After Doe's death, and as a condition for the end of the conflict, interim president Amos Sawyer resigned in 1994, handing power to the Council of State. Taylor was elected as President in 1997, after leading a bloody insurgency backed by Libyan President Muammar al-Gaddafi[citation needed]. Taylor's brutal regime targeted several leading opposition and political activists. In 1998, the government sought to assassinate child rights activist Kimmie Weeks for a report he had published on its involvement in the training of child soldiers, which forced him into exile. Taylor's autocratic and dysfunctional government led to the Second Liberian Civil War in 1999.

File:Cole, Liberia 1.jpg
Government soldiers fighting in the Siege of Monrovia

The conflict intensified in mid-2003, and the fighting moved into Monrovia. An elite rapid response unit of the U.S. Marines, known as 'FAST', were deployed in Monrovia to ensure the security and interests of the U.S. Embassy there. The Marines used U.S. Air Force HH-60 Pave Hawk to airlift non-combatants and foreign nationals to Dakar, Senegal. A hastily assembled force of 1,000 Nigerian troops, the ECOWAS Mission In Liberia (ECOMIL), was airlifted into Liberia on August 15, 2003 to prevent the rebels from overrunning the capital city and committing revenge-inspired war crimes. Meanwhile the U.S. Joint Task Force Liberia commanded from USS Iwo Jima was offshore, though only 100 of the 2,000 U.S. Marines landed to meet with the ECOMIL force.

Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace

A peace movement called Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace was instrumental to the end of hostilities in Monrovia. Organized by social worker Leymah Gbowee, thousands of Christian and Muslim women staged silent protests and forced a meeting with President Charles Taylor and extracted a promise from him to attend peace talks in Ghana. Gbowee then led a delegation of Liberian women to Ghana to continue to apply pressure on the warring factions during the peace process.[23] They staged a sit in outside of the Presidential Palace, blocking all the doors and windows and preventing anyone from leaving the peace talks without a resolution. The women of Liberia became a political force against violence and against their government.[24] Their actions brought about an agreement during the stalled peace talks. As a result, the women were able to achieve peace in Liberia after a 14-year civil war and later helped bring to power the country's first female head of state. The story is told in the 2008 documentary film Pray the Devil Back to Hell.[25]

As the power of the government shrank, and with increasing international and U.S. pressure for him to resign, President Taylor accepted an asylum offer from Nigeria, but vowed: "God willing, I will be back." Some of the ECOMIL troops were subsequently withdrawn and at least two battalions incorporated into the 15,000 strong United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) peacekeeping force. More than 200,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the civil wars.

Post-civil war period

Current President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

After the exile of Taylor, Gyude Bryant was appointed chairman of the transitional government in late 2003. Because of failures of the Transitional Government in curbing corruption, Liberia signed onto GEMAP, a novel anti-corruption program. The primary task of the transitional government was to prepare for fair and peaceful democratic elections.

With UNMIL troops safeguarding the peace, Liberia successfully conducted presidential and legislative elections on October 11, 2005. There were 23 candidates; an early favorite was George Weah, an internationally famous footballer, UNICEF goodwill ambassador, and member of the Kru ethnic group expected to dominate the popular vote. Though Weah garnered a plurality of the votes, no candidate gained the required majority, prompting a runoff election between the top two candidates, Weah and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and former minister of finance who had been jailed twice during the Doe administration before escaping and going into exile. The November 8, 2005, presidential runoff election was won decisively by Sirleaf. Both the general election and runoff were marked by peace and order, as thousands of Liberians waited in the harsh West African heat to cast their ballots.

Upon taking office, Sirleaf became the first elected female head of state in Africa. During her administration President Sirleaf established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address crimes committed during the later stages of Liberia's long civil war.[26] Sirleaf also requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and immediately handed him over to the Special Court for Sierra Leone, which had charged Taylor with crimes against humanity, violations of the Geneva Conventions and "other serious violations of international humanitarian law."[27] The trial by the Special Court is being held in The Hague for security reasons.

Politics and government

The Executive Mansion in Monrovia
Main articles: Politics of Liberia, Legislature of Liberia, and Supreme Court of Liberia

Liberia has a dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the modern sector and customary unwritten law for the native sector for exclusively rural ethnic communities.[28][29] Liberia's modern sector has three equal branches of government in the constitution, though in practice the executive branch headed by the President of Liberia is the strongest of the three. The other two branches are the Legislature of Liberia and Supreme Court of Liberia.

Following the dissolution of the Republican Party in 1876, the True Whig Party dominated the Liberian government until the 1980 coup. Currently, no party has majority control of the legislature. The longest serving president in Liberian history was William Tubman, serving from 1944 until his death in 1971. The shortest term was held by James Skivring Smith, who controlled the government for two months. However, the political process from Liberia's founding in 1847, despite widespread corruption, was very stable until the end of the First Republic in 1980.

The executive branch of the government is headed by the president.[29] Other parts of the branch are the cabinet and the vice president. Presidents are elected to six-year terms and can serve up to two terms in office.[29] The president is both the head of state and the head of the government, and resides at the Executive Mansion in Monrovia.[29]

The legislature of Liberia is a bicameral body with an upper chamber Senate and the lower chamber House of Representatives. Each county sends two senators to the legislature for a total of 30 senators, while the 64 seats in the House are distributed among the 15 counties on the basis of the number of registered voters, with a minimum of at least two from each county.[29] Senators serve nine-year terms (only six-year terms for junior senators elected in 2005) and members of the House six-year terms.[29] Leadership consists of a speaker in the House and a president pro tempore in the Senate. Liberia's vice president serves as the president of the Senate. The legislature meets in the capital city of Monrovia.

Liberia's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, headed by the chief justice. The five-justice court holds sessions at the Temple of Justice on Capitol Hill in Monrovia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate and have lifetime tenure. Under the supreme court are 15 circuit courts, one in each county.

Liberia's former minister of justice has been at the center of a legal scandal for what amounts to de facto withholding the Liberian law, preventing it from being reprinted and circulated.[30]

Human rights

Amnesty International summarizes in its Annual Report 2006:

"Sporadic outbreaks of violence continued to threaten prospects of peace. Former rebel fighters who should have been disarmed and demobilized protested violently when they did not receive benefits. Slow progress in reforming the police, judiciary and the criminal justice system resulted in systematic violations of due process and vigilante violence against criminal suspects. Laws establishing an Independent National Commission on Human Rights and a Truth and Reconciliation Commission were adopted. Over 200,000 internally displaced people and refugees returned to their homes, although disputes over land and property appropriated during the war raised ethnic tensions. U.N. sanctions on the trade in diamonds and timber were renewed. Those responsible for human rights abuses during the armed conflict continued to enjoy impunity. The UN Security Council gave peacekeeping forces in Liberia powers to arrest former President Taylor and transfer him to the Special Court for Sierra Leone if he should return from Nigeria, where he continued to receive asylum. Liberia made a commitment to abolish capital punishment. A new law on rape, which initially proposed imposition of the death penalty for gang rape, was amended to provide a maximum penalty of life imprisonment."[31]

Former 22nd president Charles Taylor was later captured trying to escape across the border of Cameroon and has been sent to the International Criminal Court in The Hague for trial.

In 2009, the country set up a new court to deal with rape crimes in and around Monrovia, called "Court E." The court operates in camera, shielding the victims who testify from exposure to the accused perpetrator and the rest of the courtroom. The prosecutor operates out of the Sexual and Gender Based Violence Crimes office, which offers victims' support services, but faces many financial, logistical and legal hurdles.

Organized by Leymah Gbowee and Comfort Freeman, Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace is a peace movement that brought an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003 and led to the election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first African nation with a female president.

Geography

Map of Liberia
Main article: Geography of Liberia

Liberia is situated in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the country's southwest. It lies between latitudes 4° and 9°N, and longitudes 7° and 12°W.

The landscape is characterized by mostly flat to rolling coastal plains that contain mangroves and swamps, which rise to a rolling plateau and low mountains in the northeast.[13] Tropical rainforests cover the hills, while elephant grass and semi-deciduous forests make up the dominant vegetation in the northern sections.[13] The equatorial climate is hot year-round with heavy rainfall from May to October with a short interlude in mid-July to August.[13] During the winter months of November to March, dry dust-laden harmattan winds blow inland, causing many problems for residents.[13]

Liberia's watershed tends to move in a southwestern pattern towards the sea as new rains move down the forested plateau off the inland mountain range of Guinée Forestière, in Guinea. Cape Mount near the border with Sierra Leone receives the most precipitation in the nation.[13] The country's main northwestern boundary is traversed by the Mano River while its southeast limits are bounded by the Cavalla River.[13] Liberia's three largest rivers are St. Paul exiting near Monrovia, the river St. John at Buchanan and the Cestos River, all of which flow into the Atlantic. The Cavalla is the longest river in the nation at 320 miles (515 km).[13]

The highest point wholly within Liberia is Mount Wuteve at 4,724 feet (1,440 m) above sea level in the northwestern Liberia range of the West Africa Mountains and the Guinea Highlands.[13] However, Mount Nimba near Yekepa, is higher at 5,748 feet (1,752 m) above sea level but is not wholly within Liberia as Nimba shares a border with Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) and is their tallest mountain as well.[32]

Counties and districts

Map of Liberia with counties
View of a lake in Bomi County
Main articles: Counties of Liberia, Districts of Liberia, and Clans of Liberia

Liberia is divided into 15 counties, which are subdivided into districts, and further subdivided into clans. The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence. Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001. Nimba is the largest of the counties in size at 4,460 square miles (11,551 km2), while Montserrado is the smallest at 737 square miles (1,909 km2).[33] Montserrado is also the most populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census.[33]

Complete list of the counties:

County Capital Population (2008)[33] Area[33] Created
Bomi Tubmanburg 82,036 750 sq mi (1,942 km2) 1984
Bong Gbarnga 328,919 3,387 sq mi (8,772 km2) 1964
Gbarpolu Bopulu 83,758 3,741 sq mi (9,689 km2) 2001
Grand Bassa Buchanan 224,839 3,064 sq mi (7,936 km2) 1839
Grand Cape Mount Robertsport 129,055 1,993 sq mi (5,162 km2) 1844
Grand Gedeh Zwedru 126,146 4,048 sq mi (10,484 km2) 1964
Grand Kru Barclayville 57,106 1,504 sq mi (3,895 km2) 1984
Lofa Voinjama 270,114 3,854 sq mi (9,982 km2) 1964
Margibi Kakata 199,689 1,010 sq mi (2,616 km2) 1985
Maryland Harper 136,404 887 sq mi (2,297 km2) 1857
Montserrado Bensonville 1,144,806 737 sq mi (1,909 km2) 1839
Nimba Sanniquellie 468,088 4,460 sq mi (11,551 km2) 1964
River Cess River Cess 65,862 2,160 sq mi (5,594 km2) 1985
River Gee Fish Town 67,318 1,974 sq mi (5,113 km2) 2000
Sinoe Greenville 104,932 3,914 sq mi (10,137 km2) 1843

Economy

Main article: Economy of Liberia

Liberia is one of the world's poorest countries, with a formal employment rate of only 15%.[34] Historically, the Liberian economy depended heavily on iron ore and rubber exports, foreign direct investment, and exports of other natural resources, such as timber.[13] Agricultural products include livestock (goats, pigs, cattle) and rice, the staple food.[13] Fish are raised on inland farms and caught along the coast.[13] Other foods are imported to support the population.[13] Electricity is provided by dams and oil-fired plants.[13]

Boy grinding sugar cane.

While official export figures for commodities declined during the 1990s’ civil war as many investors fled, Liberia's wartime economy featured the exploitation of the region's diamond wealth.[citation needed] The country acted as a major trader in Liberian, Sierra Leonian and Angolan blood diamonds, exporting over $300 million in diamonds annually. This led to a United Nations ban on Liberian diamond exports, which was lifted on April 27, 2007.

Other commodity exports continued during the war, in part due to illicit agreements between Liberia's warlords and foreign concessionaires. Looting and war profiteering destroyed nearly the entire infrastructure of the country, such that Monrovia was without running water and electricity (except for fuel-powered generators) by the time the first elected post-war government began to institute development and reforms in 2006.

Once the hostilities ended, some official exporting and legitimate business activity resumed. For instance, Liberia signed a new deal with steel giant Mittal for the export of iron ore in summer 2005. But, as of mid-2006 Liberia was still dependent on foreign aid, and had a debt of $3.5 billion. In 2010, Liberia has an estimated 3.7% unemployment rate, according to the latest Labor Force Survey.[35]

Nineteenth-century Liberian one-dollar bill
Nineteenth-century Liberian two-dollar bill

As of May 2011, the Liberian dollar traded against the U.S. dollar at a ratio of 72:1. Liberia used the U.S. dollar as its currency from 1943 until 1982, and continues to use the U.S. dollar alongside its own currency. Following decades of fiscal mismanagement and unserviced debt, Liberia's external debt was estimated in 2006 as approximately $4.9 billion. Following bilateral and multilateral debt relief over the next five years, the country's external debt had fallen to $222.9 million by 2011.

Liberia imports approximately $4.839 billion in goods per year, while it exports only about $910 million. Inflation is falling, but still significant (15% in 2003, 4.9% in the 3rd quarter of 2005); interest rates are high, with the average lending rate listed by the Central Bank of Liberia at 17.6% for 3rd quarter 2005 (although the average time deposit rate was only 0.4%, and CD rate only 4.4%, barely keeping pace with inflation).

The country has the second-largest maritime registry in the world, with over 3,500 vessels registered under its flag (over 113 million gross tons), due to its status as a "flag of convenience" and its excellent reputation and ranking on the White-Lists with the relevant port state control institutions (U.S. Coast Guard, Paris MOU, Tokyo MOU).

Additionally, Liberia as a corporate jurisdiction is on OECD’s white-list of countries that have substantially implemented tax transparency and meet the internationally agreed tax standard.

Liberia continues to suffer with poor economic performance due to a fragile security situation, the devastation wrought by its long war, its lack of infrastructure, and necessary human capital to help the country recover from the scourges of conflict and corruption.[citation needed] However, since the election of the Sirleaf government in 2005, the country has signed several multi-billion dollar concession agreements with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, Chevron and APM Terminals.

Corruption

In their 2010 report, non-governmental organization Transparency International called Liberia the world's most corrupt country. When seeking attention of a selection of service providers 89% of Liberians had to pay a bribe.[36]

Economic history

Foreign trade was primarily conducted for the benefit of the Americo-Liberian elite. The 1864 Ports of Entry Act severely restricted trade between foreigners and indigenous Liberians throughout most of Liberia's history. Little foreign direct investment benefited the 95% majority population, who were often subjected to forced labor on foreign concessions. Liberian law often did not protect indigenous Liberians from the extraction of rents and arbitrary taxation, and the majority survived on subsistence farming and low wage work on foreign concessions.

Weights and measures

Liberia is currently moving to the metric system.

In 1921, one authority stated, "The metric system is seldom found in Liberia,"[37] and according to the CIA Handbook, Liberia primarily uses a non-metric system of units.[38] However, in 2008, the African Development Bank stated that Liberia used the metric system.[39] Cities of the World in 2008 stated that Monrovia, the capital, used the metric system.[40] and a 2008 report from the University of Tennessee stated that the changeover from English to Metric measures was confusing to coffee and cocoa farmers, that the weighing machines were owned by the buyers and there was no system of weights and measures certification.[41]

The 2008 Liberian census used square miles to express population densities[33] but the County Development Agendas of that year were inconsistent, some giving measurements in metric units and some giving them in the older units.[42] The 2009 Annual report of the Ministry of Mines, Lands and Energy used kilometres for road distances but acres for land areas.[43]

In 2010, Government press releases used kilometers for road distances[44][45][46][47][48] though one report gave the length of a bridge in feet [49] while another press release gave one road distance in kilometers and another two in miles.[50] In the measurement of land areas, one Government press release used acres[51] while announcements from the Ministry of Agriculture have used hectares. [52] [53]

Government use of the metric system has continued in 2011.[54] In the private sector, the "Daily Observer gives weather temperature forecasts in degrees Celsius.[55]

Transport

Further information: Transport in Liberia

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Liberia

As of the 2008 national census, Liberia was home to 3,476,608 people.[3] Of those, 1,118,241 lived in Montserrado County, the most populous county in the country and home to the capital of Monrovia, with the Greater Monrovia district home to 970,824 people.[3] Nimba County is the next most populous county with 462,026 residents.[3] Prior to the 2008 census, the last census had been held in 1984, and it listed the population as 2,101,628.[3] The population of Liberia was 1,016,443 in 1962 and increased to 1,503,368 in 1974.[33]

The population of over 3 million comprises 16 indigenous ethnic groups and various foreign minorities. Indigenous peoples comprise about 95% of the population, the largest of which are the Kpelle in central and western Liberia. Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of African-American settlers, make up 2.5%, and Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%.[29][56] There is also a sizable number of Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals who make up a significant part of Liberia's business community. A small minority of Liberians of European descent (estimated at 18,000 in 1999; probably fewer now) reside in the country.,[29]

As of 2006, Liberia has the highest population growth rate in the world (4.50% per annum). Similar to its neighbors, it has a large youth population, with half of the population under the age of 18.

Of the population, 4% hold indigenous beliefs, 85% are Christians, and 12% are Muslims.[3]

Health

As of 2009, Liberia has a population count of 3,954,979 people [57] a population growth rate of 4.2%,[58] and an infant mortality rate of 80 deaths per 1000 live births.[59] Life expectancy, fertility rate and death rate recorded 58 years,[57] 5.9 births per woman [60] and 10 per 1000 people [61] respectively in the year of 2008.

Confronted with many developmental problems, severe health-related issues continue to threaten the growth sustainability of the region and remain one of the crucial challenges for the authorities. There are a number of highly communicable diseases which plague Liberia, such as HIV, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases and malaria. In 2007, HIV was prevalent in 2% of the population aged 15–49 [62] whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was 420 per 100,000 people in 2008.[63] HIV/AIDS, malaria and diarrhoeal diseases accounts for 10%, 10% and 7% of the total number of deaths in Liberia respectively.[64]

Several factors can be held accountable for the susceptibility of Liberians to the infectious diseases, namely, lack of access to healthcare and education, malnutrition and poor sanitation. More often or not, low income earned by most locals explains the current situation they are facing. Data revealed that GDP per capita in 2009 was USD222 [65] and the poverty gap at $2 per day (PPP) was 59.5% in 2007.[66] As a result, many Liberians lack the ability to sustain a proper standard of living and to obtain access to healthcare and education. The limited provision of healthcare services and education also hampers efforts to improve living conditions. Health expenditure per capita was USD22,[67] making up 10.6% of total GDP [68] whereas public spending on education took up 2.7% of total GDP.[69] In 2008, there was only 1 doctor and 27 nurses per 100,000 people.[63] Few wanted to work as doctors as the highest paid government doctors only earn less than US$100 monthly. In 2003, the end of civil war also saw 95% of its healthcare facilities being destroyed.[70] Consequently, the absence of proper and sufficient healthcare provisions exposes the people to diseases since they have difficulty seeking professional medical help when they contract the diseases. 58% of the relevant age group finished their primary education.[71] Similarly, the literacy rate among people aged 15 and above was 58%.[72] Clearly, the lack of education has increased the Liberians’ vulnerability of contracting the diseases since they are not educated on how they are able to protect themselves from the diseases.

Issues of food shortages, malnutrition and poor sanitation are not uncommon in Liberia. Liberia imports 90% of its national staple- rice and is extremely vulnerable to food shortages with rising global prices as evident in 2008.[73] In 2007, 20.4% of children under the age of 5 were malnourished.[74] In 2008, only 17% of the population had access to the improved sanitation facilities.[75] Malnutrition weakens people’s resistance towards diseases while poor sanitation worsens the situation by lowering the hygiene level. This in turn facilitates the rapid spread of diseases across the population.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Liberia
See also: Music of Liberia, Languages of Liberia, and List of Liberians

Liberia was traditionally noted for its hospitality, academic institutions, cultural skills, and arts/craft works. Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting. The free and former U.S. slaves who emigrated to Liberia brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. The census of 1843 indicated a variety of occupations, including hatter, milliner, seamstress and tailor.[76] Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks,[77] who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892.

Liberian ceremonial spoon

In modern times, Liberian presidents would present quilts as official government gifts. The John F. Kennedy Library and Museum collection includes a cotton quilt by Mrs. Jemima Parker which has portraits of both Liberian president William Tubman and JFK. Zariah Wright-Titus founded the Arthington (Liberia) Women's Self-Help Quilting Club (1987). In the early 1990s, Kathleen Bishop documented examples of appliquéd Liberian quilts. When current Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office.[78]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Liberia

It is estimated that as much as 85 percent of the population of Liberia practices either Christianity or traditional indigenous religious beliefs.[79] Approximately 3 percent exclusively practices traditional indigenous religious beliefs.[79] An estimated 15 percent of the population practices Islam.[79] A very small percentage is Bahá'í, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist.

Education

Main article: Education in Liberia
Students studying by candlelight in Bong County, Liberia

The University of Liberia is the country's largest college and is located in Monrovia. Opened in 1862, it is one of Africa's oldest institutes of higher learning organized based upon the western model. Civil war severely damaged the university in the 1990s, but the university has begun to rebuild following the restoration of peace. The school includes six colleges, including a medical school and the nation's only law school, Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law.[80]

Cuttington University was established by the Episcopal Church of the USA (ECUSA) in 1889; its campus is currently located in Suakoko, Bong County, 120 miles (190 km) north of Monrovia). The private school, the oldest private college in Liberia, also holds graduate courses in Monrovia.

In 2009, Tubman University in Harper, Maryland County became only the second public university in Liberia.

According to statistics published by UNESCO for 2004 65% of primary-school age and 24% of secondary-school age children were enrolled in school.[81] This is a significant increase on previous years; the statistics also show substantial numbers of older children going back to earlier school years. On average, children attain 10 years of education, 11 for boys and 8 for girls.[29] Children ages five to eleven are required by law to attend school, though enforcement is lax.[82] A 1912 law required children ages 6 to 16 to attend school.[83] The African Methodist Episcopal University is another fast-growing university in the capital.

See also

Main articles: Outline of Liberia and Index of Liberia-related articles

References

  1. ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 2009-03-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); line feed character in |author= at position 42 (help)
  2. ^ a b c d "Liberia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (May 2009). "2008 National Population and Housing Census Final Results: Population by County" (PDF). 2008 Population and Housing Census. Republic of Liberia. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  4. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html
  5. ^ a b "Background on conflict in Liberia [[Paul Cuffee]] advocated settling freed slaves in Africa. He gained support from free black leaders in the U.S., and members of Congress for an early emigration plan. From 1815–1816, he financed and captained a successful voyage to British-ruled Sierra Leone where he helped a small group of African-American immigrants establish themselves. Cuffee believed that African Americans could more easily "rise to be a people" in Africa than in the U.S. where slavery and legislated limits on black freedom were still in place. Although Cuffee died in 1817, his early efforts to help repatriate African Americans encouraged the [[American Colonization Society]] (A.C.S.) to lead further settlements. The ACS was made up mostly of Quakers and slaveholders, who disagreed on the issue of slavery but found common ground in support of repatriation. Friends opposed slavery but believed blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the U.S. The slaveholders opposed freedom for blacks, but saw [[repatriation]] as a way of avoiding rebellions". {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  6. ^ Global Security.org History of Liberia
  7. ^ Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, Liberia in Perspective: An Orientation Guide (2006) , page 1
  8. ^ Financial Times World Desk Reference (2004) Dorling Kindersley Publishing. p 368
  9. ^ Europeans in west africa 1450-1560 (1943) Hesperides Press p 175
  10. ^ Runn-Marcos, K. T. Kolleholon, B. Ngovo, p. 5
  11. ^ Runn-Marcos, K. T. Kolleholon, B. Ngovo, p. 6
  12. ^ "Maps of Liberia 1830-1870" (Oct. 19, 1998). Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
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  14. ^ Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). The slumbering volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity, p.264. Duke University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8223-1992-6
  15. ^ "Introduction - Social Aspects of the Civil War". Itd.nps.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  16. ^ Merriam Webster, p.684
  17. ^ Harry Johnston, Liberia, volume 1 (1906), Hutchinson & Co., pages 198–199.
  18. ^ Adekeye Adebajo, Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa (2002), International Peace Academy, page 21.
  19. ^ Flint, John E. The Cambridge history of Africa: from c.1790 to c.1870 Cambridge University Press (1976) pg 184-199
  20. ^ The Mask of Anarchy, by Stephen Ellis, 2001, p.75 (There is also an NYU Press Updated Edition 2006, ISBN 0-8147-2238-5)
  21. ^ Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa,' Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 2002, p.107
  22. ^ Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa,' Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 2002, p.108
  23. ^ "Center for American Progress". Americanprogress.org. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
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  27. ^ Special Court for Sierra Leone, http://www.sc-sl.org/Documents/SCSL-03-01-PT-263.pdf
  28. ^ Liberia in Perspective: An Orientation Guide (2006) Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, page 2
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  30. ^ He's Got the Law (Literally) in His Hands Foreign Policy, November 12, 2009
  31. ^ Amnesty International, ^ Report 2006
  32. ^ Financial Time's World Desk Reference (2004) Dorling Kindersley Publishing. p 368
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  34. ^ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6618.htm
  35. ^ http://www.lisgis.org/
  36. ^ Global Corruption Barometer 2010, Transperancy International, published 09 December 2010
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  38. ^ "CIA The World Factbook". Appendix G: Weights and Measures. US Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  39. ^ "African Development Bank - World Bank Joint Assistance Strategy 2008-2011 and eligibility to the Fragile States Facility" (PDF). PDF Document. African Development Bank. November 2008. p. i. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  40. ^ "cities of the World Monrovia". web pages. Advameg Inc. 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  41. ^ Dr. Michael D. Wilcox, Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee (2008). "Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia" (PDF). Presentation and Policy Brief. University of Tennessee. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  42. ^ Government of Liberia (2008). "County Development Agendas". Government of the Republic of Liberia. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  43. ^ Eugene H. Shannon (31 December 2009). "Annual report" (PDF). Annual report. Liberian Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  44. ^ "Amidst Heavy Downpour of Rain, Public Works Minister intensifies Project Monitoring Exercises". web page. Ministry of Public Works. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Long Story Bit By Bit: Liberia Retold by Tim Hetherington. This collection entwines documentary photography, oral testimony and personal writing which explores the dynamics of power, international complicity and the search for history in Liberian history.(New York: Umbrage, 2009) ISBN 9781884167737
  • Journey Without Maps by Graham Greene. An account of a four-week walk through the interior of Liberia in 1935. Reprinted in 2006 by Vintage ISBN 978-0-09-928223-5
  • Too Late to Turn Back by Barbara Greene. Account by a cousin of Graham Greene of the above-mentioned 1935 journey, on which she was also a participant.
  • Great Tales of Liberia by Wilton Sankawulo. Dr. Sankawulo is the compiler of these tales from Liberia and about Liberian culture. Published by Editura Universitatii "Lucian Blaga";; din Sibiu, Romania, 2004. - ISBN 973-651-838-8
  • Sundown at Dawn: A Liberian Odyssey by Wilton Sankawulo. Recommended by the Cultural Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics for its content concerning Liberian culture. ISBN 0-9763565-0-3
  • [1]
  • [2]
  • Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today, by Alan Huffman (Gotham Books, 2004)
  • To Liberia: Destiny's Timing, by Victoria Lang (Publish America, Baltimore, 2004, ISBN 1-4137-1829-9). A fast-paced gripping novel of the journey of a young Black couple fleeing America to settle in the African motherland of Liberia.
  • Liberia: The Heart of Darkness by Gabriel I. H. Williams, Publisher: Trafford Publishing (July 6, 2006) ISBN 1-55369-294-2
  • Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State by John-Peter Pham, ISBN 1-59429-012-1
  • Godfrey Mwakikagile, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties, Chapter Eight: Liberia: 'The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here,' pp. 85 – 110, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, Chapter One: The Collapse of A Modern African State: Death and Rebirth of Liberia, pp. 1 – 18, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001.
  • Redemption Road: The Quest for Peace and Justice in Liberia (A Novel) by Elma Shaw, with a Foreword by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. (Cotton Tree Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9800774-0-7)
  • House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood by Helene Cooper (Simon & Schuster, 2008, ISBN 0-7432-6624-2)
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